Proposition - iatcluny.files.wordpress.com€¦ · Web viewBenchmarking and prospective study on renewable energies. Contextual note. March 28 2006. Sommaire. 1. Methodological

CENTRE EUROPÉEND’EXPERTISE EN ÉVALUATION

CENTRE FOR EUROPEANEVALUATION EXPERTISE

Note benchmark

Benchmarking and prospective study on renewable energies

Contextual note

March 28 2006

Benchmarking and prospective study on renewable energies – Region Centre

Sommaire

1. Methodological remarks..........................................................3

1.1. General methodological elements.................................................3 1.2. Lexicon..........................................................................................4

2. Wind energy : Navarre (ESP)....................................................6

2.1. Sources..........................................................................................6 2.2. Keys to success in Navarre............................................................6 2.3. The Navarre region........................................................................6 2.4. Navarre’s energy policy.................................................................7 2.5. RES use in Navarre........................................................................7 2.6. Effects of the programme..............................................................8

3. Wood-energy : Upper Austria (AUT)..........................................9

3.1. Sources..........................................................................................9 3.2. Keys to success in Navarre............................................................9 3.3. The Upper-Austria region...............................................................9 3.4. Upper-Austria’s energy policy......................................................10 3.5. RES use in Upper-Austria.............................................................12 3.6. Effects of the programme............................................................13

4. Solar energy: North Rhine-Westphalia (GER) and Upper-Austria (AUS)........................................................................................14

4.1. Sources........................................................................................14 4.2. Keys to success in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)......................14 4.3. Introduction.................................................................................14 4.4. The NRW region...........................................................................15 4.5. NRW’s energy policy....................................................................15 4.6. RES use in NRW...........................................................................16 4.7. Effects of the programme............................................................16

5. Geothermal energy : Sweden.................................................18

5.1. Sources........................................................................................18 5.2. Keys to success in Sweden..........................................................18 5.3. Introduction.................................................................................18 5.4. Présentation................................................................................19 5.5. Sweden’s energy policy...............................................................19 5.6. RES use in NRW...........................................................................19 5.7. Effects of the programme............................................................20

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1. Methodological remarks

1.1. General methodological elementsWhen we have been achieving this note focusing on European regions that are leaders for renewable energies, we had to realise that the information regarding renewable energies promotion policies was very scattered.

1.1.1. Identification of leaders After an extended search, we came to the conclusion that there is no regional ranking or any benchmark at the European level which could be easily used. Despite the European Union has indexed a great number of best practices, which are reviewed on the DG TREN website. These best practices are rather concerning cities or small territories than regions.

1.1.2. Choice of regions The initial selection of regions has nevertheless been based on a European prize list made in 1993: the renewable energies Campaign for take-off. The three regions which are presented here have been effectively awarded by this price list. The commitment of these regions has then been verified, in order to be ensured that these regions had really a leading position on a type of renewable energy1. As this position could not be verify at 100%, several criteria have been taken into account. Given the differences regarding size and population between the European regions, the main selection criteria is the share of renewable energies in the regional electricity or heat consumption. For instance, Navarre is only the fourth producer for wind energy in Spain in terms of gross power, but this energy is covering 45% of electricity consumption, thus making this region an obvious leader in this country. Moreover, an additional criteria has been the existence of a specific policy for supporting renewable energies. Hence, Lithuania has historically speaking a very high share of its energy consumption stemming from biomass, but mainly through a traditional private heating;; there is no specific policy targeted towards renewable energies in this country.

1.1.3. Availability of information in the selected regions Information relative to renewable energies for each region is limited, and most often only in the language of the country. In addition, this information is not homogeneous. The European observatory of renewable energies2 is supplying homogeneous data, but only at the national level. 1 In the case of solar cells, because of the lack of data per länder in Germany, and considering the moving context, the North Rhine-Westphalia has been chosen as one of the European leaders, notably in the perspective of the development of the sector in the regional industry. In the case of geothermal energy, Sweden was viewed as an obvious leader, but no regional data could be found. It thus has been decided to elaborate a note on the national policy of this country.

