Project report on Railway Gate Controller .doc

7/28/2019 Project report on Railway Gate Controller .doc

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Department of Electronic’s & Commn. Engg.Narnaul-Haryana 123002

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is the bonafied report of Summer Certified that this is the bonafied report of Summer

Internship entitled “Optical Fibre Cable ” done by Internship entitled “Optical Fibre Cable ” done by Subhash Kumar Yadav of fifth Semester inSubhash Kumar Yadav of fifth Semester in

“ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING” “ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING” in the Yaduvanshi Colllege of Engineering &in the Yaduvanshi Colllege of Engineering &

Technology during the academic year 2013-2014 and Technology during the academic year 2013-2014 and submitted for practical examination conducted by submitted for practical examination conducted by

“M.D.U University Rohtak”.“M.D.U University Rohtak”.

Guided by:- Guided by:-

Mrs. Sudhir Yadav (H.O.D of E.C.E Deptt.)Mrs. Sudhir Yadav (H.O.D of E.C.E Deptt.)

Mr.Rahul (Lecturer E.C.E Deptt.)Mr.Rahul (Lecturer E.C.E Deptt.)

CERTIFICATE



We take this opportunity to thank MrPradeep ,

PRINCIPAL,B.S.F INSITITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for

granting us the permission to carry out the project.

We are extremely thankful to Mrs. Jassi Joseph H.O.D,

Electronics And Communication department, for her timely

advices and all the facilities she provided us, to carry out theproject and finish it successfully.

We express our profound gratitude for the pragmatic

guidance rendered to us our guide Mr. Madhu Gopinath

Lecturer in Electronics and Communication Department.

They have always been a source of inspiration and have been

guiding us constantly through all our ups and downs of our

endeavor in completing out project, for which we are greatly

indebted to them.



We are also humbly thankful to Mr.Jayaraman &

Mr.Muruthy and to all other teaching and non teaching staff

members of the Department of Electronics and

Communication who have been helping us through out the

project.



To prepare our project

““RAILWAY ACCIDENTS PREVENTERRAILWAY ACCIDENTS PREVENTER””

Our team has gone through few books. For designing and

gathering information for completion of our project thesebooks proved helpful.

REFERENCE BOOKS:-

1. Microcontroller- Architecture and Programming by jennith

k.Ayalaya

2. IC MANUALS

FOR DATA SHEETS WE REFER THESE URL’S

1. WWW.PHILIPS.COM\DATA SHEETS



2. WWW.MICROCHIP.COM\PRODUCT SUPPORT\DATA

SHEETS

3. WWW.ALL DATASHEETS.COM

TRANSMITTER

{TX}…………

RECEIVER

{RX}………….

HAPPYHAPPY

JOURNEYJOURNEY

RAILWAYRAILWAY

TRACKS…….TRACKS…….



INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

“Railway”, this term represents the India’s largest

transportation mediums. Today railway is the back done of

the country. It facilities in moving large amount of cargo and

millions of people travel daily from place to place. It is the

cheapest medium which is affordable to every class of society.

Unfortunately hundreds of people die in rail accidents

due to lack of resources, so as to provide a person at every

Signalling Point. Any Railway Organization cannot spend

corers of rupees to keep persons for every work or signals

through at initial stage this may require some high amount of

capital but at later stages, the cost come down.

A prospective contraption of “ELECTRONIC’S

BASED SIGNALLING SYSTEM” is deemed to be a

noticeable turning point as this is ELECTRONIC’S controlled

and can efficiently do the work without any mistakes.

