Project Science3

Mathematician:

JOHN NAPIER

also signed as Neper, Nepair namedMarvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish landowner known as amathematician,physicist, andastronomer. He was the 8thLairdofMerchistoun.John Napier is best known as the discoverer oflogarithms. He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of thedecimal pointin arithmetic and mathematics.Napier's birthplace,Merchiston TowerinEdinburgh, Scotland, is now part of the facilities ofEdinburgh Napier University. After his death from the effects ofgout, Napier's remains were buried inSt Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh

CHARLES BABBAGEwas an Englishpolymath.He was a mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best remembered now for originating the concept of a programmable computer.

Considered a "father of the computer", Babbage is credited with inventing the firstmechanical computerthat eventually led to more complex designs. His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as "pre-eminent" among the many polymaths of his century. Parts of Babbage's uncompleted mechanisms are on display in theLondon Science Museum. In 1991, a perfectly functioningdifference enginewas constructed from Babbage's original plans. Built totolerancesachievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked.

ISAAC NEWTON

is one of the most celebrated andrecognized mathematiciansand physicists in world history. Known for his discovery of gravity, Newton remains to this day a very influential figure from the Age of Enlightenment. Newton went on to publish a very influential work titledThe Principiaand it centered on infinitesimal calculus in geometric form. His work on cubicle curves in relation to the Euclidean plane was quite revolutionary for its time. As with his other studies, the work set the stage for amazing inroads in math and science when others built upon the groundwork he created.Newton made many discoveries in areas related to optics, the theory of finite differences, and innovative applications in geometry. Based on his very unique work, he received a great deal of acclaim. This led to him being named Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669. Traditionally, a person who was awarded such a position had to become a priest. Newton was given an exemption from that rule. ALBERT EINSTEIN

the renowned physicist, is remembered for his theories on nuclear power, and his revolutionary concept concerning nature of light. Nonetheless, his innovative ideas were misunderstood and he was regularly criticized for his involvement in politics as well as social issues. He has made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, physics, and science.

While Einstein was remembered for his contributions to physics, he also made contributions in mathematics. He contributed several equations to calculus and geometry, ten of which are called the Einstein Field Equations. He first published these equations in 1915. One of these equations demonstrates how stress-energy inflicts curvature of space-time.

ARCHIMEDES

was a great mathematician born in Syracuse, Sicily, Italy, in 287 BC. He is revered as one of the threegreatest mathematicians of all timealongside Carl Gauss andSir Isaac Newton. Archimedes focused primarily on the discipline of geometry, and he was also a renowned inventor and engineer.

On his own, Archimedes continued to study geometry and science and the principles of mechanics and made such major contributions to these disciplines as an understanding of specific gravity, hydrostatics, and buoyancy along with ingenious everyday applications of the use of the lever and the pulley.He created formulations for such mathematical accomplishments as a formula to measure the area of a circle. This was done using a system he created called using infinitesimals. This is quite similar to modern day integral calculus.Archimedes also created a formula that enabled him to determine the volume of a solid or the volume of an item of irregular shape. Additionally, he was able to discover the precise value of pi and create a formula for determining the volume of a sphere. His formulas are still in use today.

SCIENTIST

Alexander FlemingScottish biologist and inventor Alexander Firming is widely regarded for his 1928 discovery of penicillin, a drug that is used to kill harmful bacteria. His work on immunology, bacteriology, and chemotherapy is considered groundbreaking and highly influential.He successfully isolated the fungus and established it was from the Penicillium group or genus. Fleming made his discovery public in 1929, however to a mixed reaction. While a few doctors thought penicillin, the antibiotic obtained from the Penicillium fungus, might have some importance as a topical antiseptic, the others were skeptical. Fleming was sure that the penicillin could also function inside the body. He performed some experiments to demonstrate that the genus of fungus had germ-killing power, even when it was diluted 800 times. Fleming tried to cultivate penicillin until 1940, but it was hard to grow, and isolating the germ-killing agent was even harder. He was unsure if it would ever work in a proper manner.