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There exists for instance several ways to define the supplied energy, not only as a measure (watts, joules, ton oil equivalent3), but also regarding the object which is measured: collected data can be for instance related to output installed capacity (measured by watts or by watts peak) or to estimated production (measured by watts hours, by joules or by ton oil equivalent). We preferred to use the production capacity as much as possible but this data was not always available.

1.2. Lexicon1.2.1. Measuring

Megawatt (MW): unit for measuring power equal to 1.000 kilowatts. MWth (th stands for thermal) and MWe (for electricity) can be distinguished. MWp (p stands for peak) is used to measure photovoltaic facilities power in optimal climatic conditions.

Megawatt-hour (MWh): unit for measuring power produced by a facility, and is equivalent to the plant capacity multiplied by the number of hours of production.

Petajoule (PJ) : A measure of energy equivalent to a million of megajoules. 3,6 PJ are equivalent to 1 terawatt-hour (one million MWh).

Ton of oil equivalent (TOE): A unit for measuring energy, by definition equivalent to 42 gigajoules (energy produced by burning one ton of crude oil). TOE is used to compare several energies through conventional equivalences. For instance, 1MWh amounts to 0,086 TOE when used for heating, and 0,222 TOE for electricity.

Tonne équivalent pétrole (tep) : la tonne équivalent-pétrole ou tep est une unité de mesure de l'énergie qui vaut par définition 42 gigajoules (valeur énergétique d'une tonne de pétrole brut). Elle sert à comparer entre elles des formes d'énergie différentes. Les équivalences sont calculées en fonction du contenu énergétique ; ce sont des moyennes choisies par convention. On considère qu’1 MWh équivaut à 0,086 tep pour le chauffage, et 0,222 tep pour l’électricité.

1.2.2. Renewable energy sources Biomass: this energy is based on any organic material which can be

collected to produce energy, including wood-energy, biogas and straw. Wind energy: wind power is extracted from wind thanks to an ad hoc device,

a turbine, for instance. Thermal solar energy: thermal solar energy is created thanks to collectors,

which uses the energy of sunshine to provide heat in a structure. These devices are mostly used either to produce hot water or to produce heating for the structure.

Photovoltaic solar energy: photovoltaic technology allows to turn sunshine energy into electricity. It can be used to offer electricity to areas which are

2 http://www.energies-renouvelables.org

3 cf. lexicon thereafter.

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http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/


not connected to the grid, or to feed an electricity grid. Solar cells are made of silicium and can be integrated onto a building or grouped into solar plants.

geothermal energy : it is strictly the exploitation of thermal energy from deep layers of the planet. It also includes the exploitation of the heat collected by the ground thanks to sunshine. Geothermal energy can have multiple applications, which include:

very low temperature is exploited by heat pumps, to heat buildings; Sweden is first in Europe for that use;

low temperature: a drilling is needed to attain deep aquifer, which can feed district heating, especially in Île-de-France, leading region in Europe;

medium temperature; some prototypes are exploited in Germany and Australia;

high temperature: heat is extracted from deep dry rocks. A prototype is being constructed in Alsace, France.

ultra high temperature: very localised, it exploits geological anomalies allowing steam or very hot water to go up to surface. Europe’s main facility is in Lardarello, Tuscany (capacity: 500 MW).

Only very low temperature can be used in any place, while other applications need a specific resource (deep aquifers, for instance, for low temperature geothermal energy).

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2.Wind energy : Navarre (ESP)

2.1. Sources Community of Navarre website : http://www.navarra.es/ Navarre Centre for Environmental Resources (CRAN) : http://www.crana.org/ RES-e network website: http://www.esv.or.at/esv/index.php?id=1340&L=1 Observ’ER website : http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/

2.2. Keys to success in Navarre A strong political will from the Community, based on a shared consciousness

of regional energetic dependency; A wide local autonomy allowing Navarre to launch a comprehensive

programme; A Community partly owned company (EHN) to start and lead wind farm

construction in Navarre.

