Aeronautical Crash Prevention System through RF
Communication
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the Degree of B.Tech in Electronics
and communications.
BY
Department of Electronics and communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report Aeronautical Crash
Prevention System through RF Communication entitled that is being
submitted by J. Srikanth Reddy and G. Anvesh Reddy in partial
fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electronics and Communications Engineering to the Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried
out by him under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied
in this project report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.
Date:Internal Guide:
External guide:Ms N Sumalatha
Mr S. Srinivasa Rao
Designation: Lecturer
Designation: Asst Professor
Head of Department:Prof S. Srinivas Rao SirDesignation:
professor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Prabhu G. Benakop ,
Director, Auroras Technological and Research Institute for allowing
us to pursue our project in Idea Labs and for supporting us in
taking guidance from a renowned institution where we could truly
gain a hands-on experience of doing the chosen project.
It is our great privilege to acknowledge our indebtedness to
Professor S.Srinivas Rao Sir. Head, Electronics & Communication
Engineering Department, ATRI , for his scholarly guidance and
constructive advice, which helped in the successful accomplishment
of the main project. Our sincere thanks to Mrs. Archana Ghule,
Project Heads for her support and valuable suggestions.
We thank our internal project guide Ms N Sumalatha, for sparing
her precious time. We express our gratitude for guiding us
throughout the course of the main project and helping us in
bringing this report in its final form.
We also thank people who have directly or indirectly have help
in making of project and report feasible. This action is vote of
thanks gratitude towards all who have contributed in their own
special way towards the completion of this project.
J.SRIKANTH REDDY 07841A0484
G.ANVESH REDDY 07D91A04B2
ABSTRACT
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed
to perform a dedicated function. Embedded system is fast growing
technology in various fields like industrial automation, home
appliances, automobiles, aeronautics etc. Now more than ever,
embedded systems designers are recognizing the value of wireless.
From home light switches and entertainment systems to industrial
controls to remote monitoring and communications, wireless is
permeating an increasing variety of applications that might once
have been thought of as either standalone or otherwise happily
tethered to a wire of some sort.
The main aim of this project is to prevent the collision among
air flights. Many methods have to be followed to prevent the
collision between the flights, but here RF technology is used. The
microcontroller provides some additional features for future
enhancement. This project consists of two major units 1)
Transmitter Unit and 2) Receiver Unit.
The RF transmitter consists of an encoder which takes parallel
data from micro controller and transmits serial data. And receiver
system containing the decoder converts the serial data into
parallel data and fetches it to the micro controller unit. Then the
data can be processed by the controller presented in the Receiver
unit, and drives the motors in the opposite direction. All the
status about transmitter end is displayed in LCD. The controller
also initiates the Buzzer. This unit is placed in the Flight.
Contents of the ThesisContents
Page NoCERTIFICATE
ivACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vABSTRACT
viCHAPTER 1: Introduction to project
1
CHAPTER 2: Literature Survey
3
CHAPTER 3: Block Diagram and Circuit Diagram
5
CHAPTER 4: Theoretical Analysis 9
4.1 Embedded Micro Controller and Hard ware
9
4.1.1Introduction
94.1.2Features of Micro Controller
104.1.3Pin Diagram & Port Description
12 4.2 Introduction to Embedded C
15 4.3 433 MHz RF Transmitter STT-433
19
4.3.1 Overview
19
4.3.2. Features
20
4.3.3. Applications
20
4.3.4 Specification
21
4.3.5. Pin Description
21
4.3.6. Operation
21
4.4 433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433
224.4.1 Overview
23
4.4.2. Features
23
4.4.3. Applications
23
4.4.4 Specification
24
4.4.5. Pin Description
24
4.4.6. Operation
24
4.5 Decoders
26
4.5.1 General Description
26
4.5.2 Features
27
4.5 3 Applications
27
4.5.4 Pin Description
28
4.5.5 Pin Assignment
284.6 Encoders
4.6.1 General Description
294.6.2 Features
294.6.3 Applications
304.6.4 Pin Assignment
30
4.6.5 Pin Description 31
4.7 Liquid Crystal Display
31
4.8 Power Supply Design
34
4.9 Electromagnetic Relays
38 4.10 ULN2803
39
Source code
41
RESULTS
48CONCLUSION
50Bibliography
51List of Figures
Figures
Page No
Fig 3.1 Transmitter Section
5Fig 3.2 Receiver section
6Fig 3.3 Schematic of transmitter
7Fig 3.4 Schematic of receiver
8Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram of 89C52
11Fig. 4.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89C52
12
Fig 4.3 STT 433 overview diagram
20Fig 4.4 overview diagram of STR_433
22Fig 4.5 pin assignment of decoder
28Fig 4.6 pin assignment of encoder
30Fig 4.7 LCD
31
Fig 4.8 Block diagram of RPS
35 Fig 4.9 Bridge rectifier
36
Fig 4.10 Smoothing wave form
37Fig 4.11 Relays
39Fig4.12 Pin Assignment of ULN2803
40Fig i transmitter section
48
Fig ii receiver section
