Project Title: Adaptation of agroecosystems to climate change at the edge of the U.S. Cornbelt ―assessing different drivers in a network of infrastructure David A. Hennessy Agroclimatology Project Directors Meeting San Francisco, Saturday December 17 th 2016
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Project Title: Adaptation of agroecosystems to climate change at
the edge of the U.S. Cornbelt―assessing different drivers in a
network of infrastructure
David A. HennessyAgroclimatology Project Directors Meeting
San Francisco, Saturday December 17th 2016
IntroductionsMultidisciplinary, seeking to integrate land use data collection and analysis with climate data collection and analysis as well as production and environmental economics, and policy analysis
All of the above: Gaurav Arora
Many collaborators, incl. T. Wang, C. Anderson
Economists: H. Feng, L. Janssen, D. Hennessy, X. Du
Climatologists: A. Akyüz, B. Uecker
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Landscape ecologists: P. Wolter (PI), M. Wimberly
Backdrop• Most land privately owned. Markets, incl. gov’t
interventions, and technological innovation matter
• Marginal between grass, corn & soybean, and small grain systems
• Grass habitat for duck, songbirds, insects
• Non-irrigated, arid and cool except in mid-summer
• For 1981-2010 to 2031-’60 timeframe and Apr.-Aug., IPCC A1B emissions scenario projects
• 2.5o C average temp increase in S. Dakota
• 57.5 mm (24.3%) precipitation increase9/24/2017 3
Objectives1. Characterize spatial & temporal patterns in climate change of relevance to Dakotas agriculture
2. Develop methodologies to discern relocation of different Dakotas agricultural production systems
3. Target informational surveys to areas assessed as sensitive to land use change
4. Spatially explicit modeling framework to assess climate and other driving factors behind adoption of ‘new’ production systems with focus on integrated network of infrastructure
5. Apply inferences drawn from 1-4 to project evolution of production systems under alternative climate scenarios and assess outcomes from alternative adaptation strategies
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Historicalbaseline
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CORN
GRASS/PASTURE
SOYBEANS
17th-30th September Raw Landsat Imagery (Surface Reflectance)
B5/10 115-190
I(C/S)148-200
NDVI 145-162
NDVI >175IN
DEX
PRO
DU
CT
CORNGRASS/
PASTURESOY ALFALFA
CO
RR
ECTI
ON
S
Clip-Out: CORN. FINAL SOY.
Clip Out: CORN, FINAL WHEAT. FINAL GRASS.
Figure: Sept Algorithm to classify Corn, Soybeans, Wheat, Alfalfa & Grass. Overlay developed lands, forest, wetlands etc. from NLCD 2006 to obtain final product
Table 6: Landsat derived land use areas (in ha) for eastern South Dakota swath (1984-’05). CDL-derived areas for 2011
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Ongoing work using baseline: a) Duration analysis of grasslands asking rate of conversion and causeb) Working with USFWS on grassland easements locations and spillover implications
Statistical Yield, Land Use & Climate Projection Models: All SD &ND
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Weather Station Data
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Yield Regression, 0 , , ,
, , ,
,
1
,
,,
1
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( - )
;
county-level average yield in year
.
decadal trend rates.hea
i t W i t WETSD i t i tndry
DRYSD i t i t Qd i i t
wetQw i i t tW i
nn
it t
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Y W WETZ SD
DRYZ SD Q W
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t stress degree days.low Palmer's Z to indicate drought stress.high Palmer's Z to indicate wetness stress.
vector of county-level weather outcomes in year .Others: Interaction ter
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DRYZWETZW t
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ms including soil-weather interactions9/24/2017 10
Crop Trends
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Climate Projections
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Preliminary Land Use Implications
• A regional consequence is that medium-term changes in climate will favor more wheat acres west and more corn and soybeans production east of Missouri River
• These projection in acreage shares are driven solely by weather, and we do not account for any potential technological/policy interventions or any national or global-level adaptations in production systems in the future
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Decadal Summary of Weather Variables, Corn, Average both states
Main point is that in short run climate change is overlaid by local wet-dry cycle that is not well understood
Also, frost-free days have increased. Together with tillageInnovations, this means a longer growing season for corn
Survey• Study area: Prairie Pothole region in Eastern
Dakotas. Surveyed 37 counties in Prairie Pothole region of South Dakota, 20 in North Dakota
• Evidence of extensive land use conversion activity 2005-2014. In each county, corn + soybean acres exceeded small grain acres. Sample at least 100 acres. Sample selection was proportional by county
• 3,000 farm operators sampled. Overall useable response rate was 36.7%, higher in SD
• Data collection period was March-May 2015
• Average total farm size 1,686 acres. Average operated cropland area 1,206 acres
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Land Use Survey Responses
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Dakota Soils
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Mean annual temperature (Degrees C)
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Mean annual precipitation (mm)
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10
low crop profile Medium Crop profileHigh Crop Profile
Crop and Input Prices Technical Envir. Issues
Outputprices
Input prices
Insurance policies
Labor
Drought tolerance
PestMgt
Higher yield potentialBetter
machinery
Wildlife
Weather/Climate
How much impact has each of the following had on changes you made in way you use your agricultural land?
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10 year Land Use Change: Survey
Natural Grass to Crop Tame Grass to Crop CRP to Crop CRP to Pasture Conservation Enrollment
0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
> 35
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National Issues, Corn Belt Shift 15% Threshold
1958-1977
1977-1996
1996-2014
No changeEntryExit
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Synopsis
• Corn, soybean and cropland expansion, wheat and alfalfa contraction in area may have occurred for many reasons
• policy and market prices• technology• perhaps to some extent weather favoring corn• positive infrastructure spillovers
• Unclear how climate change will affect area land use but technology and policy may matter more
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Outputs to date• Two manuscripts in late-stages of journal reviewing
process, both on survey
• Two manuscripts in preparation for submission
• Three published proceedings, on remote sensing, role of infrastructure on land use and on survey
• Multiple extension publications
• Dissertations, 1 PhD and 2-3 MS
• Formation of interdisciplinary team to work on nexus of climate, land use metrics, policy and environmental outputs in Northern Great Plains. Segue(?) into other grant support