YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006 Properties of carbon nanotubes Krisztian Kordas [email protected]Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories Department of Electrical and Information Engineering P.O. Box 4500, FIN-90014 University of Oulu Understanding carbon nanotubes Oulu, 1-2 October 2008
Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories Department of Electrical and Information Engineering P.O. Box 4500, FIN-90014 University of Oulu. Properties of carbon nanotubes Krisztian Kordas [email protected]. Understanding carbon nanotubes Oulu, 1-2 October 2008. Outline. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Allotropic forms of carbon: Defects in graphitic carbon
fullerenesC60 = 12 pentagons + 20 hexagons
Eulers polyhedron formula|V|-|E|+|F| = 2, where |V|, |E|, |F| indicate the number of vertices,
edges, and faces Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Krishnan, A., Dujardin, E., Treacy, M.M.J., Hugdahl, J., Lynum, S., Ebbesen, T.W. Nature, 1997, 388, 451-454.
cones
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
The rolled graphene layers (up to 50) are in co-axial arrangement. The typical diameter is 1-5 nm (SWCNTs) and 5-100 nm (MWCNTs) with lengths up to a few cm!
Bundles of SWCNTs
MWCNT
Carbon nanotubes
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
M. Monthioux, et al., Carbon 39 (2001) 1261–1272
Bundles of MWCNTs
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Other forms of carbon
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Bamboo-type CNTs
Carbon onions
J. Miyawaki, et al., Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 1010
Carbon nanohorns
F. Banhart, T. Füller, Ph. Redlich and P.M. Ajayan, Chem. Phys. Lett. 269, 349 (1997)
Ph. Redlich, F. Banhart, Y. Lyutovich and P.M. Ajayan, Carbon 36, 561 (1998)
F. Banhart and P.M. Ajayan, Nature 382, 433-435 (1996)
Carbon onions and diamonds
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Chirality of CNTs
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Chirality of CNTs
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Ph. Lambin et al., Carbon 40 (2002) 1635
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
DOS vs. structure: Nanotubes
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
The product of the DOS g(E) and the probability distribution function f(E) is the number of occupied states per unit volume at a given energy for a system in thermal equilibrium.
number of states per unit sample volume at an energy E inside an interval [E,E + dE]
probability that a fermion occupies a specific quantum state in a system at thermal equilibrium
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
DOS vs. structure: Nanotubes
2D energy dispersion relations for bands of graphite, with overlap integral:
R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus, M. S Dresselhaus, APL 60 (1992) 2204.
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Periodic boundary condition for k.
Condition for having metallic nanotube:
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
DOS vs. structure: Nanotubes
V0 is the hopping matrix element for adjacent 2p orbitals of C atoms having distance of d0
CT White, et al., PRB, 47 (1993) 5485.
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
DOS vs. structure: Nanotubes
J.W.G. Wildöer, et al., Nature, 391 (1998) 59.T.W. Odom, et al., Nature 391 (1998) 62.
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
tunnelling spectroscopy
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
DOS vs. structure: Nanotubes
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Uniaxial stress
Twist
A. Kleiner and S. Eggert, PRB, 63 (2001) 73408.
Primary metallic or small-gap semiconducting nanotubes are tubes with band gaps that arise solely from breaking the bond symmetry due to curvature. The unified gap equation as a function of chirality and deformations:
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
DOS vs. structure: Penta-Hexa-Heptites
P.M. Ajayan, Nanotube course, Oulu, 2005.
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
•453
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
FETs with individual CNTs
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Back-side gated structures on over-doped Si wafers
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
R. Martel, T. Schmidt, H. R. Shea, T. Hertel, and Ph. Avouris, APL 73 (1998) 2447.IBM group
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Back-side gated structures on over-doped Si wafers
SWCNTs acting as p-type channels
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
R. Martel, T. Schmidt, H. R. Shea, T. Hertel, and Ph. Avouris, APL 73 (1998) 2447.IBM group
Deformed MWCNTs acting as gate controlled channels
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Doping of CNTs
V. Derycke, R.Martel, J.Appenzeller, P.Avouris, Nano. Lett. 1 (2001) 453.IBM group
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Changing the p-type character to n-type by annealing and/or K-doping
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Transistors, logic circuits, memory, oscillator
A. Bachtold, P. Hadley, T. Nakanishi, C.Dekker, Science 294 (2001) 1317.Delft group
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
http://home.tudelft.nl/en/
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Doping of CNTs and logic gates
A. Javey, Q. Wang, A. Urai, Y. Li, H.Dai, Nano. Lett. 2 (2002) 929.Stanford group
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
G: -40 V; SD: 20 V anneals to desorb oxygen
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
R ~1nm!
Field-emission from CNTs
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Philip G. Collins and A. Zettl, PRB 55 (1997) 9391.
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
E-J characteristic curve measured using an 0.25 cm2 anode in 2×10-7 mbar pressure. ITO glass is used as anode, which is separated 0.5 mm from the sample. Turn-on and threshold fields are 3.2 V/μm and 4.4 V/μm. The inset shows the corresponding fairly linear Fowler-Nordheim plot.