48Fig iii shows receiving the transmitted data
49
Fig iv shows when aero bus found
49
Fig v shows no aero bus found
49List of Tables
Tables
Page NoTable 4.1 specification of STT 433
21Table 4.2 pin description of STT 433
21Table 4.3 specification of STR 433
24Table 4.4 pin description of STR 433
24Table 4.5 pin description of decoder
28Table 4.6 pin description of encoder
31Table 4.7 pin assignment of LCD
34 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTIONThe main aim of this project is to prevent the
collision among air flights. Many methods have to be followed to
prevent the collision between the flights, but here RF technology
is used. The microcontroller provides some additional features for
future enhancement. This project consists of two major units 1)
Transmitter Unit and 2) Receiver Unit.
The RF transmitter consists of an encoder which takes parallel
data from micro controller and transmits serial data. And receiver
system containing the decoder converts the serial data into
parallel data and fetches it to the micro controller unit. Then the
data can be processed by the controller presented in the Receiver
unit, and drives the motors in the opposite direction. All the
status about transmitter end is displayed in LCD. The controller
also initiates the Buzzer. This unit is placed in the Flight.
The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule
out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro controllers or
microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement
due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and
more reliable but, the above application is satisfactorily served
by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit
Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any
competitive market place.
Coming to the question of why to use AT89C52 of all the 8-bit
microcontroller available in the market the main answer would be
because it has 8 Kb on chip flash memory which is just sufficient
for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in system or by conventional non-volatile
memory Programmer. Moreover ATMEL is the leader in flash technology
in todays market place and hence using AT 89C52 is the optimal
solution.In this project we are using 318 decoders. The decoders
are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system applications.
They are paired with the 318 series of encoders. For proper
operation a pair of encoder/decoder pair with the same number of
address and data format should be selected The programmable
address/ data is transmitted together with the header bits via an
RF or an infrared transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger
signal. The capability to select a TE trigger type or a DATA
trigger type further enhances the application flexibility of the
318 series of encoders.
CHAPTER 2Literature Survey Embedded systems do a very specific
task; they cannot be programmed to do different things. Embedded
systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory.
Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the
CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against
some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a
specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time systems,
the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a
catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems
are constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through
a battery, the power consumption has to be very low. Some embedded
systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as
very high temperatures and humidity.An embedded system is a
special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated
function. Embedded system is fast growing technology in various
fields like industrial automation, home appliances, automobiles,
aeronautics etc. Now more than ever, embedded systems designers are
recognizing the value of wireless. From home light switches and
entertainment systems to industrial controls to remote monitoring
and communications, wireless is permeating an increasing variety of
applications that might once have been thought of as either
standalone or otherwise happily tethered to a wire of some
sort.
Why RF? Bluetooth range is very low ,but we want somewhat higher
range AF communication is point to point, but we want to detect
objects which are travelling all the sides of main object
Satellite range is very high, it can detect objects at long
distance also .so it is also of no use
But with RF we can rectify the above three problems.
CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAMBLOCK DIAGRAM:
BASE STATION (AIRPORT)
AIRCRAFT
Transmitter section:
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
RF technology is made technology is used for many applications
like process control, energy metering, security system, remote
applications etc.
In our project we will be using RF technology for exchange of
information between Aircraft (Transmitter) and base station
(Receiver). In transmitter side there are different sensors used
for measuring Aircraft vibration, Engine temperature, and Collision
detector. So as to check that there is no abnormal rise in engine
temperature or unwanted vibration that is taking place in the
aircraft that may lead to an accident to avoid that. We will be
transmitting information to airport so as to make an emergency
landing or if required to take any necessary action.
