Page | 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION……………………………………………………………… I CERTIFICATE………………………………………………........................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………............................ III ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………… IV LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………….. V LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………… VI-VII LIST OF ABBREVIATION………………………….……………………….. VIII CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 1-2 1.1MOTIVATION…………………………………………….. 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE………………………………………………………… 1 1.3 SOFTWARE USED…………………………………………………. 1- 2 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS……................................................... 2 CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY……………………………………… 3-9 CHAPTER-3 TYPES OF ADDERS......……………………………………… 10- 15 3.1 Adders architecture…………………………………………………... 10 3.2 Half adder……………………………………………………………. 10- 11 3.3 Full adder…………………………………………………………….. 11- 12 3.4 Ripple carry adder………………………………………..………….. 12 3.5 Carry skip adder…………………………………………..………….. 13 3.6 Carry select adder…………………………………….......…………..
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Project report on design & implementation of high speed carry select adder
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
DECLARATION……………………………………………………………… I CERTIFICATE………………………………………………........................... IIACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………............................ IIIABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………… IVLIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………….. VLIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………… VI-VIILIST OF ABBREVIATION………………………….……………………….. VIIICHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………… 1-2 1 .1MOTIVATION…………………………………………….. 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE…………………………………………………………
1
1.3 SOFTWARE USED…………………………………………………. 1-2
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS……................................................... 2
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY……………………………………… 3-9
CHAPTER-3 TYPES OF ADDERS......……………………………………… 10-15
3.1 Adders architecture…………………………………………………... 10 3.2 Half adder……………………………………………………………. 10-11 3.3 Full adder…………………………………………………………….. 11-12 3.4 Ripple carry adder………………………………………..………….. 12 3.5 Carry skip adder…………………………………………..………….. 13 3.6 Carry select adder…………………………………….......………….. 13 3.7 Carry lookahead adder……………………………………………….. 14 3.8 Carry save adder………………………………………….………….. 15CHAPTER-4 METHODOLOGY……………………….….………………… 16-23 4.1 16-BIT REGULAR CARRY SELECTS ADDER………………….. 16 4.1.1 Working of regular CSLA……………………………....……… 17 4.1.2 Ripple carry adder…………………………………...….……… 17 4.2 CARRY SELECT ADDER USING BEC-1……………............……... 18 4.2.1 Binary to Excess-1 Converter………………………….....…….. 18 4.2.2 Use of BEC-1 in Carry Select Adder…………………...……… 18 4.2.3 Basic Function of BEC-1 in Regular CSLA……………...……. 19 4.2.4 Working of Binary to Excess-1 Converter…………….....…….. 20-
21
4.3 CARRY SELECT ADDER USING D LATCH…………….....……… 21 4.3.1 D-latch…………………………………………………...……… 22 4.3.2 Working of CSLA using D- latch…………………….....……… 23 CHAPTER-5 RESULTS………………………………….........……………. 25-32
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5.1 Implementation of half adder…………………….……....………… 24 5.2 16 Bit ripple carry adder……………………………..…...………... 25 5.3 Carry select adder using ripple carry adders………….......……….. 26-
27
5.4 Carry select adder using BEC-1 technique…………........………... 28-
X2= B2 xor (B0 and B1) ---------------------------------------------------- (3)
X3= B3 xor (B0 and B1 and B2) ------------------------------------------- (4)
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Table 7:
Function Table of BEC-1
Input B[3:0] Output X[3:0]
0000 0001
0001 0010
0010 0011
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1110 1111
1111 0000
If BEC input is X then Output is “X+1”.
The importance of the BEC logic is from the large silicon area reduction when the CSLA
with large number of bits are designed. The modified 16-bit CSLA was created by calling
the ripple carry adders, BEC and all multiplexers based upon the circuit. Here again the
simulation and synthesis is performed using Xilinx ISE and the results are compared with
the Regular CSLA.
4.3 CARRY SELECT ADDER USING D LATCH:
When the modified CSLA is simulated and synthesized, the area and power is less in the
modified CSLA but the delay is slightly increased. So we can improve the above structure
in terms of less delay and higher speed by replacing the BEC with a D-Latch. Thus an
improved Carry Select Adder with D-Latch is shown below.
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Fig 11: 16 Bit improved carry select adder [1.6]
Here, The Binary to Excess-1 Converter is replaced with a D-Latch. Initially when en=1,
the output of the RCA is fed as input to the D-Latch and the output of the D-latch follows
the input and given as an input to the multiplexer. When en=0, the last state of the D input
is trapped and held in the latch and therefore the output from the RCA is directly given as
an input to the mux without any delay. Now the mux selects the sum bit according to the
input carry which is the selection bit and the inputs of the mux are the outputs obtained
when en=1 and 0.
4.3.1 D-Latch:
Latch is an electronic device that can be used to store one bit of information. The D latch
is used to capture, or 'latch' the logic level which is present on the Data line when the
clock input is high. If the data on the D line changes state while the clock pulse is high,
then the output, Q, follows the input, D. When the CLK input falls to logic 0, the last state
of the D input is trapped and held in the latch. Fig:12 the logic diagram of D-Latch and
Fig:13 shows the timing diagram of D-Latch.