The present project has the following section

1. Sensor Circuits.



2. PIC Microcontroller

3. Interface

4. Transmitter &Receiver (IR & RF)

DTMF DECODER CIRCUITDTMF DECODER CIRCUIT

0

0

+ 5 V

Y 1

3 . 5 8 M H z

D 1

3 . 3 v

R 1

1 k

S W 2

S W 4

C 2

1 0 0 n

12

S W 1

S W 3

8 5 9

1 7

1 6

1 5

1 2

1 3

71

2

3

4

1 4

1 8

1 0

1 1

U M 9 1 2 1 5 B

6




0

0

0

0

0

0R 8

1 k

2

1

R 9

1 k

2 1

R 1 0

1 k

2

1

R 1 1

1 k

21

C 9

1 n

12

C 1 2

1 n

1 2

Y 1

3 . 5 8 M H z

J 3

C O N 2

12

J 4

C O N 2

12

Q 3

C 2 5 1 0

42

3

1

Q 4

C 2 5 1 0

42

3

1

Q 5

C 2 5 1 0

42

3

1

Q 6

C 2 5 1 0

42

3

1

Q 72 N 1 0 6 91

2

3

Q 82 N 1 0 6 91

2

3

Q 92 N 1 0 6 91

2

3

Q 1 02 N 1 0 6 91

2

3

A

-

+ M O T O R D C

1

2

A

-

+ M O T O R D C

1

2

R 1 2

4 7 K

2

1

R 1 3

4 7 K

2

1

R 1 4

4 7 K

2

1

R 1 5

4 7 K

2

1

D 3

L E D

7 8 1 6 1 7 1 0 1 8 1 5

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 456914

3

2

8 8 7 0




0

0

+ 8 v

0

Q 14 9 4

32

1

Q 2C 2 5 7 0

32

1

R 14 7 k

2

1

R 2

1 5 k

2

1R 3

4 . 7 k

2 1

R 4

4 . 7 k

2

1

R 5

4 7 E

2

1

R 7

2 . 2 K

2

1

C 41 n1

2

C 1

. 0 1 u1

2

C 2

. 0 0 1 u1

2

C 7

1 n1

2

C 3

2 . 2 u F

C 1 0

1 n1

2

C 1 1

1 n

1 2

L 14 T L 2

I N D U C T O R

L 3

5 T

C 1 1

1 n1

2

R 6

2 . 2 E

2

1

C 8

1 n

12

C 8

1 n

12

J 1

S W

12

J 2

s u p p l y

12

A N T



FM TRANSMITTER



APPLICATION /APPLICATION / ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

1. PIC Microcontrollers based gate Automatic opening and

closing is very useful to Indian Railway and Industries.

2. Track Sensing circuit is useful to Indian railway and coal

industries.

3. Collision in is very much useful to avoid Accident in

Railway.

4. All the features can be used in Railway Industries and

Transport.

5. Reduces human error.

6. Man power required are reduces

7. Easy to install and construct.

8. More efficiency.



9. Useful by the people working in mines for monitoring

cracks.

DETECTION OF BREAK IN TRACK

The track is supplied with a +12 v. The four ends

of the track are connected with the relay coils.In yhe

normal condition the green LED connected with the

normally open contact and the green Led is glowing

which indicates that the track has no breaks in

between.

When the track

breaks in between the relay get energizedand the contact now shifts to normallyclosed to which the red LED isconnected,which will glow at once indicating



that the track has break in between.Thestation master in turn informs the driverthrough the signallig system or informs the

previous station to inform the driver or tomade the signals RED so that the train willstop by seeing the signals



1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT2. INTRODUCTION.3. BLOCK DIAGRAMS & CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS.4. WORKING.

5. INTRODUCTION TO PIC 16F846. STEPPER MOTOR DETAILS.7. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION.8. DATA SHEETS.9. APPLICATIONS/ADVANTAGES.10. SYNOPSIS.11. BIBLIOGRAPHY.12. THANKS.



START & STOP OF TRAIN THROUGH REMOTE

The RF transmitter is placed at the signal room for

transmitting signals in the range of RF and the

RECEIVER is placed in the train engine to receive

the signals. The power supply to the train engine

motor is controlled by the RF receiver in the train

engine.

In the normal condition the RF transmitter

in the signal room is not transmitting the signals and

the train is running without any hurdles.

When the train

arrives near the station the signalmen in the signal

room will start transmitting signals which will be

received by the receiver in the train engine, which inturn stops the power supply to the train engine

motor, resulting in the stoppage of train at the

station.



This

feature can also be used to stop the train in the case

of emergency like breakage of track or some

accidents.

INFRARED TRANSMITTER &

RECEIVER



20 Sec. VOICE20 Sec. VOICE RECORDING Features:

Single ship, high qualities voice recording and playback solution.

1) No external IC’s required2) Minimum external components Non volatile flash memory

technology

3) NO Battery back up required

4) 100K year message retention (typical)

5) 100year message retention(typical)

6) Single message of 20 to 30 seconds, with external resistor selection.

7) User friendly easy to use operation

8) Programming and development systems not required

9) Level activated recording and edge-activated playback switches

10) Low power consumption.

11) Operating current : 25 mA (typically, no load)

12) Standby current: 1uA (typically, no load) Automatically power

down features for longer battery life chip enable pin for simple

message expansion single 5v power supply.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

The APR 9301 devices offer true single chip solid state storage

capability and requires no software or micro controller support. It

provides high quality recording and playback with a single 20 to 30second message it is deal for portable voice recorders, toys and many

other other consumer and industrial applications.



