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Promoting National Initiatives on
Technology-Mediated Social/Civic Participation
Ben Shneiderman [email protected]
Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction LabProfessor, Department of Computer Science
Member, Institute for Advanced Computer Studies
(Copyright 2009 Ben Shneiderman)
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Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Info Studies - Psych, Socio, Poli Sci & MITH (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)
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Designing the User Interface:
• Principles, Guidelines, Theories
• Design & testing
• Input devices & strategies
• Output devices & formats
• Collaboration & Social Media
• Help, tutorials, training
• Search
• Visualizationwww.awl.com/DTUI
5th Edition
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Goal
Apply social media to transform society
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Goal
Apply social media to transform society
• Reduce deaths: medical errors, obesity & smoking
• Promote energy conservation
• Prevent disasters & terrorism
• Increase community safety
• Improve education
• Facilitate good government
• Resolve conflicts
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•Malicious attacks •Privacy violations•Not trusted •Fails to be universal•Unreliable when needed
•Misuse by •Terrrorists & criminals•Promoters of racial hatred •Political oppressers
Challenges
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1) Focus on National Priorities & Impact• Disaster response, community safety• Health, energy, education, e-government• Environmental awareness, biodiversity
2) Develop Theories of Social Participation• How do social media networks evolve? • How can participation be increased?
3) Provide Technology Infrastructure• Scalable, reliable, universal, manageable• Protect privacy, stop attacks, resolve conflicts
Vision: Social Participation
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1) Focus on National Priorities & Impact• Disaster response, community safety• Health, energy, education, e-government• Environmental awareness, biodiversity
2) Develop Theories of Social Participation• How do social media networks evolve? • How can participation be increased?
3) Provide Technology Infrastructure• Scalable, reliable, universal, manageable• Protect privacy, stop attacks, resolve conflicts
Vision: Social Participation
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911.gov: Internet & mobile devices
• Residents report information
• Professionals disseminate instructions
• Resident-to-Resident assistance
Professionals in control while working with empowered residents
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/911govShneiderman & Preece, Science (Feb. 16, 2007)
Sending SMS message to 911, includes your phone number, location and time
Sending SMS message to 911, includes your phone number, location and time
Sending SMS message to 911, includes your phone number, location and time
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Reporting: Earthquakes & Storms
earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/dyfi weather.kimt.com
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Reporting: Local incidents
watchjeffersoncounty.net nationofneighbors.net
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Disaster Response: Wildfires
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Recovery: Connected Giving
www.katrinasangels.org
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Community Safety: Abducted Children
www.ncmec.orgwww.missingkids.com
www.amberalert.gov
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Health & Healthcare
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Doctor-to-Doctor Networks
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Energy, Education, Business Innovation
Energystar.gov
innocentive.com
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E-Commerce Social Media
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Biodiversity: Encyclopedia of Life
eol.org
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President’s SAVE Award
• 1) Efficient deposits • 3) Let Veterans take VA medications home• 4) Online appointments for SSA
To be achieved by 2015
• 2) Efficient house inspections
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Serve.gov: Voluntary service
Register Your Project & Recruit VolunteersFind a Volunteer OpportunityRead Inspiring Stories of Service & Share Your Own Story
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Open Data.gov + Recovery.gov
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Open Data: DC, SF, NYC. . .
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UN Millennium Development Goals
• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger• Achieve universal primary education• Promote gender equality and empower women• Reduce child mortality• Improve maternal health• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases• Ensure environmental sustainability• Develop a global partnership for development
To be achieved by 2015
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1) Focus on National Priorities & Impact• Disaster response, community safety• Health, energy, education, e-government• Environmental awareness, biodiversity
2) Develop Theories of Social Participation• How do social media networks evolve? • How can participation be increased?