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Fig 12: The logic diagram of D-Latch [1.7]
Fig13: Timing diagram of D-Latch [1.8]
4.3.2 Working of CSLA using D- latch:
Here initially when en=1, the output of the RCA is fed as input to the D-Latch and the
output of the D-latch follows the input and given as an input to the multiplexer. When
en=0, the last state of the D input is trapped and held in the Latch and therefore the output
from the RCA is directly given as an input to the mux without any delay. Now the mux
selects the sum bit according to the input carry which is the selection bit and the inputs of
the mux are the outputs obtained when en=1 and 0. Thus the Improved CSLA is
implemented by writing the source code using VHDL and then performs simulation and
synthesis and compares the results of delay and power with Regular CSLA and Modified
CSLA.
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Chapter 5
Work done and results
5.1 Implementation of half adder:
The synthesis and simulation of half adder are shown in fig 14 and fig 15.
5.1.1 Synthesis:
Fig14: Synthesis of half adder
5.1.2 Simulation:
Fig 15: Simulation of half adder
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5.2 16 Bit ripple carry adder:
The synthesis and simulation result of ripple carry adder are shown in fig 16 and 17.
5.2.1 Synthesis:
Fig16: Synthesis of 16 Bit ripple carry adder
5.2.2 Simulation:
Fig 17: Simulation results of 16 Bit ripple carry adder
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5.3 Carry select adder using ripple carry adders:The synthesis, simulation and synthesis report of carry select adder in figures-
5.3.1 Synthesis:
Fig 18: Schematic diagram of carry select 16
Fig19: Schematic diagram of 4 bit carry select adder
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5.3.2 Simulation:
Fig 20: Simulation of carry select adder
5.3.3 Synthesis report:
Fig 21: Synthesis report of carry select adder
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5.4 Carry select adder using BEC-1 technique:
The synthesis, simulation and synthesis report of carry select adder using bec-1 technique are shown in figures-
5.4.1 Synthesis:
Fig 22: Carry select adder using BEC-1
Fig 23: Carry select 4 bit
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5.4.2 Simulation:
Fig 24: Simulation result of Carry select adder
5.4.3 Synthesis report:
Fig 25: Synthesis reports of Carry select adder
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5.5 Carry select adder using D latch:
The synthesis, simulation and synthesis report of carry select adder using bec-1 technique are shown in figures.
5.5.1 Synthesis:
Fig 26: Carry select 16 using D latch
Fig 27: Schematic diagram of carry select adder 16
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5.5.2 Synthesis of D latch:
Fig 28: Synthesis of CSLA using D Latch
5.5.3 Simulation:
Fig 29: Simulation result of CSLA using D latch
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5.5.4 Synthesis report:
Fig 30: Synthesis report of CSLA using D latch
5.6 Comparison:
The comparison between CSLA using RCA,BEC-1 & D Latch is shown in table below:
Table 8:
Comparison of CSLA using RCA, BEC-1 & D Latch
Technique No. of slice lut Delay Power consumption
Csla using RCA 32 10.65 ns 326 mWCsla using bec-1 40 13.88 ns 302 mW
Csla using D latch
48 4.67 ns 277 mW
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Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
Power, delay and area are the constituent factors in VLSI design that limits the
performance of any circuit. This work presents a simple approach to reduce the area,
delay and power of CSLA architecture. The conventional carry select adder has the
disadvantage of more power consumption and occupying more chip area.All the three
models of CSLA are designed and are implemented in vhdl using Xilinx 14.1 ISE tool
and the results are compared in terms of delay and power. The CSLA with D-Latch
proves to be the High Speed and Low Power CSLA. It is also implemented with Spartan 6
FPGA .
FUTURE SCOPE
This work has been designed for 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64- bit word size and results are
evaluated for parameters like area, delay and power. This work can be further extended
for higher number of bits. New architectures can be designed in order to reduce the
power, area and delay of the circuits. Steps may be taken to optimize the other parameters
like frequency, number of gate clocks, length etc.
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REFERENCES
[1] B. Ramkumarnd Harish M Kittur, “Low Power and Area Efficient Carry Select Adder” IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS-2011.
[3]Ceiang ,T. Y. and Hsiao,M. J. ,(Oct. 1998 ),“Carry-select adder using single ripple carry adder,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 22, pp. 2101– 2103
[4] Ramkumar,B. , Kittur, H.M. and Kannan ,P. M. ,(2010 ),“ASIC implementation of modified faster carry save adder,” Eur. J. Sci. Res., vol. 42, no. 1,pp.53–58,2010.
[5] J. M. Rabaey, Digtal Integrated Circuits—A Design Perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2001.
[6] E. Abu-Shama and M. Bayoumi, “A New cell for low power adders,” in Proc .Int.Midwest Symp. Circuits and Systems, 1995, pp. 1014–1017
[7] Y. Kim and L.-S. Kim, “64-bit carry-select adder with reduced area,”Electron. Lett.,vol
[8] B. Ramkumar and Harish M Kittur,” Low-Power and Area-Efficient Carry Select Adder”, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, VOL. 20, NO. 2, February 2012.
[9] Ms. S.Manjui, Mr. V. Sornagopae,” An Efficient SQRT Architecture of Carry Select Adder Design by Common Boolean Logic”,IEEE, 2013.