Prose

PROSEPresented by:

Lemmuela Alvita Kurniawati (136332040)

PROSE

Introduction

Types of Prose

NarrativeElements of Prose

INTRODUCTION

• From Latin word prosa, part of the phrase prosa oratio, meaning

straightforward speech/ a natural flow of speech

• Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure

• Written in full grammatical sentences, which then constitutes paragraph

TYPES OF PROSEFi

ctio

n • Short story

• Novel

• Novella

• Folktale – legend, fable, parable

No

n F

icti

on • Biography

• Autobiography

• History

• Letter

• Diary

• Journal

• Is telling stories, true or false, factual

or fictional, in any medium.

• Is any activity which results in a story

being told and an event represented

and reported.

Narrative

ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE

ELEMENTS OF NARRATIVE (CONTINUED)

Narrative Texts

Story (What is

told)

Discourse (How

is it told)

ELEMENTS OF PROSE FICTION

1. Plot

2. Character and characterization

3. Setting

4. Point of View

5. Theme

PLOT

The structure, “framework” or “skeleton” of

the story

The story arc that holds all the events of a

story in an orderly way (E.M. Froster)

The casual and logical structure that

connects events (E.M. Froster)

PLOT (CONTINUED)

PLOT (CONTINUED)

Introduction (Exposition)

• The beginning of the story where characters and setting are established

Rising Action

• Complications that arise when the characters take steps to resolve their conflict

Climax

• The turning point of the story and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion

Falling Action

• The conflict is in the process of being resolved or “unraveled

Resolution (Denouement)

• When the problem/conflict is resolved and the story ends

CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION

• Character : a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot.

• Characterization : the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character

CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)

Types of

Character

Antagonist

Protagonist Dynamic

Static

• Example: He was a simple, good-natured man; he was moreover

a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband. (‘Rip Van

Winkle’ by Washington Irving)

Direct

characterization

• Example: I jumped up, knocking over my chair, and had reached

the door when Mama called, ‘Pick up that chair, sit down again,

and say excuse me’. (‘The Scarlet Ibis’ by James Hurst)

Indirect

characterization

CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)

The historical time and place, and the social circumstances in the ‘world’ of the literature

Geographic

location

• topography

• scenery

Cultural

backdrop

• way of life

• gender roles

Artificial

environment

• buildings

• cities

Properties

• furniture

• clothing

SETTING

SETTING

Like as he is to look at, so is his apartment in the dusk of the presentafternoon. Rusty, out of date, withdrawing from attention, able to afford it.Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs, not easilylifted, obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers, presentationprints of the holders of great titles in the last generation, or the last but one,environ him. A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits,attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks, that give a veryinsufficient light to his large room.

(Dickens, Bleak House, ch. 10).

POINT OF VIEW

Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character.

• Involving the use of either of the two pronouns “I” and “we

First person

• Employing the pronoun “you”

Second person

• Entering the thought of every character

Third person omniscient

• Entering the thought of one character

Third personlimited

“I have of late,—but wherefore I know not,—lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises; and indeed, it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory.”

‘Hamlet’ by Shakespeare

Harry had taken up his place at wizard school, where he and his scar were famous ...but now the school year was over, and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer, back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly.

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J.K. Rowling

POINT OF VIEW

THEME

• A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly or indirectly.

• Examples of themes:

Love and friendship War

Crime and mystery Revenge

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