S. Hofmann, C. Ducati, B. Kleinsorge, J. Robertson, Appl. Phys. Lett 83 (2003) 4661.
Field-emitter nanofibers
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Ballistic transport: standing waves and resonance scattering in SWCNTs
200 mV periods: quantized energies of electron standing waves
1.5 V periods are due to localized states
J. Kong, et al., PRL 87 (2001) 106801.
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Quantum conductance
Experiments in gated 2D electron (Fermi) gas e.g. GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures with point type contacts. (Any point contact between metals is also good).
Tn(Ef) is the transmission probability of different sub-bands at the Fermi level.
At finite temperatures:
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Only tunneling between adjacent shells!
B. Bourlon et al., PRL 93 (2004) 176806.
Inter-shell transport
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Dependence of the phase of the electron wave on the magnetic field (vector potential).
A. Bachtold, Nature 397 (1999) 673.
Aharonov-Bohm oscillations
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006K. Tsukagosh, Nature 401 (1999) 572.
Magnetoresistance
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Ballistic electrical and thermal transportin carbon nanotubes
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
E. Brown et al., APL 87 (2005) 23107.
10,10 CNT d ~1.4 nm 120 phonon channels200,200 CNT d ~27.5 nm 2400 phonon channels.
2N is the number of channels
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
264 K
114 K
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Extremely high current carrying capability.
Large current carrying capabilityBallistic carriers
A SWNT bulb made from SWNT filament compared with a tungsten bulb operated at same voltage (20 V). The nanotube bulb shows a high brightness and reliability.
J Wei, H Zhou, D Wu, BQ Wei, Carbon nanotube filaments in household light bulbs, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004) 4869.
BQ Wei, R Vajtai, PM Ajayan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (2001) 1172.
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
The thermal conductance of an individual MWCNT. Inset: Solid line represents κ(T) of an individual MWCNT, broken and dotted lines are 80 nm and 200 nm) bundles, respectively. The positive thermoelectric power suggests hole-type major carriers taking part in the conductivity. The high Lorentz-ratio κ/σT~2-6×10-6 WΩ/K2 suggests phonon transport.
P. Kim et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 215502.J. Hone et al., Synth. Metals 103 (1999) 2498.
Thermal management of epoxy-CNT composites.
M.J. Biercuk et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 2767.
Nanotubes as perfect crystalsThermal transport
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Zhuangchun Wu, et al. Science 305, 1273 (2004)
Optical properties
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Optical properties
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
K. Kordás, T. Mustonen, G. Tóth, H. Jantunen, M. Lajunen, C. Soldano, S. Talapatra, S. Kar, R. Vajtai, P.M. Ajayan, Small 2 (2006) 1021.
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
J. Maultzsch, et al., PRB 72, 205438 2005
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Zhuangchun Wu, et al. Science 305, 1273 (2004)J. Maultzsch, et al., PRB 72, 205438 2005.H. Kataura et al., Synth. Met. 103, 2555 (1999).
Optical properties
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Mechanical properties
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
SWCNT bundles on alumina membrane support
J.P. Salvetat, et al., PRL 82 (1999) 944.
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Mechanical properties
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
Good fit is obtained with SWCNTs E ~1TPaMWCNTs E ~0.3 TPa
D. Garcia-Sanchez, et al., PRL 99 (2007) 085501
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
•Young’s modulus ~ 1TPa•Tensile strength 4-22 GPa
•Low density
MWCNT (5 wt%) - Polystyrene composite
ET Thostenson et al., J. Phys. D 35 (2002) L77.
Young’s moduli of single- and multi-walled CNTs T Natsuki et al., Appl. Phys. A 79 (2004) 117.
J-P Salvetat et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 944.
A. Krishnan et al., Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 14013.
F. Li et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 3161.
Mechanical properties
Improved reinforcement:•Oxidation in acids followed by amino functionalization using triethylenetetramine•Embedding in epoxy resin
F.H. Gojny et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 370 (2003) 820.
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
−Polymorphism of carbon−Electrical properties−Thermal transport−Optical properties−Mechanical behavior
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
Properties of CNTs: Summary
MaterialYoung’s modulus
(GPa)Thermal conductivity
(W/mK)
Electrical resistivity
(cm)Density (g/cm3)
nanotubes 1200 3000 10-4 2.6
steel 208 52 7.2 10-5 7.8
epoxy 3.5 0.43 insulate 1.25
wood 16 0.1 insulate 0.6
SWCNTsChirality dependent band gap up to ~1 eVTunable conduction by external field (gate) or by chemicals (sensors)Large specific surface
MWCNTsStructural integrityEasy applicability: handling and assembly
http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0309/1701.html
http://www.samsung.coml
http://www.montreal.fi
Understanding carbon nanotubesOulu, 1-2 October 2008
YKSIKKÖ, MATTI MEIKÄLÄINEN, x.x.2006
References
Papers cited in the presentation
Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, Bhushan, (Ed.) Springer, Heidelberg 2004.