Project review 1 anxiety

Project review -1 ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITYOF

ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OFTABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA(LINN)

FLOWERS

BY SREEREMYA.SM.phil

1.Evergreen shrub forms shaped like symmetrical mounds 6-feet high

2.Horizontal branches having the appearance of an attractive almost

horizontal shrub

3.Large, shiny, deep green leaves, 6 or more inches in length and

2 inches wide

4.Waxy blossoms with white 5 petal pin wheels, gathered in

small clusters on the stem tips.

TABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA

Depression considered as an effective disorder

characterized by change in mood, lack of interest in

the surrounding, psychomotor retardation and

melanchloy.

Depression constitutes second most common

chronic condition in clinical practise (whooley and

simon,2000).

And second leading cause of premature death or

disability world wide by the year 2020 (WHO 1999).

INTRODUCTION

Two-third of depressed patients respond to currently

available treatment and magnitude of improvement is

disappointing (Mora et al.,2006)

Necessitates the development of traditional medicinal

plants whose psychotherapeutic potential has been

assessed in a variety of animal models (zhang,2004)

Decrease in neurotransmitter level in brain leads to

depression.

Cont..

Medicine for depression- SSRI, MAOI, Tricyclic

antidepressants, Atypical antidepressants, SNRI (Dept of

health & human service , USA)

Oxidative stress cause depression (Sarandol A, et al.,2007,

Ibrahim E,et.al.,2007)

Tabernaemontana divaricata Linn (Apocynaceae)

commonly called Nandiyavattom found in dry regions of

India and Srilanka.

Plant enhance cholinergic activity in both peripheral and

central nervous system (C.Stalin, S.Kamalasivam, E.

Hariharan 2004).

Cont..

Benefit for neurodegenerative disease like Myasthenia

gravis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Antioxidant effect mainly attributed by flavanoids,

phenolic acids, tannins and phenolic diterpenes (pietta,

2000)

Plants containing flavonoids and tannins possess activity

against CNS disorders (Bhattacharya SK, Satyam KS

1997).

In vitro ethanol extracts from T.divaricata root (0.1mg/mL)

inhibit >90% of AChE activity (Ingkaninan et al.,2003).

Cont..

Plant material:

Flowers of T.divaricata were collected in the month of

December 2011 from the local areas of Chittur and

Vandithavalam (Palakkad district ,kerala).

Preparation of extract:

Flowers were shade dried and coarsely powdered. The

extraction was carried out by using soxlet apparatus. 350g of

sample extracted in 90% ethanol and is evaporated by rotary

evaporator

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRACT

Colour = Light Yellowish Brown

Smell = Aromatic

Consistency = Light Waxy

Taste = Miscellaneous

EXTRACTION BY

USING SOXLET

APPARATUS

ALETD produced no mortality up to 2000mg/kg, so

1\10th , 1\20th of LD50 doses were selected for the

present study.

(P. Basavaraj, B. Shivakumar , H. Shivakumar, 2011).

ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES

CHEMICALS

Inducer- diazepam 4mg\kg

Standard drug- imipramine 30mg\kg

Purchased from KMCH College of Pharmacy,Coimbatore, India.

ANIMALS

Male Albino mice were obtained from KMCH College of Pharmacy,

Coimbatore. Animals were housed in large cages.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Mice divided into 5 groups. Each group containing 6 mices.

Group I : control

Group II : Depression induced

Group III : Depression induced+std drug

Group IV : Depression induced+plant extract 100mg\kg

Group V : Depression induced+plant extract 200mg\kg

Mice grouped based on their weightClasses

Grp I Grp II Grp III Grp IV Grp V

H 19 15 19 15 17

B 18 16 17 17 18

T 17 14 21 19 19

HB 19 19 18 17 17

BT 21 18 14 18 24

NM 13 21 15 20 19

Animals housed in

large cages and fed

with standard pellet

diet supplied by Sai

Durga Supplier

Bangalore.

Temperature=22 ± 5o c

Humidity=55 ± 5%

Light/dark

cycles=12hrs

1. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS PRESENCE OR ABSENCE

1. ALKALOIDS +

2. FLAVONOIDS +

3. SAPONINS +

4. CARBOHYDRATES +

5. PHENOLS +

6. OILS AND FAT +

7. STEROIDS +

8. GLYCOSIDES -

9. RESINS +

10. THIOLS -

11. TERPENOIDS +

Phytochemical analysis

conducted on

T.divaricata extract

revealed the presence

of alkaloids, flavonoids,

terpenoids, saponins,

steroids. This support

bioactive and

antioxidant activities.

REPORT

Yellow fluorescence indicates the

presence of flavonols

Flavonols – kaempferol and quercetin

Flavones – apigenin and chrysin

All four flavonoids from Gingko biloba were

identified as MAO-A inhibitors (Sloley et al., 2000)

Quercetin , quercetrin , rutin, isoquercetin isolated

from Melastoma candidum shown to inhibit MAO-B

inhibitor (Lee et al., 2001)

Flavonoid glycosides exert a depressant action on

the CNS (Fernandez, SP, 2006)

2. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

3. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY a. DPPH b. ABTS scavenging activity d. FRAP e. Total phenolic content f. Total flavanoid content

4. ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY a. Tail suspension test b. Forced swim test c. Open field test

5. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

6. NEUROTRANSMITTER ANALYSIS IN MICE BRAIN a. serotonin level b. noradrenaline level