Propagation Models Antenna Apperture and Gain = ∙ = Log-distance Model [] = [] − + [] + [] − ∙ ∙ ( / ) Friis Free Space Model = ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ Two-Ray Model = ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ = ∙ ∙ ∙ Fresnel Zone Radius ( ) = ∙ ∙ ∙ + Maximum Channel Capacity Shannon-Heartley Theorem = ∙ + Nyquist Rate (applicable in baseband) = ∙ ∙ Modulation Performance (B) ASK = + ∙ M-PSK = + () ∙ M-FSK = ( + ) ∙ () ∙ Modulation Performance (BER) BASK = BFSK = DPSK = . ∙ ! BPSK = ∙ QPSK = ∙ M-PSK = ∙ ∙ Q function = > + = ! / !! Probabilities ∙ ( − ) ! ∙ !! ! = ∙ ( − ) ∙ !! ! = −