Antibacterial Effects of Persimmon (Diospyros discolor) Extracts on the Shelf Life of Canned Goods A Research Proposal by Marionne G. Oliveros Generose Christy M. Mateo Maryam Amparo Concepcion R. Remoto Submitted to the Faculty of the Philippine Science High School – Main Campus in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science and Technology Research 1 1
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Antibacterial Effects of Persimmon (Diospyros discolor) Extracts
on the Shelf Life of Canned Goods
A Research Proposal
by
Marionne G. Oliveros
Generose Christy M. Mateo
Maryam Amparo Concepcion R. Remoto
Submitted to the Faculty of the
Philippine Science High School – Main Campus
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Science and Technology Research 1
February 2011
1
ABSTRACT:
Antibacterial Effects of Persimmon (Diospyros discolor) Extracts on the Shelf Life of
Canned Goods
One of the main problems concerning our consumer society today is food spoilage.
Many consumers prefer to stock up, while most companies want to preserve their products –
however, they are unable to do so due to multiple factors which may lead to the shortening of
their shelf life. Food preservatives have offered some assistance, but most are chemical-
based, and, though effective, are not helpful towards the environment as a whole. Persimmon
leaves will be tested for their effectiveness in preventing food spoilage. They will serve as
natural alternatives rather than those available in the market.
Four types of canned goods will be tested (cocktail, corned beef, sardines, and meat
loaf). There will be three replicates of each sample. Persimmon leaves were crushed and
filtered thoroughly through a fine nylon mesh and then Rotavapped. Each replicate will have
have extracts 3.33% w/v. The samples would then be stored in an area of constant
temperature, and results will be checked after four days. Statistical data would be tested
through ANOVA, and significance in shelf life lengthening would determine the research's
success.
When proven that persimmon leaves may have a hand in food preservation, this will
encourage businesses to use natural alternatives rather than using chemicals which may harm
the surroundings. Persimmon is common in flora all around the world, including the
Philippines, providing manufacturers with a flourishing international supply of this organic
preservative
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
4 Review of Related Literature
Persimmon
Mabolo (Diospyros discolor)
Flavonoids
Extraction of Flavonoids
Food Preservation Techniques
Shelf Life
Food-borne Bacteria
9 Proposed Methodology
Procurement and Preparation
of Persimmon Leaves (Diospyros discolor)
Procurement of Canned Goods
Extraction of Flavonoids from Persimmon Leaves
Addition of Persimmon Extract to Canned Goods
and Storage of Setups
Preparation of Canned Good Samples
after Four Days of Treatment
Gram Staining of Samples
Recording of Observation and Results
12 Bibliography
14 Task List
15 Network Chart
16 Gantt Chart
17 Proposed Budget
3
INTRODUCTION
PROPOSED TOPIC
Antibacterial Effects of Persimmon Leaves (Diospyros discolor) on the Shelf Life of
Canned Goods
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Since prices of food had been high for the past years, consumers tend to by cheap and
long-lasting goods. Unfortunately, some preservatives utilized during the canning process are
harmful chemicals and inorganic materials that might lead to bodily dysfunctions and might
add to the factors of environmental crises.
Previous researches have shown that persimmon contain antibacterial properties.
These were utilized as an anti-allergenic dietary supplement. Chinese and Indians also use
persimmon fruit as an ingredient for “Holy teas” and a traditional remedy for hiccups.
Canning has been an extremely popular method for preserving foods. However, there
have been many incidents wherein improper canning has caused food spoilage (and in effect,
a dilemma for consumers worldwide). Plus, several canning techniques involve the addition
of chemicals and inorganic substances which, aside from being inefficient in terms of
resources, may harm the environment as well.
4
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to identify whether Diospyros discolor, or the Mabolo will help in
prolonging the shelf life of canned goods since food spoilage has become a huge problem to
both contributors and consumers. This organic preservative may also be a cheaper and
healthier alternative since other preservatives nowadays contain factors that may ail the body,
causing illness or dysfunctions.
The extracts from Diospyros discolor should be able to prevent the multiplication or
existence of non-airborne bacteria that may cause food spoilage, such as species of
Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, and Proteus. The canned goods with Diospyros discolor extract
should surpass the quality of the control after four days of experimentation in terms of
presence of gram negative pathogenic bacteria.
SIGNIFICANCE
Canned goods have always been one of the most affordable products in the market,
appealing to all classes of society. Canning has helped in lengthening the time it took until
the foods inside them would expire. This preservation of foods is helpful for people who
want to stock up on food and for those who have limited budgets. Prolonging of the shelf life
of canned goods would be advantageous not only to the consumers, but also to the
manufacturers. There would be less wasted material and resources. A preservative offering
an all-organic alternative preservative is being proposed by the study. Instead of utilizing
chemicals which may affect the consumer's diet and health, Diospyros discolor extracts
provide a natural antibacterial food preservative.
