PROMOTION OF DRY LAND MANGO CULTIVATION FOR INCOME SECURITY A CASE STUDY K.H.PATIL KRISHI VIGYAN KENDAR HULKOTI-582205 GADAG DISTRICT KARNATAKA STATE
PROMOTION OF DRY LAND MANGO
CULTIVATION FOR INCOME SECURITY
A CASE STUDY
K.H.PATIL KRISHI VIGYAN KENDAR
HULKOTI-582205
GADAG DISTRICT KARNATAKA STATE
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Impact/Case study series: No.8
Promotion of dry land mango cultivation
for income security
A case study of KVK, Gadag
Authors:
Shri K.T.Patil, SMS (Horticulture)
Shri S.H.Adapur, SMS (Agri. Extn.)
Dr. L.G.Hiregoudar, Programme Co-ordinator
Published by:
K.H.Patil Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Hulkoti-582205
District: Gadag, Karnataka State
Phone: 08372-289606
E-mail: [email protected]
Year of publication: February, 2012
No. of copies: 1000
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PROMOTION OF DRYLAND MANGO CULTIVATION FOR INCOME SECURITY :
A CASE STUDY
In India, farming constitutes the life line of Indian economy as seventy percent of
population depends directly or indirectly on their livelihood. Prosperity of agriculture largely
depends on onset and distribution of rainfall as three fourth of the arable land depends on
rainwater. Despite the rapid inroads made in agricultural research and development in the post
independent era, farming continues to be very risky especially due to vagaries of monsoon.
Successful rainfed farming depends on the efficient utilization of precious and vital natural
resources through adoption of viable technologies. Besides cropping system and production
technology, alternate strategies like promotion of agro-horti system along with skillful
integration of various measures are required for drought proofing in order to bring income
security to the farmers.
Gadag district Scenario:
Gadag district of Karnataka state which falls in Northern dry Zone-3 is predominantly an
agrarian district having cultivable land of 3.93 lakh ha. Out of this, only 10 per cent of the area is
under irrigation. The district gets rainfall from South-West monsoon from June to September
and North-East monsoon from October to November. Average rainfall of the district is 612 mm
which is erratic and ill distributed. Recurring agriculture droughts are common with the
probability of 70-80 per cent of years . Long dry spells in Kharif season and receding soil
moisture in rabi season are the characteristic features of the drought resulting in adverse effect
on the sustainability of crop productivity. This situation is more severe in the places where
faming is practiced in red soil area. About 30 percent of the soil type in the district is red sandy
loam. Majority of the farmers take up groundnut crop during Kharif season in red soil area. The
average productivity of groundnut is 6.75 quintals per ha and the farming in red soil has
become a non-viable enterprise. The livelihood support system of farmers in red soil area is
under threats. The major problem-cause tree for such situation is presented in figure - 1
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Figure:1
Problem – Cause tree for Livelihood Constraints in Red soil area
Socio-Economic Constraints Bio-Physical Constraints
Groundnut is the major crop cultivated in the district in red soils under rainfed situation
during Kharif season. The farming situation is rainfed which is marked by uneven distribution
and long dry spells affecting the productivity of groundnut. Further, productivity of groundnut
is also affected due to high incidence of pests, (leaf minor and spodoptera) and diseases (collar
rot and rust). Further, non-availability of labours during critical stages of agricultural operation
and high cost of labour and inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides render groundnut
production non-remunerative at present cost-benefit ratio.
Poor Resources
adversely affect
crop diversification
Under-employed
After groundnut
season
In-sufficient and
In-efficient livelihood
support system in red
soil area
No- crop diversification
High incidence of
pest & diseases Low productivity
of groundnut
Drought prone
rainfed agriculture
Moisture
stress
Non-
remunerative
groundnut
production High cost of
inputs and
labour
Low
Market
price
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Poor resources of farmers in the major cause for lack of crop diversification and in turn this
causes under-employment to farm family members.
Interventions made by KVK
KVK, Gadag initiated planned interventions in the red soil area through promotion of dryland
horticulture. Main focus was on promotion of dryland mango cultivation to bring income
security to the farmers. Various programmes viz; awareness programmes, training
programmes, exposure visits, farm advisory services were rendered to the farmers and quality
seedlings were supplied to the farmers. Necessary backward and forward linkages were
established to promote mango cultivation.