In base station, pre recorded messages will be stored in Audio
Memory Section (9600). Depending upon signal received at receiver
section particular message will be played back at airport.CHAPTER
4Theoretical Analysis
4.1 EMBEDDED MICROCONTROLLER AND HARDWARE4.1.1 Introduction A
micro controller (also MCU or C) is a functional computer
system-on-a-chip. It contains a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals. Micro controllers include an
integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or
both) and peripherals capable of input and output.
It emphasizes high integration, in contrast to a microprocessor,
which only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to
the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general-purpose
microprocessor, the micro controller integrates additional elements
such as read-write memory for data storage, read-only memory for
program storage, Flash memory for permanent data storage,
peripherals, and input/output interfaces. At clock speeds of as
little as 32 KHz, micro controllers often operate at very low speed
compared to microprocessors, but this is adequate for typical
applications. They consume relatively little power (milli watts or
even microwatts), and will generally have the ability to retain
functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or
interrupt. Power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and
peripherals disabled) may be just nano watts, making them ideal for
low power and long lasting battery applications.
4.1.2 The Major Features of AT89S52 Microcontroller:3.2.9
MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52
3.2.9.1 Features
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating voltage.
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
256 * 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Power-off Flag
Fast Programming Time
Flexible ISP Programming
3.2.9.2 Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance
CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable
Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by
a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller
which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the
following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM,
32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a
full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for
operation down to zero frequency and supports two software
selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system
to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM
con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
3.2.9.3 Pin Description
Fig 3.10 VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an
8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each
pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins,
the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be
configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has
internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification.
External pull-ups are required during program verification Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.
The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s
are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured
to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown
in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address
bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is
an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written
to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and
can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally
being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches
from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this
application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.
During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function
Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some
control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.
The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s
are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of
various special features of the AT89S52. RST Reset input. A high on
this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods
after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address
8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of
bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address
Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of
the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also
the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal
operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.
Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to
external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by
setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active
only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is
weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if
the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program
Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory,
PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN
activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order
to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory
locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This
pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP)
during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.3.2.9.4 Block
Diagram
Fig 3.11
The89S52has 4 different ports, each one having 8 Input/output
lines providing a total of 32 I/O lines. Those ports can be used to
output DATA and orders do other devices, or to read the state of a
sensor, or a switch. Most of the ports of the 89S52 have 'dual
function' meaning that they can be used for two different
functions. The first one is to perform input/output operations and
the second one is used to implement special features of the
microcontroller like counting external pulses, interrupting the
execution of the program according to external events, performing
serial data transfer or connecting the chip to a computer to update
the software. Each port has 8 pins, and will be treated from the
software point of view as an 8-bit variable called 'register', each
bit being connected to a different Input/Output pin. There are two
different memory types:RAMandEEPROM. Shortly, RAM is used to store
variable during program execution, while the EEPROM memory is used
to store the program itself, that's why it is often referred to as
the 'program memory'. It is clear that the CPU (Central Processing
Unit) is the heart of the micro controllers. It is the CPU that
will Read the program from the FLASH memory and Execute it by
interacting with the different peripherals.
3.2.9.5 8051 Instruction Set
i. Arithmetic Operations
Mnemonic Description
SizeCycles
ADD A,Rn Add register to Accumulator (ACC).
11
ADD A,direct Add direct byte to ACC.
2 1
ADD A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC
.
11
ADD A,#data Add immediate data to ACC
.
21
ADDC A,Rn Add register to ACC with carry
.11
ADDC A,direct Add direct byte to ACC with carry. 2 1
ADDC A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC with carry. 11
ADDC A,#data Add immediate data to ACC with carry. 21
SUBB A,Rn Subtract register from ACC with borrow.
11
SUBB A,direct Subtract direct byte from ACC with borrow 21
SUBB A,@Ri Subtract indirect RAM from ACC with borrow.11
SUBB A,#data Subtract immediate data from ACC with borrow.21
INC A
Increment ACC.
11
INC Rn Increment register.
11
INC direct Increment direct byte.
21
INC @Ri Increment indirect RAM.
11
DEC A
Decrement ACC.
11
DEC Rn Decrement register.
11
DEC direct Decrement direct byte.
21
DEC @Ri Decrement indirect RAM.
11
INC DPTR Increment data pointer.
12
MUL AB Multiply A and B Result: A