project proof.docx

NXp`n:{ioIssWvT:inh-bp-h-Xn`n:]`nc]n{]`n-m`n:iwt`m-h-`n-c]n aqe-{]-Ir-Xn`n:NXp--Xzmw-cnw-i-Zz-kp-Z-e-Iem{i{Xn-h-eb{Xntc-Jm-`n-mw Xh ic-W-tImWm: ]cn-WXm: (ku-cy-e-lcn:tm.11)Acq-]hpw A-Jn-etemIhym-]vX-hp-amb tZho-ssN-X-\ys Dsm-m\pw [ym\n-m\pw Bcm-[n-m\pw thn Ejo-iz-c-m ]e am- Bhn-jv-cn-n-p-v. \apv ]cn-Nn-X-amb a\p-jy-i-co-c-ns Hmtcm Ah-b-h--fp-sSbpw Ghpw \ amXr-I-I Iqn-tv Ipd-hp-I-fn-m cq]w \nn-p-Xv Hcp coXn-bm-Wv. Nn{X--fnepw hn{K-l--fnepw tZho-tZ-h-msc k]np ]qPn-p k{-Zmbw Cs\ Dm-b-Xm-Wv. {]tXy-Inv cq]-k-]-sam-p-an-msX GsX-nepw Intem ac-ntem Zo]-ntem tZh-km-nyw k]np ]qPn-p-Xpw Cu coXn-bpsS hI-t`-Z-am-Wv.-Hcp AXn-Yn-sb--t]mse D]m-k-\m-aqn-sb-hn-fn-p-h-cpn ALy-]m-Zy-, ]oTw, hkv{Xw, Blmcw XpS-n-bh Anv kvtXm{X- a{- FnhsImp ]qPn-p coXn-bmWv CXns Bcm-[-\m-`m-Kw.D]m-ky-amb Nnn Xs Dn nXn-sN-p-p-s--dnv B insb Bcm-[n-p coXn asm-v. Cu coXn-bn-ep-ff Bcm-[-\v ]e {]Im-c-t`-Z--fp-v. Ah-bn Ghpw imkv{Xo-b-X-bp-Xv IpWvU-e-\o-]q-P-m-Wv. icocw {_m-WvU-ns {]Xn-cq-]-am-I-bm AXns\ "]nWvUmWvUw' Fp hnfn-p-p. {_m-WvU-nse ka-kvX-i-n-I-fpw ]nWvUm-WvU-nepw Aln-X-am-bn-cn-p-p. {_m-WvU-ns nXnpw {]h-\-n\pw ]cm-in B[m-c-`q-X-bm-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse ]nWvUm-WvU-ns Fm hym]m-c--pw B[m-c-`q-X-bmbn ]cm-i-n-bpsS Aev]-am-{X-amb kv^pcWw IpWvU-en-\o-cq-]-n nXn-sN-p--Xmbn tbmK-imkv{Xw hnh-cn-p-p. apXp-In-ep \s-ns CS-Xp-`m-Kv "CUm'-F \mUnbpw \s-ns ay-`m-Kv "kpjpav\m' F \mUnbpw he-Xp-`m-Kv ]nwKem F \mUnbpw nXn-sN-pp. kpjpav\m \mUn-bpsS Iog--mWv aqem-[m-cw. AhnsS km-Im-c-ambn aq-c-p-mbn _nk-X-p-t]mse X\o-b-knbpw ansm-Sn-t]mse {]Im-i-am-\-bp-ambn IpWvU-en-\o-in Dd-p-p. B IpWvU-en-\o-i-nsb DWn-bm enwK-m-\-p kzm[n-jvTm-\-N-{I-tbpw \m`o-m-\-p aWn-]q-c-N-{I-tbpw lrZ-b-m-\-p A\m-l-X-N-{I-tbpw IWvT-n-ep hnip-n-N-{I-tbpw {`qa-y-n-ep Bm-N-{I-tbpw t`Znv IpWvU-en\n Ch-bvsmw apI-fn-ep kl-{km-c-]Zvan Fn-t-cpw. kl-{km-c-n-ep kZm-in-h-ssN-X-\y-hp-ambn IpWvU-en-\o-in tNcp-tm-gp-m-Ip Aar-X-{]-hmlw ]nWvUm-WvU--amb Fm \mUn-Isfbpw tkN-\w sNp-tm km[-I\v ]cm-\w A\p-`q-X-am-Ip-p.D]mky ssNX-\ys {]]--hym-]vX-ambn Adnv {]]--tm-sSmw B ssNX\ys Bhn-jv-cn-p cq]-am-XrI \nn-p--XmWv C\n-sbmcp coXn. Cs\ {]Xn-cq-]m--I-ambn \n-n-p cq]-am-Xr-Isb "b{w'-Fp hnfn-p-p. b{- tcJ-I-fpw h-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-m-p Nn{X--fm-Wv. Chbvp h- sImp \nn aWvU-ehpw aWvU-e-n-\pffn hn\y-kn-p tcJm-Nn-{X-fpw Dv. kzw, shn XpS-nb teml--fn tcJ-s-Sp-p-tm h- km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-m-dn-.