Invox proprietary analog/multi-level storage technology is

implemented in advanced flash non-volatile memory cells, each of

which can typically store more than 256 voltage levels. The APR 9301

device stores and reproduces voice signals in their natural forms,

eliminating the distortion that is often introduced by encoding acompression. The device combines a small size with low power

consumption, non- volatility, and ease of use for a cost effective

solution to voice recording and playback.

ANNNOUNCEMENT AT THE RAILWAY ANNNOUNCEMENT AT THE RAILWAY STATIONSTATION

SAMPLE APPLICATION:

Figure 3 shows the diagram for a single, 20 second message recording andFigure 3 shows the diagram for a single, 20 second message recording and

playback applications using the APR 9301 device. When pins are connected asplayback applications using the APR 9301 device. When pins are connected as

shown in this example, the operation modes are as follows:shown in this example, the operation modes are as follows:

Record Mode (Level Activated ):

The / LED pin will go low during the actual recording process to provide a visual

indication if an led light is connected to this pin. A single voice message of up to

mode as long as the / Recl pins stays low (level activated). If the message lastslonger than 20 seconds recording will terminate automatically after do last

available memory cell is written. If the message is shorter than 20 seconds are the

recording operation will stop when the Recl pin goes high. The speaker driver is

automatically tristated during the recording operation.

Message up to 30 seconds can be recorded by using different Osc R resistor

values (see table 1 )

Playback Mode (Edge – Activated):

Playback always starts from the beginning of the message. The chip is in

playback mode after the/Play E Pin sage. The chip is in playback mode after

the/playback will stop immediately when the play E pin pulses low a second

time if the newly recorded message is shorter the previously recorded message

will be played after te message s played back. The input pre amplifier. A G C



and main amp. The input pre-amplifier . AGC, and main app. Circuits are

disabled during play back.

Stand by Mode:(/CE = “0”)

The chip will automatically return to the stand by standby state afterrecording or playback operation is completed.

Power Down Mode (/CE = “1”)

The chip is always in stand by state. No recording or playback Is allowed.

Current consumption is typically less than 1uA

PIN DIAGRAM OF 9301:-

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

2 8

2 3

1 7

2 4

1 8

2 0

2 5

1 6

1 9

2 2

2 7

2 1

1 5

2 6

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

/ C E

O s c r

N U 1

V s s D

S P +

S P -

V c c D

/ R e c L

N U 2

L E D

N C

/ P L A Y E

N C

A n a O u t

A n a i n

A G C

M i c R e f

M i c i n

V c c A

V s s A

A P R 9 3 0 1 - V 2



CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR CONNECTION FOR RECORDING AND PLAYING OF MESSAGE IN

9301 :-

0

0

V C C _ C I R C L E

R 1

1 k

21

R 2

1 k

21

R 3

1 k

21

R 4

1 k

21

R 5

1 k

21

R 6

2 2 0 k

21

C 1

1

2

C 20 . 1 u F

1

2

C 3

0 . 1 u F

12

C 4

0 . 1 u F

12

C 5

0 . 1 u F

1 2 C 6

4 . 7 u F

12 C 7

2 2 u F n

1

2

V 1

6 v

L S 1

S P E A K E R

L S 2

S P E A K E R

D 1

R 7

4 . 7 k

21

S W 11 2

S W 21 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

2 8

2 3

1 7

2 4

1 8

2 0

2 5

1 6

1 9

2 2

2 7

2 1

1 5

2 6

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

N C

/ C E

O s c r

N U 1

V s s D

S P +

S P -

V c c D

/ R e c L

N U 2

L E D

N C

N C

/ P L A Y E

N C

A n a O u t

A n a i n

A G C

M i c R e f

M i c i n

V c c A

V s s A

A P R 9 3 0 1 - V 2



INTERNAL BLOCK INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 9301:-DIAGRAM OF 9301:-

Internal

Oscillator

DeviceAutomatic

Gain control

Non –

volatile

Switched

CapacitorSample &

Analog write

& Read

Switched

Capacitor

Power

Pr

e.

A

m p.