2.3. The Navarre regionSpain is today a wind energy leader with an installed capacity of 9 825 MW, only second to Germany (18 100 MW). Spanish wind farms provided in 2005 8,25 % of the country’s electricity demand. The Comunidad Foral de Navarra4 (0,57 M inhabitants, 10 000 km²) is located in the North of Spain. As an autonomous region, Navarre is in charge with environment protection-related issues. Navarre ranks fourth (behind Galicia, Castile-La Mancha and Castile and Leon) on raw RES production capacity. However, Navarre RES production account for 65% of its electricity consumption and is looking forward to reach 100% within 5 years. Wind farms alone were able to meet 45% of the local needs in 2005. Globally, RES production in Navarre accounts for 16% of energy primary consumption, though Navarre’s production was next to nothing at the beginning of the 1990s. Wind energy penetration rate is quite high (>27%) in two other European regions: Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) and Jutland-Funen (Denmark).

4 The map was found on the wikipedia online encyclopaedia.

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2.4. Navarre’s energy policyThe government of Navarre started to get involved in RES promotion at the beginning of the 1990s when the construction of a micro hydropower plants network was decided. This new company launched on public funds5, Energía Hidroelectrica de Navarra (EHN), was also in charge of defining the potential of Navarre’s wind resource. The goods results convinced the government to start a programme aimed to develop wind energy. Six turbines were first installed in 1994, before an ambitious energy strategy (widely supporting wind energy) was adopted.The strategy was also very keen on environment-related potential issues: wind turbines impact studies and monitoring programmes (focusing on birds) are mandatory. Minimum distance between turbines of 200 m must be respected to reduce the impact on birds. Moreover, EHN worked on building a consensus on wind energy in the neighbourhood of wind farms. The government gained support from most environmental NGOs, local, national and international, with those decisions.

2.5. RES use in Navarre2.5.1. Wind Energy

Installed capacity reached 938 MW in 2005, distributed from 28 farms. Wind turbines installed in 2005 had an average capacity of 2 MW.

2.5.2. Other RES Navarre has built a cereal fuelled power plant with a total capacity of 25 MW. Regarding photovoltaic energy, a 1.2 MWp plant, the largest facility in Spain, was launched in 2001. Global production capacity reached 9 MW in 2004. In addition, more than 100 micro hydro power plants were in use in Navarre, for a global capacity exceeding 195 MW.

RES Installed capacity (2004, MW)

wind energy 938 MWhydro power 195 MWbiomass (electricity) 33 MWbiomass (heating) ND

solar photovoltaic energy 8,5 MWsolar thermal energy ND

5 Navarre owns 40% of the company.

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2.6. Effects of the programmeThe government of Navarre expects to meet a 1:1 ratio between its electricity consumption and RES production in 2010. The region was granted an European award for its policy by the Campaign for RES Take-off. Navarre is now a member of the European network RES-e6. The program hence strongly contributed to the region fame, and even to tourism. The local economy also benefited from the programme and EHN growth. 40 enterprises were created or attracted in Navarre and 4 000 jobs were directly or indirectly related to the wind energy sector (1% to 2% of total jobs in Navarre). EHN is now part of ACCIONA, a world-class company in the wind energy sector. It manages more than two-thirds of Navarre farms. ACCIONA designs, develops and exploits wind farms. It manufactures and sells also parts of wind turbines, most notably the rotors. The Pamplona-based company manages around 3 000 MW distributed in 102 farms worldwide, among others RES-fuelled facilities. Finally, Navarre estimates that the release of 11 Mt of CO2 was avoided between 2000 and 2004 thanks to the use of renewable energies.

6 RES-e aims to boost electricity production from renewable energy sources in 11 European regions. These will identify the main barriers and address them by well targeted information and promotion activities, thereby significantly increasing regional RES-e shares.

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3.Wood-energy : Upper Austria (AUT)

3.1. Sources Land of Upper-Autria website : http://www.land-oberoesterreich.gv.at/ Upper-Austria Regional Energy Agency : http://www.esv.or.at/ RES-e network website: http://www.esv.or.at/esv/index.php?id=1340&L=1 Observ’ER website : http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/

3.2. Keys to success in Navarre A willing attitude towards RES, with ambitious targets, and a programme

which combines incentives, promotion and RES-related laws ; A focus on obtaining a consensus of the stakeholders (private households

and companies included) on the programme; The regional energy agency charged most of the actions aimed at private

households, trade/commerce and industry.

