PROSES PEDOGENESIS

PROSES PEDOGENESIS

PENDAHULUAN

Banyak proses yang terlibat dalam PROSES PERUBAHAN bahan induk menjadi horison tanah. Kombinasi yang

tepat dari proses-proses ini dan reaksi-reaksinya masih belum sepenuhnya diketahui.

Jika kombinasi proses perubahan ini didominasi oleh proses tertentu, biasanya diberikan nama; misalnya

Laterization, Podzolization dna lainnya.

DIUNDUH DARI: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.../soils/Pedogenic%20Processes.ppt ….. 11/2/2013

PROSES-PROSES UTAMA DALAM PEDOGENESIS

The pedogenic processes can be grouped into four. These are:

– Penambahan atau Gains – Kehilangan atau Pengambilan– Translokasi atau Transfer atau Pengangkutan– TransformaSI – Perubahan bentuk.

Each major pedogenic process is made up of a number of processes acting singly or in combination


Proses Penambahan atau Gain

• Enrichment – Peng-kaya-an– General term for addition of material to a soil body. e.g., adjoining

pedons as in depressions.• Cummulization - Akumulasi

– Aeolian and hydrologic additions of mineral particles to the surface of a soil. The effects are more pronounced in depressions.

• Littering – Penumpukan seresah– The accumulation of vegetable and associated faunal debris (litter)

including humus on the mineral soil surface to a depth of less than 30cm

• Melanization - Melanisasi– The darkening of light-colored mineral materials which are initially

unconsolidated by admixture of organic matter. Melanization involves some translocation.


KEHILANGAN ATAU PENGAMBILAN

• Erosion - EROSI– surficial removal of material from the surface layer

of a soil This is effected by raindrop splash, runoff waters, wind, creep, and other mass wasting processes.

• Leaching – PENCUCIAN - PEMBASUHAN– General term for washing out or eluviating soluble

material from the solum.


Translokasi atau Transfer

• Eluviation – Eluviasi - Ke luar– Movement of material out of a portion of a soil profile as in an albic

horizon.• Illuviation – Iluviasi - Masuk

– Movement of material into a portion of soil profile as in argillic or spodic horizon

• Lessivage– Washing in suspension of fine clay and lesser amounts of coarse clay and

fine silt down cracks and other voids in a soil body; leading to the depletion of clay in the A horizon and enrichment of clay in the B horizon.

• Pedoturbation - Pedoturbasi– Biologic, physical (freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles) churning and cycling of

soil materials thereby homogenizing the solum in varying degrees


• Calcification– Processes including the accumulation of calcium carbonate in a Ck and

possibly other horizons of a soil. • Deca1cification

– Reactions that remove calcium carbonate from one or more soil horizons.

• Salinization– The accumulation of soluble salts such as sulfates and chlorides of

calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in salty (salic) 'horizons. • Desalinization

– The removal of soluble salts from salic horizons. • Alkalization (solonization)

– The accumulation of sodium ions on the exchange sites in a soil. • Dealkalization (solodization)

– The leaching of sodium ions and salts from sodium-rich (natric) horizons.


• Leucinization – The paling of soil horizons by disappearance of dark organic materials either

through transformation to light- colored ones or through removal from the horizons.

• Braunification, Rubification and Ferrugination-– Release of iron from primary minerals and the dispersion of particles of iron oxide

in increasing amounts; the progressive oxidation or hydration, giving the soil mass brownish, reddish-brown and red colors, respectively. (Also transformation).

• Gleization– The reduction of iron under anaerobic water-logged soil conditions, with the

production of bluish to greenish-gray matrix colors, with or without yellowish-brown, brown and black mottles and ferric and manganiferous concretions. (Also transformation:

• Podzolization (silication)– The chemical migration of aluminum and iron and/or organic matter, resulting in

the concentration of silica (i.e. silication) in the layer eluviated. (Also transformation)

• Laterization (desilication, ferrugination, ferritization, allitization)– The chemical migration of silica out of the soil solum and thus the concentration of

sesquioxides in the solum (goethite, gibbsite, etc.)


Transformasi• Dekomposisi– The breakdown of mineral and organic materials

• Mineralisasi– The release of oxide solids during decomposition of organic. It

concerns the biochemical breakdown of dead plant tissues by soil micro-organisms to produce simple-structured soluble organic substances, purely mineral compounds like nitrates, and metal cations and gases (mostly carbon dioxide)

• Humifikasi– Transformation of raw organic material into humus. In this the

simple structured soluble organic substances are grouped into lager molecules by polymerization They then become poorly soluble and are stabilized to form a major component of humus

• Sintesis– The formation of new particles of mineral and organic species.


• Paludization– The accumulation of deep (> 30cm) layers of

organic matter- as in mucks and peats. • Ripening– This refers to the chemical, biological, and

physical changes in organic soil after air penetrates the organic deposits, making it possible for microbial activity to flourish.


Berlangsungnya Proses-proses• Each of the major pedogenic processes may affect many

compounds and components which make up the soil. • For example, there may be additions, losses, transfers and

transformations of organic matter, soluble salts, carbonates, sesquioxides.

• Organic matter may be added to the soil by littering; it may be transformed by decomposition; it may be translocated by podzolization and it may be lost by erosion.

• These processes can all be going on singly or in combination with other processes to give rise to the soil profile.

• However, not all of the processes will necessarily promote horizon differentiation.

• Some of the processes may actually retard or offset differentiation e.g. pedoturbation.


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