{]]--n Bh-c-W-i-n-I-fmbn {]hn-p ssNX-\y--fpsS aqn-I-fmb tZho-tZ-h-mcpw tI{-ambn D]m-kn--s-Sp ]c-a-ssN-X-\yhpw Ds-Sp--XmWv b{-ns LS-\. D]m-k-\-bvp D]-I-c-W-amWv b{w. AXv Nme-I-i-n-bpsS tI{hpw in-bpsS Ie-h-d-bpamWv. \nb-{n-m Akm-y-amb tZh-Xm-i-nsb \nb-{n-X-cq-]-n Dsm-p--Xn-\m-emWv "b{w' Fp t]cp-m-b-Xv. \nc--c-amb Ne-\s {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--Xn-\m "N{Iw' -Fpw t]cv. "Nw{I-a-WmXv N{Iw'.X{-im-kv{X-n F-a N{I- AYhm b{- Dv. tZh-Xm-k-]-v F-an-m-Xn\m N{I-pw kwJy-bn-. Ah-bn Ghpw {][m-\-amb N{Iw {ioe-fn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS cq]hpw ssNX-\yhpw Dsm-p "{ioN{Iw' BWv. Hcp ]c-a-amb tZh-ssN-X-\y-ns ]Sn-]-Sn-bm-bn, An-b-n-bmbn etm-]-ew cq]- D krjvSn-bn-tev Iogvt]m-p-m-Ip KXn-tbtbm kw{I-a-W-ttbm {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--Xn-\p Hcp Nn{Xm-Im-c-amWv aWvU-ew. AXp-t]mse Xs ]cn-am-Wm-\-cw {]tXyI tZh-m-cpsS {]mZp`m-h-ns tI{-m-\-amb {]m-tI-{-ntebvv Xn-cnp hcp-hm-\p Hcp ]-Xnbpw Hcp-n-h-n-p-v. Cu {]XoI Nnw Xm{n-I-{In-b-I-fm-Ip cl-ky-am--fn Poh-ssN-X-\y-amn-p-Ibpw, aqe-kr-jvSn-bp-sSbpw ]no-Sp-mb krjvSn-I-fp-sSbpw ]cn-X-n-Xn-I Cu kwhn-[m-\-n ]p\:krjvSn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-p. Hcp ]cn-io-e-I Cu N-q-Sns\ D]-tbm-Kn-p-h-cp-Xv inYn-eo-I-cn-p-I, ]noSv Ahsb Xn tbmPn-n-pI F {]m]-nI {Inbsb Xs Icp-hn Bhm-ln-p-hm\pw Xzcn-X-s-Sp-p-hm-\p-am-Ip-p.N{I-nq-Sn-bp Bcm-[-\bvv a\p-jys {]Xn-cq-]-ambn \nn-n-p {]Xn-a-bnepw apw IqsS sNp Bcm-[-\-sb-m [ym\-]-cX Gdn-bn-cn-pw. a{-s-tmse Xs b{hpw D]m-k-I\v tZh-Xm-kz-cq]w Adn-bp--Xn\v D]-I-cn-p--Xn-\m-emWv Xm{n-Im-cm-[-\-bn N{I-n\v C{X-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap-m-b-Xv. k\m-X-\-amb Nnn {]]--kr-jvSn-p-]-tbm-Kn am\- I-dn- Ejoiz-c-m B am\-sf t\h-c-I sImpw hr-{Xn-tImW NXp-c-{im-Zn-I sImpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-b-h-bmWv b{- AYhm N{I-. N{I-nse Hmtcm _nphpw tcJbpw tcJm-k-a-\z-b--fmb {XntIm-W-N-Xp-c-{im-Zn-Ifpw {]]--i-n-Isf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-p. sam-n N{Iw {]]--tbpw {]]--tI-{-amb D]m-k-\maqntbbpw B aqn-bpsS Bh-cW tZh-X-I-fpsS cq]-n kl-N-c-i-n-I-tfbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-p-p. CjvS-tZ-h-X-bp-sSbpw ]cn-hm-c--fp-sSbpw BIr-Xn-bpsS amXr-Im-cq-]-amb N{Is Bcm-[n-p--Xp-hgn D]m-k-I D]m-ky-tZ-h-X-bp-ambn XmZmyw {]m]n-p-p. D]m-k-I\pw D]m-ky-tZ-h-Xbpw Xn At`-ZXzw P\n-n-p D]m-k-\-p D]m-[n-bmWv N{Iw.