A

m

p

A

m p



PROGRAM FOR GATE OPENING & CLOSING

LIST – P = 16F84A

PORTA EQU 0051 : Declaring Ports and other

registers

PORTB EQU 006H

STATUS EQU 003H

COUNT EQU 08CH : defining variablesCOUNT1 EQU 08DH

COUNT2 EQU 08EH

POS EQU 08FH

STEP EQU 090H

ORG 000H

: Initializing procedure

BSF STATUS, 005H : now in bank 1

MOVLW OFOH : configuring port ssssssssA and

port B

MOVLW 000H



MOVWF PORT B

BCF STATUS, 005H; now in bank 0

*******************PROGRAM STARTS

HERE*************

CLRF PORTA ; Clearing port A & port B and initializing

POS=50

CLRF PORT B

MOVLW 032H

MOVWF POS

CALL STEPINIT; To initialize STEP = 1

START MOVF POS, 0 ; displaying the contents of POS

register

CALL DISPLAY

MOVWF PORT B

BTFSC PORTA, 004H;Taking input from port B & checking

for zero

GOTO WEST ; East if input is zero (STEP++) & (POS++)

; Else go to WEST (STEP) & (POS++)

EAST INCF STEP, 1

INCF POS , 1

MOVF POS, 0

SUBLW 064H

BTFSC STATUS, 002H

CALL POS 100GOTO STEP CORRECTION

WEST DECF STEP, 1

DECF POS, 1



MOVF POS, 0

SUBLW 000H

BTFSC STATUS, 002H

CALL POS000

STEP CORRECTION MOVF STEP, 0 : Checking STEP

contents

SUBLW 005H ; If STEP=5 make

STEP=1

BTFSC STATUS, 002H

CALL STEPINIT

MOVE STEP, 0 ; If STEP=0 Make

STEP=4SUBLW 000H

BTFSC STATUS, 002H

CALL STEPINITI

MOVE POS, 0 ; Checking for conditions

POS=100 or POS=0

SUBLOW 063H ; If condition is true

to go

DECTIVEBTESC STATUS, 002H; else go to Rotate

GOTO DECTAIVATE

MOVF POS, 0

SUBLW 001H

BTFSC STATUS, 0002H

GOTO DEACTIVATE

ROTATE MOVF STEP, 0 ; Rotating motorAccording to value

stored



CALL MOTOR ; in step register by

calling

Look up table

MOVWF PORT A

CALL DELAY

GOTO START

;

_____________________________________________________

__________________

DEACTIVATEMOVLW 0000H; deactivating all coils of

stepperMOVFW POART A; Motor Thus stopping it

GOTO START

;

_____________________________________________________

______________________

POS 000 MOVLW 001H; Initializing POS contents to 01MOVWF POS

RETURN

;

_____________________________________________________

___________________

POS 100 MOVLW 063H; Initializing POS contents to 99

MOVWF POS

RETURN;

_____________________________________________________

____________________



STEPINIT MOVLW 001H; Initializing STEP=1

Subroutine

MOVWF STEP

RETURN

;

_____________________________________________________

_________

STEPINIT MOVLW 004H; Initializing STEP=4

Subroutine

MOVWF STEP

RETURN

;

_____________________________________________________ ___________________

DELAY MOVLW 003H

MOVWF COUNT2

MOVLW OFFH; Delay subroutine change value in this

line MOVWF COUNT1; to increase or decrease or

decrease the

Delay 0 0HFFH

DLOOP MOVLW OFFH

MOVWF COUNT

DLOOP 1 DECF COUNT, 1

DTFSS STATUS, 002H

GOTO DLOOP 1

DECF COUNT1, 1

BTFSS STATUS, 002HGOTO DLOOP

DECF COUNT2, 1

BTFSS STATUS, 002H

GOTO DLOOP 2



RETURN

;

_____________________________________________________

_________________

MOTOR ADDWF PCL, 1 ; Stepper motor lookup table

NOP

RETLW 001H

RETLW 001H

RETLW 001H

RETLW 001H

;

_____________________________________________________

______________ DISPLAYADDWF PCL, 1; seven segment display looks up

table

NOP

RETLW 001H ; (09 – 10)

RETLW 002H

RETLW 003H

RETLW 004H

RETLW 005H

RETLW 006HRETLW 007H

RETLW 008H

RETLW 009H

RETLW 010H



RETLW 011H ; (11 – 20)

RETLW 012H

RETLW 013H

RETLW 014H

RETLW 015H

RETLW 016H

RETLW 017H

RETLW 018H

RETLW 019H

RETLW 020H

RETLW 021H ; (21 – 30)RETLW 022H

RETLW 023H

RETLW 024H

RETLW 025H

RETLW 026H

RETLW 027H

RETLW 028H


RETLW 031H ; (31 – 40)