3.3. The Upper-Austria regionAustria is a leading country regarding the use of RES, especially when solar thermal energy (second only to Cyprus on a m² per inhabitant ratio; the other leaders are Greece and Germany) and biomass (Austria ranks fourth behind Latvia, Finland and Sweden on the biomass share of primary energy consumption) are considered. Ober-Österreich7 (1,38 M inhabitants, 12 000 km²) is located in the North-West of Austria. It is Austria’s most industrialised Land.The RES share in this region reached 70% in 20058; RES account for 35% of Upper-Austria’s primary energy consumption (93 petajoules out of 273 PJ) 9. Biomass alone accounts for 14% of the region’s primary energy consumption, as Upper-Autria biomass facilities produce 65% of the heat produced by biomass in the country. Other leading European regions including Swedish and Finnish regions, have developed a strong use of biomass. Biomass fuelled power plants tend to be quite numerous in Sweden and Finland.

7 The map was found on the wikipedia online encyclopaedia.8 Two thirds of Austria’s electricity production comes from hydro power plants. 9 Compared to 25% in 1993.

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3.4. Upper-Austria’s energy policyThe first Upper-Austria energy plan was launched in 1993. Concrete targets on fossil energy consumption reduction were set, and a programme combining energy saving and RES promotion decided.Targets of the plan (hit in 2000) were the following: RES account for 30% of the primary energy consumed; energy consumption is cut off by 30% in newly-built dwellings; 15 000 jobs are created in the RES-related sectors. A new strategy was adopted in 2000, so-called “Energy 21” Action Plan, for the 2000-2010 period. It aims to double energy production through solar and biomass energy, and to raise energy efficiency by 10%10. Moreover, Upper-Austria decided to comply with the European Directive on energy services, and aims to save 1% per year on energy consumption (1,5% in the public sector). The whole programme considers energy savings and RES in a market perspective: on supply side, it includes:

o strengthened promotion;o services for private households and other publics wishing to

proceed to an installation;o financial support;o RES-related law enforcement;o energy performance contracting (especially in public buildings)11;

on offer site, it includes: o a cluster, the Ökoenergie-Cluster12 ;o trainingo international cooperation;o a R&D programme.

10 To develop energy savings in private households and, globally, in the whole existing building stock, the government first enforced restrictive legal thresholds in 1994 and 1999 (90 kWh/m²/year); since then, it’s been successful promoting energy savings: news buildings’ rates are now as low as 54 kWh/m² (2004; 65 kWh/m² in 2001).11 An energy service provider finances installation and bills energy consumption to the contracting company or public building, earning money on the energy savings before the installation is granted back. 12 The Öekoenergie-Cluster, managed by the regional energy agency, is a network of 142 businesses from RES-related sectors. The network aims to support cooperation and contribute to a positive market trend in the field of renewable energies. In 2004, these companies had a cumulated income reaching 330 M€, and 2.500 persons worked in them.

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The regional energy agency, O.Ö Energiesarverband, founded in 1991, manages most actions aimed at supply side and represents Upper-Austria in international networks, R&D and European projects.

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3.5. RES use in Upper-Austria3.5.1. Biomass, including wood-energy

Heat production through biomass was multiplied by 20 in 20 years. Capacity reached 1 200 MW in 2005. In 2004, 19 000 heat production facilities and 250 district heating were identified in Upper-Austria. More than 100 municipalities use biomass to get heat. Small-size facilities (<100 kw) still account for 60% of actual capacity, though the share of larger facilities is now growing fast, especially automatic boilers (though log boilers still represents more than two thirds of the facilities). Six biomass-fuelled power plants have a 60 MW global capacity, and 11 new ones were still in construction in 2004, for an added capacity of 40 MW. These are mostly CHP (combined heat and power) plants.