{]]--ns ASn-m\ XXz--fpsS aqo-`m-h-amWv tZh-X-I. Cu tZh-X-I-fpsS {]Xn-cq-]-amWv b{w As-n N{Iw. N{I-fpsS aqe-L-SIw tcI-I-fm-Wv. At\ym\yw Iqn-]n-W {XntIm-W-fpw hr-fpw sImv \nn-bvp PymanXn cq]--fmb b{- a{--fpsS Zi cq]--fmWv Ah. a{w tZh-X-bpsS {ihy-cq-]hpw, b{w Zi cq]-hp-am-Wv. b{-ns Bmhv a{-am-Wv. tZhX Xs-bmWv a{w ico-chpw Poh\pw F t]msebp _-amWv N{Ihpw tZh-Xbpw Xn"" b{w a{-abw t{]mw a{mm tZh-ssX-h-ln. tZlm-t\m bYm t`tZm. b{ tZh-Xtbm kvXYm''Fv Iuem-hen X{--fn ]d-bp-p. Ch Xn-ep _w kwJym-imkv{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-m IqSp-X hy-am-Ipw. Av F A-hpw, Av F hmpw Av F F-ns [mcW Dm-p-p. ChnsS Av F Aw b{-ns m\hpw, Av F hmv a{-ns m\hpw Av F [mcW X{-ns m\hpw hln-p-p. AXp-t]mse \mZ-{_--ns b{--fmWv A-c-._np, t\h-c, hrw, XrtImWw XpSnb-hbvv ASn-m\ [mc-W-Iv tbmPn-p em-WoI aqey--fp-v. CXv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn--s-n-p--Xm-Wv. AXn-\m Ah Xn tNp-m-Ip ko cq]- {]]krjvSn-bnse GsX-nepw {]tXyI Ahm hnti-j-s-tbm, kzm`mh hnti-j-ttbm aqn-`m-th\ hyRvPn-n-p-p. Ccw aqeI cq]-n-tev hn\y-kn-n-bvm Ign-bm BIm-c-tam, Ne-\tam temI-n-en.Ccw aqe-L-S-I--fpsS ]c--cm-KX Aw a\-n-em-nb Hcmv Fm N{I--fp-tSmbpw _mlymw Ffp--n a\-n-em-p-hm Ign-bpw. Fm tZhs A\p-{Klw IqSmsX Bpw A-cmw {Kln-p-hm km[y-a-. \nc--c-amb [ym\-tbmK N-I-fn IqSn ssNX-\y-h-mbn Xocp N{I-n \npw hnIn-cWw sN-s-Sp tXP-n \np am{Xta km[-I\v A-cmw e`n-bvqN-{I--fpsS ASn-m\ Aev]w Adn-n-cn-t-Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. _np: k-hym-]n-bmb A-co--n FhnsS Fn Fm-bn-Spw \ndp \np Hcp k-ev]-amWv _np. AXv Ahn-I-kn-X-hp-am-Wv. tZi-Im-e-ns F-, Fm-n-tbpw Bcw`w Ipdn-p-Xpw _np-hn \nm-sWv Bpw Btem-Nn-m t_mt[-b-am-Ipw. {]]nF XpS-hpw _np-hn \np Xs-bm-Wv. AXn-\m _np Cuiz-c-sbpw {_-ns Xsbpw {]Xo-I-ambn Iev]np hcp-p.