5
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The use of one species of Persimmon, Diospyros discolor, which is native in the
Philippines, will be the focus of the study. Four types of canned goods were considered,
specifically meat loaf, corned beef, sardines, and cocktail. Replicates of these subjects will
involve the same brand, same amount, and same date of expiration prior to the addition of
Diospyros discolor. The subject of the research is only the preservation of canned goods
using the extracts from Diospyros discolor. The concentration of each extract will be
measured and maintained uniform all throughout the experiment. The only part of the tree
that will be utilized are the leaves, and no extracts from any other part will be taken. For
uniformity, leaves from only one specific tree will be gathered. One brand of each of the
canned good will also be used.
6
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
PERSIMMON
The most common species of persimmon is Diospyros kaki, or the Oriental persimmon. It
originated in China, then spread to Korea, Japan, and other nearby countries. Its species also
cultivated in the United States of America when a United States Commander returned with a Japanese
variety to Washington, D.C. (usa.gov., 2006). Persimmons thrive in mild summers and moderate
winters, and due to this range, leaves do not flourish when temperatures reach 26ºF. High
temperatures may sunburn the bark as well (California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc., 1996).
The fruit of persimmons have been used as an ingredient for Chinese and Indian holy teas. It
has also been known as solution for hiccups. Persimmon cakes are known as a traditional remedy for
Canned Food Tips and Hints. Canned Food Cooking Tips and Hints. (2010). Retrieved from: http://www.homecooking.about.com/od/specificfood/a/cannedfoodtips.htm
Caton G. Using Preservatives. Retrieved from: http://www.gregcaton.com/lumen/preserve_ecart.htm
City of Dipolog: Dipolog Fruits. Retrieved from: http://dipologcity.com/Fruits.htm
Daniel, L., Ortleb, E.P., Biggs, A. (1994). Kingdom Monera. Merrill Life Science. United States of America: Glencoe Division of Macmillan: McGraw-Hill School Publishing Company.
Darley, J.J. (2010). Casimiroa, Black Persimmons, and Mabolo: Know and Enjoy Tropical Fruit. Retrieved from: http://www.proscitech.com.au/trop/details.htm
Drummond, K.E. (1996). The Dictionary of Nutrition and Dictetics. United States of Amercia: International Thompson Publishing, Inc.
Kay (2008). How to Extract Flavonoids? [Message 1]. Message posted to http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080410143206AAp5PlZ
Lerner, R. (2000). Persimmon – Leaf. Retrieved from: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/Persimmon3.html
Li-Lian Ji, et. al., Natural Medicine: Antibacterial Effect of Extracts from Persimmon Leaves. Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, China.
Microbes Associated With Food Spoilage. Retrieved from: http://www.microbiologyproecedure.com/food-microbiology-microbes-associated- with-
food-spoilage.htm
Microbial Spoilage. Causes of the Spoilage of Food. Retrieved from: http://home.pacific.net/hk/~ppleung/Chem/spoilage.htm
Mika, H., Ryuji, S., Takeshi, W., Tokuya, W., Hiroshi, K., Atsushi, N. (2006). Antibacterial and Deodorizing Effect of Persimmon Tannin (Pancil). Japanese Journal of Conservative Dentistry (Vol. 48 No.2). Japan Science and Technology Agency.
Norton, P., et. al., (1991). Flavonoids. Encyclopedia Britannica, Fifteenth Edition. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., USA.
Pirie, N.W. (1978). Leaf Protein and its By-Products in Human and Animal Nutrition. Oakleigh, Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press.
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Satishkumar, T., et. al. (2008). Optimization of Flavonoids Extraction from the Leaves of Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall. Using L16 Orthogonal Design . Nature and Science, 6(3),
2008, ISSN: 1545-0740
Singh, M. (2007). Encyclopedia & Food Chemistry. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, PVT. LTD.
What is Food Spoilage? (2010). Culinary Arts. Retrieved from: http://culinaryarts.com/od/safetysanitation/a/bacteria-2.htm
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TASK LIST
Activity
Code
Activity Description Estimate
Duration
(days)
Observable Indicators of
AccomplishmentsImmediate
Preceding
Activity
A Procurement of Persimmon Leaves
7 100 grams (approximately
100 leaves)
N/A
B Procurement of Extracting Tools 5 0.75 mm wire mesh, 1 -
1000 mL beaker, 2 - 400
mL beaker, 1 – 250 mL
beaker
N/A
C Procurement of Canned Goods 1 Same brand, same
expiration date
N/A
D Extraction of Flavonoids from Persimmon Leaves
1 96 % Ethanol, RotaVap A and B
E Application of Persimmon Extracts
23 3.33% of Canned Good Net
Weight
C and D
17
NETWORK CHART
18
GANTT CHART
Legend:
Activity 1. Procurement of Persimmon Leaves
Activity 2. Procurement of Extracting Tools
Activity 3. Procurement of Canned Goods
Activity 4. Extraction of Flavonoids from Persimmon Leaves