RETLW 032H

RETLW 033H

RETLW 034H

RETLW 035H


RETLW 038H

RETLW 039H

RETLW 040H



RETLW 041H : ( 41- 50 )

RETLW 042H

RETLW 043H

RETLW 044H

RETLW 045H

RETLW 046H

RETLW 047H

RETLW 048H

RETLW 049H

RETLW 050H

RETLW 051H ; ( 51 – 60 )RETLW 052H

RETLW 053H

RETLW 054H

RETLW 055H

RETLW 056H

RETLW 057H

RETLW 058H


RETLW 061H : ( 61 – 70 )

RETLW 062H

RETLW 063H

RETLW 064H

RETLW 065H


RETLW 068H

RETLW 069H

RETLW 070H



RETLW 071H : ( 71 – 80 )

RETLW 072H

RETLW 073H

RETLW 074H

RETLW 075H

RETLW 076H

RETLW 077H

RETLW 078H

RETLW 079H

RETLW 080H

RETLW 081H ; ( 81 – 90 )RETLW 082H

RETLW 083H

RETLW 084H

RETLW 085H

RETLW 086H

RETLW 087H

RETLW 088H


RETLW 091H ; ( 91 – 92 )

RETLW 092H

RETLW 093H

RETLW 094H

RETLW 095H


RETLW 098H

RETLW 099H



;

_____________________________________________________

_________________

END ; PROGRAM ENDS HERE !!!

OPENING AND CLOSING OF GATE

1. Automatic railway gate control by the pic

microcontroller.

2. In that mainly we are using pic 16 F 84A, UN 2003.

3. Two – sensor switch is using according to the train wait.There are two type of sensor one is infrared second one

switch weight press to ON and Infrared, it has some

disadvantage, any animal will cross the sensor it will

sense and operate the system so to avoid this we are

using weight switch. Here we are using 1000kg =

10000kg. In that if man will go man weight is 100kg it is

so less so it will not operate the system.

4. Closing of gate: when train passes through switch NO. 1

the sensor get positive voltage and given to ops amp and

this ops amp further applied voltages to the pic

microcontroller the output of pic microcontroller isgiven to interface UN 2003. The UN 2003 provide 12v to

the stepper motor which rotates and close the gate



1. Opening of gate: When switch No 2 is pressed by the

train the sensor get positive voltage and given to ops amp

the ops amp further applied to pic microcontroller. The

interface IC 2003 get pulses and provide positive voltage

to the motor which rotate anti clock wise results in

opening of the railway gate.

IR RECEIVER

In receiver there are 5 transistor used. Transistor 1-4 is used

as amplifier and transistor 5 is used for gate (open and

closing) and providing negative voltage to the relay through

emitter to collector.

WORKINGThe receiver IR LED is placed in the base of transistor Q1.

The received IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out

put is taken from collector and given to the base of transistor

Q2. The transistor Q2 is amplified input signal and fed to the

base of transistor Q3 through coupling capacitor Q4 and out

put is taken from collector and fed to the base transistor Q4

through resister R8 and R9 and it is worked as a coupling, the



out put from collector is given transistor Q5 through the diode

D1.

The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the

transistors. The diode D2 used as a polarity diode. The

negative voltage is extended from emitter to collector to the

relay. When there is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are

not conducting . Transistor Q5 will not operate so negative

voltage extended to the relay. One end of the relay coil is

directly connected to the positive terminal and other end is

connected to the collector of transistor Q5 which is providing

negative voltage to the relay for activation.

When

the IR sensor receive the input signal from the transmitter is

amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to

the base of transistor Q5 through a diode which is operating

the transistor Q5 so there is no negative voltage from collector

,the relay gets no negative volt and it is in ideal condition.

Through

relay positive voltage is extended to the buzzer and negative is

applied directly to the buzzer when the relay is in ideal

condition the buzzer is providing sound



IR TRANSMITTER

• IC 555 is used to generate a frequency in the range of IR

Frequency (level) and is fed to the base of transistor BD

140.. The transistor BD140 is amplified the IR

frequency After amplification the Transistor is drive the

IR LED for radiating the signals

• Registers are used to provide DC biasing to the IC and

transistor.

• Capacitor C1 and C2 are used for generating a

frequency in the range of IR level (infrared range).



