Properties of Liquids Groups of liquid molecules are held together only by intermolecular forces. [.

Properties of LiquidsProperties of Liquids

•Groups of liquid molecules are held together only by intermolecular forces.

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Properties of LiquidsProperties of Liquids

•Surface Tension

• Intermolecular forces at the surface are imbalanced.

[http://www.ap.stmarys.ca/~smitchel/for201labs/blood_angle/surface_tension.jpg]

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[http://learn.sdstate.edu/Deb_Pravecek/Chem106L/images/meniscus.JPG]

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Properties of LiquidsProperties of Liquids

• Viscosity• “Friction”

between molecules that causes them to resist motion.

• More forces = higher viscosity

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media_portfolio/text_images/CH11/FG11_31.JPG]

[http://www.talkintrucks.com/images/Oil%20bottle%20variety.gif]

[http://www.aa1car.com/library/API_donut.gif]

[http://www.aa1car.com/library/oil_chart.jpg]

[http://www.carbibles.com/images/sludge1.jpg]

Types of SolidsTypes of Solids

• Crystalline Solids• Particles exist in a

highly ordered repeating pattern.

• Most solids fall into this category.

[http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/materials/topaz.gi]f

[http://www.chem.neu.edu/Courses/1105Tom/05Lecture21_files/image004.jpg]

Unit Cells – Smallest part of the repeating pattern of a crystalline solid

Cubic

Orthorhombic

Monoclinic

Triclinic

Hexagonal

Types of SolidsTypes of Solids

• Amorphous Solids• Particles trapped in

a disordered arrangement.

• “Supercooled Liquids”

• Substances such as glass, rubber, & plastics

[http://www.springfieldart.net/galleries/glass/2035.jpg]

[http://www.auburn.edu/~leeming/quartz.jpg]

[http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Graphics/QuartzGlass.jpg]

Crystalline vs. Amorphous

Bonding in SolidsBonding in Solids

• Molecular Solids• Held together by

only intermolecular forces.

• Mostly compounds made of non-metals!

• Soft solids with low melting points.

• Examples: H2O (ice), wax, sugar

Bonding in SolidsBonding in Solids• Metallic Solids• Positive metal nuclei

are surrounded by mobile valence electrons.

• Excellent conductors, but variable hardness and melting points

• Examples: Any metallic element or alloy

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Bonding in SolidsBonding in Solids• Ionic Solids• Positive and negative

ions attract one another. (Metal & Non-Metal)

• Exist as pure crystalline shapes

• Brittle solids with high melting points.

• Examples: Any ionic “salts” such as NaCl, KBr, etc…

[http://www.auburn.edu/~leeming/pyrite.jpg]

[http://www.auburn.edu/~leeming/fluorite.jpg]

Bonding In SolidsBonding In Solids• Covalent-Network Solids• Covalent bonds form a

network throughout the entire substance. (mostly non-metals)

• Very hard solids with very high melting points.

• Examples: Carbon (diamond form only), Pure Silicon

[http://www.diamond-experts.com/images/kohinura.jpg]

All Carbon: Diamond vs. Graphite

[http://itl.chem.ufl.edu/2041_f97/matter/FG11_042.GIF]

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