PROPHET MUHAMMAD’S APPROACHES TO THE POLITICAL SYSTEM DURING THE MECCAN AND MEDINAN PERIODS BY MUHAMMED MURAT OYMEZ A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of in Political Science Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia MARCH 2020
24
Embed
PROPHET MUHAMMAD’S APPROACHES TO THE BY MUHAMMED …
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
PROPHET MUHAMMAD’S APPROACHES TO THE
POLITICAL SYSTEM DURING THE MECCAN AND
MEDINAN PERIODS
BY
MUHAMMED MURAT OYMEZ
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Master of in Political Science
Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human
Sciences
International Islamic University Malaysia
MARCH 2020
ii
ABSTRACT
The administrative and social structures formed by the Messenger of Allah in Medina are
invaluable and integral for Muslims in their efforts to develop a practical Islamic political
system. However, this specific example is provided not to encourage the blind imitation
of an exact replica, but to understand how the creation of a political system compatible
with Islam may be executed. The system implemented in Medina was not one that sought
to destroy everything and to supplant a model that had yet to be seen; but rather, it was a
continuation, albeit of a different paradigm, of the existing system. In other words, it
constituted the reinterpretation of the existing processes in alignment with the rules of
Islam. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyze Prophetic approaches to political authority
using Ibn Khaldun’s Social Cohesion State Theory. Following a qualitative approach
while reading, analyzing, and comparing the texts, this thesis analytically examines the
events occurring during Prophet Muhammad’s lifetime rather than simply cataloguing
what happened during the early period of Islam. More specifically, this thesis adopts J.
David Velleman’s Narrative Explanation, which aims to correlate different variables, in
its methodological approach. Following this correlation, this method attempts to find a
causal justification between the variables.
iii
صُالبحثُلخُ مُ
أنظمة ؛ الهياكل الإدارية والاجتماعية التي أنشأها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في المدينة المنورةالمسلمين د الجامع جهود العنصر الرئيس الموح أنها أهميتها الكبيرة في لىإ اقدر بثمن نظر لا ت
التقليد تشجيع هذا المثل القصد منوليس ، كافة في سبيل تطوير نظام سياسي إسلامي عمليالأعمى للأصل بحذافيره، ولكنه يهدف إلى فهم كيفية تنفيذ وإنشاء نظام سياسي جديد يمكن
لا نموذجنظام المدينة المنورة لا يسعى إلى محو كل شيء واستبداله بأم، فأن يتفق مع الإسلا ات ذجو نممن أ ت ا لأنظمة سابقة تطور وإنما يشكل استمرار ة،واضحرؤية يمكن رؤية أبعاده
تحليل المقاربات النبوية للسلطة الأخير، وعليه؛ يهدف البحث إلىالنظام في تختلف عما نظام يعيد تفسير ؛ لاقتراح السياسية باستخدام نظرية حالة التماسك الاجتماعي لابن خلدون
أثناء قراءة في باتباع نهج نوعي ، وذلك ى مع قواعد الإسلامبما يتمش ها ءات الحالية وتحليل الإجراحياة النبي صلى في الوقائع التي حدثت اتحليلي ويتناول البحث ،النصوص وتحليلها ومقارنتها
ويعتمد البحث ا،سطحي سرد ا الإسلام صدر بدلا من سرد ما حدث خلال ،الله عليه وسلما تح إلى ربط المتغيرات المختلفة في منحاها بها يهدف تيال ه شروحات ديفيد فيلمان وأطروحاتديد
سو غ متحديد ؛من الممكن باتباع هذه الطريقة مقترنة مع الربط السابق ذكرهومن ثم؛ المنهجي، .جميعها ذه المتغيرات لهسببي
iv
APPROVAL PAGE
I have certified that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it
conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in
scope and quality, as a thesis for degree of Master of Arts (Political Sciences).
…………………………………………..
Abdi Omar Shuriye
Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable
standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis
for the degree of Master of Arts (Political Sciences).
…………………………………………..
Md. Moniruzzaman
Internal Examiner
This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human
Sciences and it is accepted as a fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master
of Arts (Political Sciences).
…………………………………………..
Rabi'Ah Aminudin
Head Department of
Political Sciences
This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human
Sciences and it is accepted as a fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master
of Arts (Political Sciences).
…………………………………………..