KVK, Gadag selected 3 Grama Panchayats of Gadag block namely Hulkoti, Chikhandigol and
Kurthkoti to promote dryland mango cultivation. The details of the villages under these
Panchayats is given below.
Name of Gram
Panchayat
Name of village Total cultivable
land
(ha)
Area under
red soil
(ha)
Per Cent of
Red soil
area
Hulkoti Hulkoti 2026.4 508 25.06
Chikkahandigol Chikkahandigol 1608 608 37.81
Dundur 471.20 353.2 74.95
Shagoti 494.40 370 74.83
Kurthkoti Hosalli 330 27.5 8.33
Sensitization programme on crop diversification:
KVK, Gadag organized several sensitization programmes in the identified villages. The
programmes of sensitization on importance of crop diversification with emphasis on promotion
of dry land mango cultivation were conducted. During the period from 2000-01 to 2004-05,
about 36 awareness camps were organized in the identified 5 villages with participation of 791
farmers.
Training programme on dryland horticulture:
Organization of the sensitization programme has motivated the farmers to plan for dryland
mango cultivation. Then, KVK organized the
training programmes on dryland horticulture
with focus on dryland mango cultivation. The
concept of dryland horticulture was new to the
farmers. An integrated training module was
developed for the promotion of dryland mango
cultivation. Soil and Water Conservation, Water
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harvesting through digging of trenches, orchard layout, pit digging and filling, selection of
grafts, planting methods, stalking, management of pest and diseases and post harvest
technology were carried under the training module. Yeawise training programmes organized by
KVK is presented in Table - 1
Table – 1: Year wise training programmes organized by the KVK
Year No. of
Programmes
Total no. of
participants
2001-02 4 104
2002-03 5 127
2003-04 2 51
2004-05 4 108
2005-06 3 82
2006-07 6 144
2007-08 5 113
2008-09 3 71
2009-10 4 67
2010-11 3 64
Total 39 931
During the period from 2001-2001 to 2010-2011, KVK conducted 39 training
programmes for 932 farmers on dry land mango cultivation.
Exposure Visits:
During the training programmes, exposure visits to successful dry land mango orchards
established by few farmers under the guidance of KVK were organized to motivate the farmers
to take up mango cultivation.
Farm Advisory Services:
Post training interventions in the form of farm advisory services were rendered to
farmers who did show interest for mango plantation. The
various farm advisory services viz; orchard layout, planting
method, water harvesting and conservation, plant protection,
were given by the KVK. The details of the advisory services is
presented in Table- 2
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Table -2 : Farm Advisory Services rendered by KVK
Year No. of
Programmes
No. of
farmers
2002-03 12 21
2003-04 13 34
2004-05 17 37
2005-06 18 29
2006-07 17 61
2007-08 19 52
2008-09 24 67
2009-10 26 59
2010-11 19 63
Total 165 423
Supply of Mango seedlings:
Production and supply of quality mango grafts is one of the important interventions of
KVK. During the period from 2002-03 to 2010-11, KVK supplied 39395 mango seedlings to 241
farmers. Year wise supply of seedlings is presented in Table-3
Table – 3: Supply of mango grafts to farmers
Year No. of
Grafts
No. of
farmers
2003-04 5015 22
2004-05 4758 33
2005-06 4325 24
2006-07 5650 39
2007-08 5167 34
2008-09 5100 31
2009-10 4030 28
2010-11 5350 30
Total 39395 241
Development of Linkages for promotion of mango:
KVK has established the linkages with the State Watershed Development Department,
National Horticulture Mission and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Programme (MN-REGP) implemented through the Grama Panchayats by facilitating the supply
of quality mango seedlings and farm advisory services. KVK helped the farmers coming under 3
Grama Panchayat villages to get all eligible help from various schemes. Hence, it was possible to
bring convergence of various programmes so as to benefit the farmers by KVK interventions.
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Outcome and Impact:-
Expansion of Area under mango: The various
interventions along with the facilitation of backward and
forward linkages by KVK has resulted in the expansion of
area under mango in five villages. Year wise expansion of
area under mango is presented in Table - 4
Table - 4 : Expansion of Area under Mango
Year Area
(ha)
No. of
farmers
2003-04 52 22
2004-05 50 30
2005-06 42 23
2006-07 53 41
2007-08 51 43
2008-09 48 29
2009-10 44 24
2010-11 46 31
Total 386 243
Table - 5 : Village wise Area Under Mango
Sl. No Name of the village Area
(ha)
No. of
Farmers
1 Hulkoti 291 191
2 Dundur 19 11
3 Shagoti 21 14
4 Chikkahandigol 36 15
5 Hosalli 19 12
Total 386 243
During the period of eight years, there has been a
significant increase of area under mango in the cluster
villages. About 386 hectare of area was brought under
mango by 243 farmers (Table-4). Major area under mango
is concentrated in Hulkoti village as this Gram Panchayat
has taken active role in promotion of mango with support
from KVK. The additional support was provided by host institution – ASF through its sponsored
programme by Dehspande Foundation, Hubli.