3.5.2. Other RES The 533 hydro power plants have a 110 MW global power. Other RES used for electricity generation are not, by comparison, worthy of notice. However, Upper Austria is a solar thermal energy leader with 750 000 m² in use and a 0,5 m² per inhabitant equipment rate (Austria: 0,34 m² per inh.; UE15: 0,034 m² per inh.).

RES Installed capacity(2004, MW)

biomass (heat) 1 200 MWwind energy 26 MWhydro power 110 MWbiomass (electricity) 100 MWsolar photovoltaic energy 5,8 MWsolar thermal energy 525 MW13

3.5.3. Energy savings Within the 1993-2004 period, Upper-Austria government believes that: 40 000 dwellings (new and rehabilitated) were built with energy saving

concerns; yearly energy savings reached 285 gWh.

13 This figure is a ratio-based estimation (1m² has a 0,7 kwth capacity).

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3.6. Effects of the programmeUpper-Austria gains benefits from the programme: it avoids 1 billion worth fossil energy importations per year; more than 25 000 jobs were created in the field of renewable energies in

Austria, a large share being in Upper-Austria; 80 R&D projects are now active in Upper-Austria; Local industry (boilers, sun collectors) exports 50% of its productionThe Land of Upper-Austria is a European leader regarding RES support. The region was granted an award at the 4th edition of Campaign for Take-off European awards. Moreover, Upper-Austria regional energy agency is leading the RES-e network, which aims to boost electricity production from renewable energy sources in 11 European regions. These will identify the main barriers and address them by well targeted information and promotion activities, thereby significantly increasing regional RES-e shares.

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4.Solar energy: North Rhine-Westphalia (GER) and Upper-Austria (AUS)

4.1. Sources Land of North Rhine-Westphalia: http://www.nrw.de/ North Rhine-Westphalia Ministry of the Environment:

http://www.munlv.nrw.de/ Regional support programme to RES-related R&D: http://www.ag-solar.de/ RES observatory: http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/

4.2. Keys to success in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)

A willing attitude towards business development and R&D; NRW aims to be a leader on industry and services, the same way it is a leader in the field of energy ( fossil energies included);

A very strong support to training, especially for professionals.

4.3. IntroductionSolar energy can be collected in two ways, through solar collectors (solar thermal energy) and solar cells (solar photovoltaic energy): Upper-Austria is a clear leader regarding solar thermal energy. As it is also a

biomass leader, Upper-Austria policy and results in the field of renewable energies are described in another note, and also in a frame at the end of this document.

Germany is a leader in photovoltaic solar energy, thanks to very incentive tariffs. Bavaria, Saxony and NRW are among the leaders, though it is difficult to say which one ranks first. Indeed, the market doubled between 2003 and 2004. Therefore, figures are quickly obsolete.

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4.4. The NRW regionGermany is Europe’s first market for several renewable energies, including wind energy, solar thermal energy and solar photovoltaic energy. Regarding photovoltaic energy, Germany is really ahead, thanks to very favourable tariffs. In 2004, total capacity reached 794 MWp (98% grid). New facilities were built in 2004 for an additional 363 MWp. Netherlands holds the second position, although far behind (49 MWp). Nordrhein-Westfälen14 (18 M inhabitants, 34 000 km²) is Germany’s most populated and industrialised Land, and the country’s first energy producer.

4.5. NRW’s energy policyThe national programme for “energy efficiency and the use of RES” started in 1987. It focused on reducing administrative barriers, enhancing legal conditions to equip, and on supporting the industry’s R&D. An energy agency was founded to coordinate some parts of the programme. The national initiative for future energies launched by the government in 1996 strengthened the former programme. Today’s actions include: information and support to enterprises, local authorities and private

households willing to equip; support to business and industry in the energy field; support for business and industry experimentations; support to local authorities and enterprises willing to experiment new

energy policies; support for district heating; financial support for enterprises and private households using RES or energy

savings methods; a workgroup on solar issues; the so-called “virtual research institute” is a

network of organisations and experts which carries out R&D projects (250 projects during the 1991-2004 period).

Globally, NRW and the European Union invested 640 M€ between 1988 and 2004 to promote renewable energies and energy savings15.