Shukran Bin Abd Rahman
Dean, Kulliyah of Islamic Revealed
Knowledge and Human Sciences
v
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where
otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted
as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Muhammed Murat Oymez
Signature ………………………… Date ……………………..
vi
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION
OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
PROPHET MUHAMMAD’S APPROACHES TO THE
POLITICAL SYSTEM DURING THE MECCAN AND
MEDINAN PERIODS
I declare that the copyright holder of this thesis is International Islamic University
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder
except as provided below
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may
only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print
or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system
and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other
universities and research libraries.
By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM
Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.
Affirmed by Muhammed Murat Oymez
…………………………… ….…………………………..
Signature Date
vii
DEDICATION
-This thesis is dedicated to my wife and son. May Allah give us strength and
happiness.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All glory is due to Allah, the Almighty, whose Grace and Mercies have been with me
throughout the duration of my program. Although it has been tasking, His Mercies and
Blessings on me have eased the herculean task of completing this thesis.
I am most indebted to by father in-law, Abdullah Omer Karamollaoglu, whose
kindness, support, understanding, and friendship have facilitated the successful
completion of my Master’s Degree.
I am also grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Dr Abdi Omar Shuriye and co-
supervisor, Dr. Tunku Mohar Tunku Mohd. Mokhtar, whose support and cooperation
contributed to the outcome of this work. In addition, I must thank my former supervisor,
the Minister of Education of Malaysia Dr. Maszlee Malik and former co-supervisor,
Datuk Dr. Marzuki bin Muhammad, for their great attribution to this thesis during its
initial stages.
I put on record and appreciate to four of my supervisors for detailed comments,
useful suggestions and inspiring queries, all of which have considerably improved the
quality of this thesis. Their brilliant grasp of the aim and content of this work led to his
insightful comments, suggestions and queries that helped me a great deal.
Lastly, my gratitude goes to my beloved wife and our family; for their prayers,
understanding and endurance while away.
Once again, we glorify Allah for His endless mercy on us, one such
manifestation being to successfully round off the efforts of writing this thesis.
Alhamdulillah.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ................................................................................................................... ii
Arabic Abstract ....................................................................................................... iii
Approval Page ......................................................................................................... iv Declaration .............................................................................................................. v Copyright Page ........................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. vii
Table of Content ..................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 1.1 Study Background ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Study Rationale And Significance ......................................................... 5 1.4 Study Limitations .................................................................................. 6 1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................ 7
1.6 Research Objectives............................................................................... 7 1.7 Literature Review .................................................................................. 8
1.8 Hypotheses and Variables...................................................................... 13 1.9 Research Methodology .......................................................................... 13
1.9.1 Research sources ......................................................................... 13
1.9.2 Data analysis ............................................................................... 14
CHAPTER TWO: IBN KHALDUN’S SOCIAL COHESION STATE
THEORY ............................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Concept of Asabiyyah............................................................................ 17 2.2 Is Asabiyyah Racism?............................................................................ 20
2.3 Asabiyyah in the First Muslim Society ................................................. 22 2.4 Social Cohesion State Theory and Prophet Muhammad’s
Approaches to the Political System ............................................................. 26 2.5 Ibn Khaldun’s Theory of Social Cohesion State ................................... 29
CHAPTER THREE: THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE EARLY ISLAMIC POLITICAL SYSTEM ... 32
3.2 The Political Structure and Situation of Mecca Before Revelation ....... 38 3.3 Was Mecca Predestined or Merely a Coincidence? .............................. 46 3.4 The Political Situation After Revelation Until Hijrah ........................... 48 3.5 The Sociological, Economic, and Political Effects of Revelation
And Ensuing Conflicts ................................................................................. 51
CHAPTER FOUR:CHAPTER FIVE THE FEATURES OF PROPHET
MUHAMMAD’S (PBUH) POLITICAL APPROACHES ................................ 55 4.1 Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) as a Leader of the Opposition .................. 55 4.2 Migration and What it Meant During his Time ..................................... 57 4.3 Establishing of Political Authority and the First Islamic City-State ..... 59 4.4 The Role of the Medina Charter in Establishing Political Authority .... 63
x
4.5 Dealing With External Issues: Relations, Wars, and Treaties ............... 66
4.6 Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) as Head Authority: Economics and
Managing A Multi-Religious Community .................................................. 70
CHAPTER FIVE: PROPHETIC ACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
POLITICAL SYSTEMS ...................................................................................... 72 5.1 The Meccan Period and Power Relations .............................................. 72 5.2 Prophet Muhammad’s (Pbuh) Model of Opposition ............................. 74
5.3 The Medinan Period and the Prophetic State: An Example of
Prophetic Political Power ............................................................................ 80
CHAPTER SIX ..................................................................................................... 90