3) Provide Technology Infrastructure• Scalable, reliable, universal, manageable• Protect privacy, stop attacks, resolve conflicts
Vision: Social Participation
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Network Theories: Evolution models
• Random, preferential attachment,…
• Monotonic, bursty,…
• Power law for degree (hubs & indexes)
• Small-world property
• Forest fire, spreading activation,…
• Matures, decays, fragments, …
Watts & Strogatz, Nature 1998; Barabasi, Science 1999, 2009;Newman, Phys. Rev. Letters 2002
Kumar, Novak & Tomkins, KDD2006Leskovec, Faloutsos & Kleinberg, TKDD2007
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Network Theories: Social science
• Relationships & roles
• Motivations: fear, tragedy, guilt,…
• Motivations: egoism, altruism, collectivism, principlism
• Collective action & governance
• Collective intelligence
• Social information foraging
Moreno, 1938; Granovetter, 1971; Burt, 1987; Ostrom, 1992;Wellman, 1993; Batson, Ahmad & Tseng, 2002;
Malone, Laubaucher & Dellarocas, 2009; Pirolli, 2009
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Network Theories: Stages of participation
Wikipedia, Discussion & Reporting
• Reader
• First-time Contributor (Legitimate Peripheral Participation)
• Returning Contributor
• Frequent Contributor
Preece, Nonnecke & Andrews, CHB2004Forte & Bruckman, SIGGROUP2005; Hanson, 2008
Porter: Designing for the Social Web, 2008Vassileva, 2002, 2005; Ling et al., JCMC 2005; Rashid et al., CHI2006
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Reader Contributor Collaborator `AllUsers
From Reader to Leader:Motivating Technology-Mediated Social Participation
Preece & Shneiderman, AIS Trans. Human-Computer Interaction1 (1), 2009 aisel.aisnet.org/thci/vol1/iss1/5/
Leader
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Motivating Readers
Usability SociabilityInteresting & relevant content presented in attractive, well-organized layouts
Encouragement by friends, family, respected authorities, advertising
Frequently updated content with highlighting to encourage return visits
Repeated visibility in online, print, television, other media
Support for newcomers: tutorials, animated demos, FAQs, help, mentors, contacts
Understandable norms & policies
Clear navigation paths sense of mastery and control
Sense of belonging: recognition of familiar people & activities
Universal usability: novice/expert, small/large display, slow/fast network, multilingual, support for users with disabilities
Charismatic leaders with visionary goals
Interface design features to support reading, browsing, searching, sharing
Safety & privacy
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Motivating Contributors
Usability Sociability
Low threshold interfaces to encourage small contributions (no login)
Support for legitimate peripheral participation
High ceiling interfaces that allow large frequent contributions
Chance to build reputation over time while performing satisfying tasks
Visibility for users’ contributions & impact - aggregated over time
Recognition for the highest quality & quantity of contributions
Visibility of ratings & comments Recognition of a person’s specific expertise
Tools to undo vandalism, limit malicious users, control pornography & libel
Policies & norms for contributions
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Motivating Collaborators
Usability SociabilityWays to locate relevant & competent individuals to form collaborations
Atmosphere of empathy & trust that promotes belonging to the community & willingness to work within groups to produce something larger
Tools to collaborate: communicate within groups, schedule projects, assign tasks, share work products, request assistance
Altruism: a desire to support the community, desire to give back, willingness to reciprocate
Visible recognition collaborators, e.g. authorship, citations, links, acknowledgements
Ways to develop a reputation for themselves & their collaborators; develop & maintain status within group
Ways to resolve differences (e.g. voting), mediate disputes & deal with unhelpful collaborators
Respect for status within the community
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Motivating Leaders
Usability Sociability
Leaders are given higher visibility & their efforts are highlighted, sometimes with historical narratives, special tributes, or rewards
Leadership is valued and given an honored position & expected to meet expectations
Leaders are given special powers, e.g. to promote agendas, expend resources,
or limit malicious users
Respect is offered for helping others & dealing with problems
Mentorship efforts are visibly celebrated, e.g. with comments from mentees
Mentors are cultivated & encouraged
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1) Focus on National Priorities & Impact• Disaster response, community safety• Health, energy, education, e-government• Environmental awareness, biodiversity
2) Develop Theories of Social Participation• How do social media networks evolve? • How can participation be increased?
3) Provide Technology Infrastructure• Scalable, reliable, universal, manageable• Protect privacy, stop attacks, resolve conflicts
Vision: Social Participation
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Technology Infrastructure
• Mobile, Desktop, Web, Cloud
• 100% uptime, 100% secure
• Giga-collabs, Tera-contribs
• Universal accessibility & usability
• Trust, empathy, responsibility, privacy
• Leaders can manage usage
• Designers can continuously improve
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SocialAction: Senate Vote Patterns
Perer & Shneiderman, CHI 2008www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/socialaction
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NodeXL: Network Overview for Discovery & Exploration in Excel
www.codeplex.com/nodexlcasci.umd.edu/NodeXL_Teaching
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NodeXL: Network Overview for Discovery & Exploration in Excel
https://wiki.cs.umd.edu/cmsc734_09/index.php?title=Homework_Number_3
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Early Steps
http://iparticipate.wikispaces.com
Informal Gathering College Park, MD, April 2009
Article: Science March 2009
BEN SHNEIDERMAN
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Aspiration: Influence National Priorities
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International Efforts
intlsocialparticipation.net
Community InformaticsResearch Network
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Strategy: Create Community Roadmap
• Identify ambitious research themes
• Set priorities for projects
• Develop consensus with colleagues
• Engage other disciplines
• Reach out to journalists
• Work with industry
• Communicate to policy makers
• Create courses & degree programs
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Strategy: Take Personal Initiatives
• Do great research!!!! Inspirational
• Universities• Add courses & degree programs
• Run workshops for funding agencies
• Help Federal & Local governments
• Industry• Offer researchers access to data
• Develop infrastructure and analysis tools
• Government• National Initiative for Social Participation
• Develop Federal & Local applications
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Strategy: Take Personal Initiatives
Let’s get to work!