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Economics of Mango Cultivation
Promotion of mango cultivation in red soil has found to be economically viable for the farmers
as compared to cultivation of spreading groundnut. This is mainly due to the fact that it is a dry
land crop and gives returns even during agricultural drought situation. This is in contrast with
the annual crop of groundnut productivity of which is affected due to moisture stress, high cost
of cultivation and fluctuating market price.
Mango starts bearing after 5th year of planting and economic yield start from 8-10 years
depending on the management practices. During the first 8-10 years of planting, inter cropping,
can be taken. Farmers usually cultivate spreading groundnut in the inter space of mango
orchard. Data presented in the Table-6 reveals that before KVK intervention, farmers used to get
net income of Rs. 19800/- per hectare from the groundnut based farming activities. After KVK
intervention through promotion of mango cultivation, farmers have started getting an average
net income of Rs. 37500 per hectare through leasing out the mango orchards of 8 year old. It is
noticed that there is 2 times enhanced income for the farmers from the KVK’s, intervention.
Table - 6 : Economics of Mango Cultivation
Groundnut crop in good rainfall year Mango crop
Crop Yield
Q/ha
Gross
income
(Rs.)
Cost of
cultivation
(Rs.)
Net
Income
(Rs.)
Crop Leased out
average
income
Rs/ha
Spreading
Groundnut 14 44800 25000 19800
Mango
(8 years old
plantation)
37500
Table – 7: Income realized from Mango Orchard (2010-11)
Age of mango
orchard
(years)
Area in ha No of farmers
Leased out
price
(Rs/ha)
Net income
(Rs in lakhs)
8 52 22 37500.00 19.50
7 50 30 35000.00 17.50
6 42 23 30000.00 12.60
5 53 41 25000.00 13.25
Total 197 116 62.85
It is the common practice by the mango growers to lease out mango orchards after the
mango starts flowering during the months of November-December. This is mainly because of
labour problem and tediousness of the activities involved in watch and ward, harvesting and
post harvest management. Data presented in the Table-7 reveals that out of 386 hectares of
area under mango, about 197 hectare area is in the bearing age of 5-8 years. Leasing out of
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mango orchard has realized a net income of Rs. 62.85 lakh for 116 farmers during the year
2010-11.
Projected Income from Mango Cultivation:
Mango is a perennial crop and as the age of plant increases, the productivity of tree
increases, thus providing much needed income security to the farmers. Projected mango
income for eight years (2011-12 to 2018-19) is made and is presented in Table-8. The data
shows that there has been consistent increase in the net income of farmers.
Table-8: Year wise Projected Incremental Income from Mango Cultivation
Year Area (ha) No. of Farmers Net income
(Rs. in lakhs)
Average Net income
(Rs/ha)
2011-12 248 159 86.15 34737.00
2012-13 296 188 116.25 39273.00
2013-14 341 212 164.15 48137.00
2014-15 386 243 231.40 59948.00
2015-16 386 243 280.40 72642.00
2016-17 386 243 314.90 8158.00
2017-18 386 243 380.60 98601.00
2018-19 386 243 446.70 115725.00
Conclusion: Promotion of mango cultivation in red soil area of the district has given a
considerable income security to the farmers. This is evident from the net income realized by the
farmers from mango cultivation in comparison with annual crop of spreading groundnut.
However, 40-50 per cent of the profit is taken away by the middlemen or bhagawaans (mango
contractors) who take the mango orchards on lease basis. Efforts are being made by KVK to
organize the mango farmers in to Producer Company so as to enhance the income of mango
growers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our special thanks are due to Gadag Zilla Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat, Gadag, Watershed
Development Department, Gadag District, Grama Panchayats of Hulkoti, Kurthakoti and
Chikkahandigol villages (through MNREG programme), Agricultural Science Foundation,
Hulkoti and Deshpande Foundation, Hubli for their support in enhancing area under Mango
cultivation