ANDERS CELSIUSwas a Swedish astronomer who is known for inventing the Celsius temperature scale. Celsius also built the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1740, the oldest astronomical observatory in Sweden.In his efforts to build a astronomical observatory in Sweden, Celsius visited several of the famous European astronomy sites from 1732 to 1734. At the time, English and French astronomers debated about the actual shape of the earth. To resolve this dispute, teams were sent to the ends of the world to assess the precise local positions. Pierre Louis de Maupertuis headed the expedition to the north and Celsius joined as his assistant. The expedition to Lapland, the northernmost part of Sweden, continued from 1736 to 1737. Newtons theory about the flattening of the earth at the poles was finally confirmed in 1744 after all measurements were taken. Celsius went back to Uppsala after the expedition. He is considered to be the first astronomer to analyze the changes of the earths magnetic field at the time of a northern light and assess the brightness of stars with measuring tools.At Uppsala Observatory, Celsius favored the division of the temperature scale of a mercury thermometer at air pressure of 760mm of mercury into 100C, where 100 was taken as the freezing point and 0 as the boiling point of water. Due to the elaborated fixation of the measuring environment and methods, this account was thought to be more precise compared to that of Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit and Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur.Celsius was an avid admirer of the the Gregorian calendar, which was adapted in Sweden in 1753, just nine years after his death. Degree Celsius, the unit of temperature interval, has been named after this brilliant scientist.

B. F. SkinnerBurrhus Frederic Skinner, more commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an American psychologist, philosopher, scientist and poet. An important advocate of behaviourism, Skinner is known for inventing the operant conditioning chamber, and for his own experimental analysis of behavior. He is widely considered as one of the most influential psychologists of all time.B. F. Skinner was a prominent researcher in Harvard University until 1936. He accepted teaching positions at the University of Minnesota and Indiana University. In 1948, he returned to Hardvard as a tenured professor.Skinner devised the operant conditioning chamber. He introduced his own philosophy of science known as radical behaviorism. His brand of experimental research psychology is highly regarded, and deals with the experimental analysis of behavior. Skinners analysis of human behavior enhanced his work Verbal Behavior, which has lately seen a boost in interest experimentally and in applied settings. Skinners science also made other advances in education through the work of his students and colleagues, particulary in special education. He was a prolific author who wrote about 21 books and 180 articles.Skinner worked out the rate of response as a dependent variable in psychological research. He also figured out the cumulative recorder to assess the rate of responding as part of his highly influential work on schedules of reinforcement. Although Skinners work reach back toward the founding of educational psychology, and forward into its modern era, they arguably never attained their true potential.

E. O. WilsonEdward Osborne Wilson, more commonly known as E. O. Wilson, is an American biologist who is widely considered to be the worlds leading authority on ants. One of the leading figures in sociobiology, he is often dubbed as the father of sociobiology.A notable author and researcher, Wilson won the Pulitzer Prize twice. He is also noted for his environmental advocacy, and his secular-humanist and deist ideas related to religious and ethical subjects.Wilson earned his doctorate in biology from Harvard University in 1955. He carried out various research studies and was awarded many prizes. He published his most controversial book, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis in 1975 that gained him countrywide acclaim and recognition. John Paul Scott had coined the term sociobiology during a conference on social behavior and genetics. Wilson thoroughly discussed the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviors in his book, for instance nurturance, aggression and altruism.When Wilson started taking ants as his main focus of research, he generalized his conclusions to the behavior of primates including human beings. This created much controversy and several scholoars rejected this view. In recent years, however, research done in Africa in the field of chimpanzees has established that he was not quite wrong.E. O. Wilson has been harshly criticized by liberal thinkers as well as the members of the Psychology Division of Women in the American Psychological Association. The primary contentions are however emotional, and not empirical. Wilson did not try to state that human nature was purely inherited. Several of his detractors misinterpreted his claims.

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was an extraordinary scientist and inventor. His creations that received a lot of recognition include: lightning rod, glass armonica (a glass instrument, not to be confused with the metal harmonica), Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter. His inventions also comprised of social innovations, such as paying forward. All his efforts towards science were directed towards enhancing competence and bringing human improvement. One such improvement was his effort to expedite news services through his printing presses.ElectricityFranklin began his investigations on electricity and was the first person to discover he principle of conservation of charge. He also conducted his famous kite experiment, in which he flew a kite with the wire attached to a key during a thunderstorm. From this experiment he further established that laboratory-produced static electricity was similar to a previously unexplained and frightening natural phenomenon.Wave Theory of LightFranklin was among the very few scientists who greatly supported the Christiaan Huygens wave theory of light. This theory was later proved to be true after experiments performed by other scientists in the 18th century.MeteorologyFranklin also noted the behavior of winds and he found out storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind. This concept gained a great significance in meteorology.Heat ConductivityFranklin also conducted his experiments on the non-conduction of ice which received a great acceptance by other popular scientists such as Michael Faraday.

PROJECT IN SCIENCE

Manoos, Angela Jose B.3- Rosal