14 The map was found on the wikipedia online encyclopaedia.15 Induced private investments are estimated at € 3.2 billions.

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4.6. RES use in NRW4.6.1. Photovoltaic solar energy

Photovoltaic installed capacity reached 60 MWp in 2004 (almost 15% of German capacity). The regional programme itself financed more than 10 500 facilities (53 MWp). NRW main project is “50 solar housing estates in NRW”. To date, 14 estates combining energy savings, thermal and photovoltaic solar energy have been built. 13 more are being developed, and 12 more are at the project stage. Moreover, thanks to the 1996’ initiative, a solar cell production plant was constructed in 2006. Its target is to cut the cost of a solar cell by 20%.

4.6.2. Other RES Solar collectors amounted to 450 000 m² in 2003, half of them being

financed by the programme (more than 26 000 installations); 640 biogaz facilities have been built (installed capacity: 30 MW). Pit gas is

also collected through 100 installations (capacity: 127 MW); Wind energy amounted to 2 000 MW in 2004.

RES installed capacity (2004, MW)

photovoltaic solar energy 60 MWcbiomass (heat) NDwind energy 2 000 MWhydro power NDbiomass (electricity) 100 MWthermal solar energy 315 MW16

4.7. Effects of the programmeThe comprehensive policy led in NRW was rewarded at the 4 th edition of Campaign for Take-off European awards.The programme supported RES training for 93 000 persons, and contributed to the creation of 10 000 jobs, a consequence of the industrial profile of the actions. The government was able to attract one of the biggest solar cell makers in GelsenKirchen (Shell Gmbh), plus wind turbine and heat pump makers (half of Germany’s heat pumps are made in NRW). 15 000 people worked in 2002 in 2 10017 RES-related businesses and industries. The cumulated income of these businesses and industries

16 This figure is a ratio-based estimation (1m² has a 0,7 kwth capacity).17 more than 3 000 in 2004.

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reached €3 billions, which amounts to one third of the sector global income in Germany.

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Upper-AustriaRegion profileAustria is a leading country regarding the use of solar thermal energy (second only to Cyprus on a m² per inhabitant ratio; the other leaders are Greece and Germany). Ober-Österreich (1,38 M inhabitants, 12 000 km²) is located in the North-West of Austria. It is Austria’s most industrialised Land.RES account for 35% of Upper-Austria’s primary energy consumption (93 petajoules out of 273 PJ)Upper-Austria’s energy policyThe first Upper-Austria energy plan was launched in 1993. Concrete targets on fossil energy consumption reduction were set, and a programme combining energy saving and RES promotion decided.Targets of the plan (hit in 2000) were the following: RES account for 30% of the primary energy consumed; energy consumption is cut off by 30% in newly-built dwellings; 15 000 jobs are created in the RES-related sectors. A new strategy was adopted in 2000, so-called “Energy 21” Action Plan, for the 2000-2010 period. It aims to double energy production through solar and biomass energy, and to raise energy efficiency by 10%18. The regional energy agency, O.Ö Energiesarverband, founded in 1991, manages most actions aimed at supply side and represents Upper-Austria in international networks, R&D and European projects. RES use in Upper-AustriaUpper Austria is a solar thermal energy leader with 750 000 m² in use and a 0,5 m² per inhabitant equipment rate (Austria: 0,34 m² per inh.; UE15: 0,034 m² per inh.). Total equipment offers a 525 MWth capacity.Effects of the programmeThe Land of Upper-Austria is a European leader regarding RES support. The region was granted an award at the 4th edition of Campaign for Take-off European awards. Moreover, Upper-Austria regional energy agency is leading the RES-e network, which aims to boost electricity production from renewable energy sources in 11 European regions. These will identify the main barriers and address them by well targeted information and promotion activities, thereby significantly increasing regional RES-e shares.

18 To develop energy savings in private households and, globally, in the whole existing building stock, the government first enforced restrictive legal threshold in 1994 and 1999 (90 kWh/m²/year); since then, it’s been successful promoting energy savings: news buildings’ rates are now as low as 54 kWh/m² (2004; 65 kWh/m² in 2001).