INTRODUCTION TOMICROCONTROLLER

Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the

field of microcontrollers had their beginning in the

development of technology of integrated circuits. This

development has made it possible to store hundreds of

thousands of transistors in to one chip. That was a

prerequisite for production of microprocessors, and the first

computers were made by adding external peripherals such as

memory, input lines, timers and other. Further Increasing of

the volume of the package resulted in creation of integrated

circuits. These integrated circuits contained both processor



and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a

microcomputer or what would later be knows as a

microcontroller came about.

PINS IN PIC16F84:

PIC16F84 has a total of 18 pins. It is most frequently found in a DIP18 type of

housing but can also be found in SMD housing which is smaller from a DIP.

DIP is short for dual in package. SMD is short for surface mount devices

suggesting that holes for pins to go through when mounting aren’t necessary in

soldering this type of a component.

Pins on PIC16F84 micro controller have the following

meaning:

Pin no.1 RA2 Second pin on port A.had no additional

function.

Pin no.2 RA3 Third pin on port A. Had no additional

function.

Pin no.3 RA4 Fourth pin on port A. Tock1 which functions asa timer is also found on this pin.

Pin no.4 MCLR reset input and Vpp programming voltage of

a micro controller.

Pin no.5 Vss supply, mass.



Pin no.6 RBO first pin on port B. Interrupt input is an

additional Function.

Pin no.7 RB1 First pin on B. no additional function.

Pin no.8 RB2 Second pin on port B. no additional function.

Pin no.9 RB3 Third pin on port B. no additional function.

Pin no.10 RB4 Fourth pin on port B. no additional function.

Pin no.11 RB5 Fifth pin on port B. no additional function.

Pin no.12 RB6 Sixth pin on port B. “Clock” line in program

mode.

Pin no.13 RB7 Seventh pin on port B. Given line in program

mode.

Pin no.14 RBO Vdd positive supply pole.

Pin no.15 OSC2 pin assigned for connecting with an oscillatorPin no.16 OSC1 pin assigned for connecting with an oscillator.

Pin no.17 RA2 Second pin on port A. No addition function.

Pin no.18 RA1 First pin on port A. No additional function.

More about Micro controller PIC16F84PIC16F84 belongs to class of 8 big Micro controllers of PIS

architecture. Its general structure is shown on the following

map representing basic blocks.

Memory organization

PIC16F84 has two separate memory blocks, one for data and

the other for program. EEPROM memory and GPR

registers in RAM memory make up a block for data,

and FLASH memory make up a program block.



PROGRAM MEMORY

Program memory has been realized in FLASH technology

which makes it possible to program a micro controller many

times before it’s installed into a device and even after its

installment if eventual changes in program or process

parameters should occur. The size of program memory is

1024 location with 14 bits width were location zero and four

are reserved for reset and interrupt vector

DATA MEMORYData memory consists of EEPROM and RAM memories.

EEPROM memory consists of 64 eight bit locations whose

contents are not lost during an interrupt in supply. EEPROM

is not stored directly in memory space, but is accessed

indirectly through EEADR and EEDATA registers.

Data

MemoryRAM

FreeCounter

DataMemory

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IR RECEIVERIn receiver there are 5 transistor used. Transistor 1-4 is used as

amplifier and transistor 5 is used for gate (open and closing) and

providing negative voltage to the relay through emitter to collector.

The

receiver IR LED is placed in the base of transistor Q1. The received

IR signals is amplified at transistor Q1 and out put is taken from

collector and given to the base of transistor Q2. The transistor Q2 is

amplified input signal and fed to the base of transistor Q3 through



coupling capacitor Q4 and out put is taken from collector and fed to

the base transistor Q4 through resister

R8 and R9 and it is worked as a

coupling, the out put from collector is given transistor Q5 through the

diode D1.

The diode D1 is providing positive half cycle to the

transistors. The diode D2 used as a polarity diode. The negative

voltage is extended from emitter to collector to the relay. When there

is no input signals the transistor 1-4 are not conducting . Transistor Q5

will not operate so negative voltage extended to the relay. One end of

the relay coil is directly connected to the positive terminal and other

end is connected to the collector of transistor Q5 which is providing

negative voltage to the relay for activation.

When the IR sensor receive the input signal from the transmitter is

amplified by the transistor Q1 to Q4 is amplified then fed to the base of

transistor Q5 through a diode which is operating the transistor Q5 so

there is no negative voltage from collector ,the relay gets no negative

volt and it is in ideal condition.

