project report on installation of campus wide network

PROJECT ON INSTALLATION OF CAMPUS WIDE NETWORK

Presented By:- Aman Garg

CS/11/11006

1145725

PROJECT UNDERTAKEN ATBHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED(BEL)GHAZIABAD

ABOUT BEL

There are 9 factories established across India Ghaziabad unit is the 2nd largest & was set up

in 1974 It manufactures special types of radar for

Indian Defence It provides Microwave communication links to

the state & central government It also produces Static & Mobile radar,

Professional grade Antennae, Microwave equipment & other Defence equipments

PROJECT UNDERTAKEN ATIS- INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT

This department deals with the networking system of the organization.

All the organization’s data is stored here in the servers.

They provide various services to the employee through the intranet like

E-Mail Internal and co-operate office curricular Internet

AIM OF THE PROJECT

To Plan, Design, implement & establish a campus wide network

WHAT IS NETWORK?

A NETWORK is the mechanism that enables distributed computers and their users to communicate and share resources.

A Network at its simplest is anything that enables two or more computers to communicate with each other and/or other devices.

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Why Networking?

• Sharing information — i.e. data communication

• Do you prefer these?

• Or this?

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• Sharing hardware or software

• Centralize administration and support

• E.g. print document

• E.g. Internet-based, so everyone can access the same administrative or support application from their PCs

TYPES OF NETWORK Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network (LAN) : A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers and network communication devices within a limited geographic area, such as an office building.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) : MAN is defined as a network that connects LAN across a city-wide geographic area. It may be a single network such as cable television network.

Wide Area Network (WAN) : A WAN network that spans large geographical location usually connects multiple LANs. This is generally more expansive technology. Its implementation is more sophisticated than LANs .

BEL NETWORK MODEL

Two main categories:Guided ― wires, cablesUnguided ― wireless transmission, e.g. radio,

microwave, infrared, sound, sonar Guided media :

Twisted-Pair cables: Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) cables

Coaxial cablesFiber-optic cables

Transmission Media

If the pair of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire more than the further one, thereby causing errors

Twisted-Pair Cables

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)

Typically wrapped inside a plastic cover (for mechanical protection)

A sample UTP cable with 5 unshielded twisted pairs of wires

MetalInsulator

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)

STP cables are similar to UTP cables, except there is a metal foil or braided-metal-mesh cover that encases each pair of insulated wires

Coaxial Cables In general, coaxial cables, or coax, carry

signals of higher freq (100KHz–500MHz) than UTP cables

Outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second conductor that completes the circuit

Fiber-Optic Cables Light travels at 3108 ms-1 in free space and is

the fastest possible speed in the Universe Light slows down in denser media, e.g. glass Refraction occurs at interface, with light bending

away from the normal when it enters a less dense medium

Beyond the critical angle total internal reflection

An optical fiber consists of a core (denser material) and a cladding (less dense material)

Simplest one is a multimode step-index optical fiber

Multimode = multiple paths, whereas step-index = refractive index follows a step-function profile (i.e. an abrupt change of refractive index between the core and the cladding)

Light bounces back and forth along the core Common light sources: LEDs and lasers

TO PREPARE THE USER NODES/WORKSTATIONS

In order to become a part of the LAN client/user workstation must have following requirements

Hardware Requirements Software Requirements

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Minimum 128 MB RAM A NOS(Network Operating System) It must support or consiste of TCP/IP

Protocols A NIC(Network Interface Card) should

be installed on the PCI slot. eg:- Realtek RTL8139/810x Family

Fast

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT TCP/IP Protocol Stack A protocol suite is a suite of related

communication protocol that offers users the mechanism and services required to communicate with other network connected machines.

Naming Convention

Before creating the first user account a naming convention must be established.This is done in order to easily identify the system in network.

1. Name Registration Name registration registers the unique logical name

in an NBP registry database.

2. Name LookUp Name Lookup is provided to a computer that request’s another computer’s address.

3. Name Configuration Device on any network are periodically shut down or removed. When it happens, a name deletion request is sent, and object name-to-addressing tables are automatically updated.

SNAPSHOT OF GIVING A UNIQUE NAME TO SYSTEM

VALID IP ADDRESS

• An IP address is a 32-bit binary addressing scheme to identify networks, network devices, and network connected machines.

• These are strictly regulated by the Internet Network Information center (InterNIC). 

There are five classes of IP addresses each defined by an alphabetic character: Class A, B, C, D and E.

Class A – 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0.Class B - 128.1.0.0 to 191.256.0.0.Class C – 192.0.1.0 to 223.255.254.0.Class D - 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.254.Class E - there is no class E address for use on the net.

Here we see that the computer has 80.0.68.13 as the IP address. Theses IP addresses are provided by the protocol known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

PREPARING A NETWORKING INFASTRUCTURE

Hardware Requirements

Some Networking Devices

Bridges Bridges are intelligent repeaters. They regenerate

transmitted signals, but unlike repeaters, they can also determine destinations.

Hubs Hubs connect all computer LAN connections into one

device. They are nothing more than multiport repeaters. Hubs cannot determine destinations; they merely transmit to every line attached in a half-duplex mode.

Preparing a networking infastructure

Switches Switches connect all computer LAN connections, the same as

hubs do. The difference is that switches can run in full-duplex mode and are able to direct and filter information to and from specific destinations.

Routers Routers are a step up from bridges. They are able to route and

filter information to different networks. Some routers can automatically detect problems and redirect information around the problem area. These are called "intelligent routers."

Repeaters

Repeaters, located within the physical layer of a network, regenerate and propagate signals from one to another. They do not change any information being transmitted, and they cannot filter any information. Repeaters help to extend the distances of networks by boosting weak signals.

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How to construct a network with Bus / Star Topology?

Star Topology

Bus Topology

BNC T-Connector

Coaxial cable

Network Card

HUBS

MIXING LAN/WAN

LAN's connect to WAN's via routers. Routers:

Determine the path to take in the WANReconfigure messages between LAN/WAN

communication protocols

Router

Router

A CAMPUS WIDE NETWORK ESTABLISHED

WAN/LANsWAN/LANs

WAN/LANs

WAN/LANs

Gateways