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5.Geothermal energy : Sweden

5.1. Sources Sweden website : http://www.sweden.se/ OECD website (Sweden page) : http://www.oecd.org/ Observ’ER website : http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/

5.2. Keys to success in Sweden Green trading certificate, which compels energy providers to support

renewable energies; High-rise heating costs due to climatic conditions, which reduce the relative

costs of heating pumps, especially when built-in.

5.3. IntroductionGeothermal energy can have multiple applications, which include: very low temperature is exploited by heat pumps, to heat buildings; Sweden

is first in Europe for that use; low temperature: a drilling is needed to attain deep aquifer, which can feed

district heating, especially in Île-de-France, leading region in Europe; medium temperature; some prototypes are exploited in Germany and

Australia; high temperature: heat is extracted from deep dry rocks. A prototype is

being constructed in Alsace, France. ultra high temperature: very localised, it exploits geological anomalies

allowing steam or very hot water to go up to surface. Europe’s main facility is in Lardarello, Tuscany (capacity: 500 MW).

Only very low temperature can be used in any place, while other applications need a specific resource (deep aquifers, for instance, for low temperature geothermal energy).

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5.4. Présentation Sweden19 is a 8.9 millions inhabitants country. Heating costs being very high, heat pumps are widely used. 95% of new dwellings are equipped (2004).

5.5. Sweden’s energy policySweden has massively invested the R&D field to promote RES. A R&D programme on biofuel, wind energy and solar energy was for instance launched in 1998 (7 years, € 560 millions). The Green trading certificate allows easier financing of RES by energy providers. It replaces a former program which financed RES through a CO2 tax.

5.6. RES use in NRW5.6.1. Geothermal energy

Globally, 185 000 heat pumps were in use in Sweden in 2004 (estimated power: 1 700 MWth). It is Europe’s first market, far beyond France (50 000 heat pumps) and Germany. The country combines district heating for collective dwellings and public buildings, and heat pumps for individuals. Low temperature geothermal energy is used when possible for urban heating. 450 000 individual dwellings (among 1,65 millions) were heated through geothermal energy in 2002:

RES nb of individual dwellingsÉlectricity 500 000Fossil fuels 400 000Wood energy (boilers included) 300 000District heating 150 000Heat pumps 300 000

Moreover, heat pumps are nowadays fully integrated into a building cost : heat pumps do not seem to benefit from any national policy. Swedish heat pump makers founded an association, SVEC, very proactive toward European Union to promote their products, and especially their Eco labelling system.

5.6.2. Other RES RES Installed capacity(2004,

MW)

19 The map was found on the wikipedia online encyclopaedia.

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photovoltaic solar energy 4 MWcbiomass (heat) ND20

wind energy 442 MWhydro power 1 105 MWbiomass (electricity) ND21

Solar thermal energy 157 MW

5.7. Effects of the programmeIn 2003, RES made 7% of Sweden primary energy production. The government wishes to reach a 17% rate in 2010 and could support wind energy and biomass on that purpose. RES represents 28% of Sweden’s primary energy consumption (2005), thanks to its hydro power plants. Sweden decided in 1980 to phase out nuclear power. In 2006, the government declared that it would phase out fossil fuels till 2020. Long standing objectives, attention on energy savings and support to RES are some of Sweden’s assets to reach that goal.R&D support and RES equipment create jobs. In 1998 (latest figures), almost 7 000 jobs were linked to RES development, figures which should have been rising since then.

20 Le chiffre est de 8,26 Mtep produits, soit environ 100 Gwh (sur la base d’une conversion 1MWh électrique=0,086 tep, utilisée pour les usages thermiques).21 5 TWh sont produits en Suède à partir de la biomasse, dont la moitié par cogénération. Les chiffres de capacité installée ne sont pas disponibles.

Eureval - 24/05/2023 – page 21

Proposition - iatcluny.files.wordpress.com€¦ · Web viewBenchmarking and prospective study on renewable energies. Contextual note. March 28 2006. Sommaire. 1. Methodological

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