Through relay positive voltage is

extended to the buzzer and negative is applied directly to the

buzzer when the relay is in ideal condition the buzzer is

providing sound



USES AND APPLICATIONS

1 It is used in Lift system (Apartment)

2 It can also use in defence ( arms ammunition)

3 It is used in Metro train

4 Easy to maintain

5 Performance of this circuit is good6 It is used in Air port for auto opening gate

WIRELESS SIGNALLING IN RAILWAYSWIRELESS SIGNALLING IN RAILWAYS

The word “Wireless” means sending the signals without usingThe word “Wireless” means sending the signals without using

any wires. The whole purpose of the “Wireless” is toany wires. The whole purpose of the “Wireless” is to

eliminate the any kind of cabling between the source andeliminate the any kind of cabling between the source and

destinations. Not only that, also to get the work done in moredestinations. Not only that, also to get the work done in morereliable way with fast speed. In simple way, if the processreliable way with fast speed. In simple way, if the process

takes place using the Radio Frequency and Infra Red Rays,takes place using the Radio Frequency and Infra Red Rays,

without using any type of cabling is called as Wirelesswithout using any type of cabling is called as Wireless

Communication. For example, if the protection of any vehicleCommunication. For example, if the protection of any vehicle



is accomplished using less work supervision and more self-is accomplished using less work supervision and more self-

caring and self-decisive devices. It may be referred as ‘thatcaring and self-decisive devices. It may be referred as ‘that

vehicle is automated’. With the golden rule’ prevention isvehicle is automated’. With the golden rule’ prevention is

better than cure’, vehicle can be well protected from anybetter than cure’, vehicle can be well protected from any

major accident or disaster or damage by automating it. Inmajor accident or disaster or damage by automating it. In

brief,’Vegicle Automation’ means protecting or doing every-brief,’Vegicle Automation’ means protecting or doing every-

day running processes using any electronic or computerday running processes using any electronic or computer

guided Instrument.guided Instrument.

Stop-Go type Signalling system is too much essential forStop-Go type Signalling system is too much essential for

Railway Communication. In the early days, manuallyRailway Communication. In the early days, manually

controlled mechanical Up-Down signals were in use forcontrolled mechanical Up-Down signals were in use forindicating Stop-Go through any particular Railway track.indicating Stop-Go through any particular Railway track.

But, at present, electronic signaling systems are beingBut, at present, electronic signaling systems are being

extensively used for this purpose. In our country, manuallyextensively used for this purpose. In our country, manually

operated electrical signaling systems are still in wide useoperated electrical signaling systems are still in wide use

because of several unavoidable factors, such as,because of several unavoidable factors, such as,

Unemployment Problems, Economical Condition of theUnemployment Problems, Economical Condition of the

Country etc. It’s a common experience of all of us that, forCountry etc. It’s a common experience of all of us that, for

such manual operation of the signaling systems, severalsuch manual operation of the signaling systems, severaldisturbances in train service very often occur due to thedisturbances in train service very often occur due to the

negligence in duties and also due to some personal errors of negligence in duties and also due to some personal errors of

the signalers. Even, fatal accidents might happen sometimesthe signalers. Even, fatal accidents might happen sometimes

in a busy Railway-track due to some minor mistakes of ain a busy Railway-track due to some minor mistakes of a

signaler in his signaler in his signaling techniques. Suchsignaler in his signaler in his signaling techniques. Such

factors may be avoided in a great extent only if the signalingfactors may be avoided in a great extent only if the signaling

systems are made in entirely automatic manner.systems are made in entirely automatic manner.

Our present Model is a minor attempt to find out how theOur present Model is a minor attempt to find out how the

aforesaid idea can be implemented. Though this model willaforesaid idea can be implemented. Though this model will

not serve the purpose of actual commercial use, yet it isnot serve the purpose of actual commercial use, yet it is



sufficient to show the way through which we can proceed tosufficient to show the way through which we can proceed to

make the Train Signalling Systems completely automatic withmake the Train Signalling Systems completely automatic with

the aid of Electronics.the aid of Electronics.

Specific about the Project: Railway are the lifelines of aSpecific about the Project: Railway are the lifelines of a

country. Train mishaps have been occurring since theircountry. Train mishaps have been occurring since their

inception, yet we are unable to prevent accidents andinception, yet we are unable to prevent accidents and

safeguard valuable life and properly. Some of the reasonssafeguard valuable life and properly. Some of the reasons

associated with train mishaps are: Some obstructions in frontassociated with train mishaps are: Some obstructions in front

of the signal; Signal bulb burnout; Driver’ carelessness in notof the signal; Signal bulb burnout; Driver’ carelessness in not

sighting the signal due to fatigue; Due to denses fog and brightsighting the signal due to fatigue; Due to denses fog and bright

sunlight the signal light may not visible to driver properly etc.sunlight the signal light may not visible to driver properly etc.

From above reasons we can see that the main problem isFrom above reasons we can see that the main problem is

traditional bulb signaling system that we are using. So if wetraditional bulb signaling system that we are using. So if we

can replace this with a stand by system using the moderncan replace this with a stand by system using the modern

methods of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION. Themethods of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION. The

system going to be described is a totally new one, which maysystem going to be described is a totally new one, which mayadd cost, but in long run if can successfully replace the bulbadd cost, but in long run if can successfully replace the bulb

signaling system and total electronic control of train issignaling system and total electronic control of train is

possible.possible.

STEPPER MOTOR EXPLANATION



In this project we are using the stepper motor as

per the specification mentioned above. The stepper

motor is a 4 pole where in this poles are connected to

the relay and is controlled by the relay driver IC ULN

2003. At any given instant of time only 1 relay is

activated such that depending upon the particular

relay activated that particular pole in stepper motor is

energized and accordingly the stepper motor moves to

that particular pole due to excitation. Depending on

the type of relay to be activated and the particular

order. Stepper motor accordingly moves in either

clock wise or anti - clockwise direction.

Stepper Motor Specification:

1. Step Angle 0.5%

2. Step angle accuracy 5%

3. Rate phase current 0.22A

4. Phase resistance 23 ohms

5. Phase inductance 300 m H



6. Holding torque 20 Ncm

7. Detent torque 2 Ncm

8. Rotor inertia 70 grem

9. Weight 0.2 kg

10. Insulation class B

11. Voltage +12V, DC

12. Make Fuji Electronics



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SOFTWARE SOFTWARE

DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION









SOME FACTS ABOUT INDIANSOME FACTS ABOUT INDIAN

RAILWAYSRAILWAYSLength of Indian railways:- 63,140

No. of trains run per day:- 14,444

Total stations covered:- 6,853

No. of passengers per day: - 1.4 crore

No. of employees:- 16 lakh

No. of unmanned railway crossings:- 21,800

Railway traffic increased since 1960-61: -535%

Accident between 1992 to 2002 due to detachmenrtof railway from track:- 75%

Railway bridges used which have been build in 19century:- 51,000

Establishment of railway safety fund:- in 2001



Expenditure on upgradation of safety measures in 9th

fifth year plan:- 13,400 crores

Amount required to man all the unmanned railwaycrossing:- 2,450 crores

No .of deaths due to accident at unmanned railwaycrossing between 1992-2002:-37%

Freight handling per year:- 60.6 crore tonne



SYNOPSISSYNOPSISThe project presented here is novel approach to the signaling

& safety system of the Railway System. The modern

electronic system is basically useful to warn/display the

status of the traffic signals to the driver. Here, the traffic

signals are direct in the hands of the signalmen and he can

take appropriate action.

In conventional method, the Railway Signalmen operate the

particular electromechanical switches to illuminate the desired

incandescent bulbs located at a pole near the railway station. The

railway driver is supposed note the status of the signals &

depending upon the same he is supposed to mover further or stop

the train.



If due to the mist/fog or smoke or any other reason, suppose the

driver is not able the notice or see the signal lights, he may not be

able to judge the situation and may lead to possible accident and

loss of life and property.

Here, in contrast to this existing system, we are trying to provide a

solution to this system by designing a device which displays the

signals to the station master that includes the status of the track,

announcement at railway station and the status of the track(free or

not)is displayed or the engine driver can hear and take preventive

measure.



1. Features of the project.1. Features of the project.2. Introduction.2. Introduction.3. Working.3. Working.

4. Block Diagrams.4. Block Diagrams.5. Software Description.5. Software Description.



6. Introduction to PIC6. Introduction to PICmicrocontroller.microcontroller.7. Details of Stepper motor.7. Details of Stepper motor.

8. Details of APR 9301-8. Details of APR 9301-V2(announcement ic).V2(announcement ic).9. Synopsis.9. Synopsis.10.Data Sheets.10.Data Sheets.11.Application/Advantages.11.Application/Advantages.12.Bibliography.12.Bibliography.



Project report on Railway Gate Controller .doc

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