tcJ: _np-hn-s XS-kvX-c-ln-Xhpw kzX-{-hp-amb \ow Xs t\h-c. _np Cuizc {]Xo-I-am-bm hcbpw ZnhyX Dsmp--Xm-bn.

hrw: temI-nse Fm hyh-n-Xnbpw Nm{InI kzm`m-h-tmSp IqSn-b-Xm-sWmWv _mc-Xob hnizm-kw.... Bh\ izm`m-hhpw IqSn kqNn-nbvp-p. hr-tmSp IqSn-b-Xm-I-bm-emWv b{-n\v N{Iw Fp IqSn t] \evIn hcp--Xv.

{io N{Iw

{io N{Iw F ]Zw {ioe-fn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS hmk-m-\-sapw tZhn-bpsS ico-c-sapw hyh-l-cn--s-Sp b{-s-bmWp Ipdn-p--Xv. {ioN-{I-ns A[n-jvTm-{Xn-bmb {io efn-Xmw-_nI Fm tZho-tZ-h-m-cpsSbpw DZv`-hm-I-c-Whpw cm-I{Xnbpw BIp--Xp-t]mse {ioN{In as-m-N-{I-fpw A`-hn-p-Ibpw kwc-Ww tXSp-Ibpw sNp-p. AXn-\m N{I--fpsS cmPmhv F A-n CXn-s\ {ioN-{I-cm-P Fpw {ioN-{I-cmPw Fpw hnfn-m-d-pv. Cu N{Is efn-Xm-N-{I-satm {Xn]p-c-kp--cnN{I-satm ]d-bm-dn-. {ioN{Iw F ]Z-amWv CXns\ Ipdn-m km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-m-dp--Xv.

"NXp`n-n-h-N-ss{I ]`n:\h-N-ss{I kwknw {ioN{Iw inh-tbmh]p:' Fv ss`c-h-bm-a-fw.\mep inh-N-{I-fpw Ap in-N-{I--fpw IqSn HXp N{I--fm inh-i-n-I-f-psS ico-c-cq-]-amb {ioN{Iw Dm-bn-cn-p-p.( ss`c-hm-b-afw)

A{Kw Iogvt]m-mb Ap-{Xn-tIm-W--fpsS apI-fn A{Kw tat]m-mb \mep {XntIm-W- h coXn-bn-emWv {ioN-{I-ns LS-\. As\ H]Xp {XntIm-W apJy-ambn D-Xn-\m "\h-tbm-\n-N{Iw' Fpw CXn\p t]cp-v. _mlym-h-c-Wamb `q]pcw apX tI{-amb _np-hsc HXp N{I- D-Xp-sImv "\h-N{Iw' Fpw ]d-bm-dp-v. tI{-{Xn-tIm-Ww, AXn-\p-Np-p-ambn AjvS-tIm-W-n Fp tImWp-I, AIpw ]pdpap cp Zim-c-N-{I--fpsS Ccp-]-Xp-tIm-Wp-I, NXp-i-tIm-W-N-{I-nse ]Xn-\mep tImWp-I, Fnh tNv samw \m-n-aqp tImWp-I D-Xp-sImv "{XnN-Xzm-cnw-i-XvtImWw' Fpw {ioN-{I-n\p t]cp-v."_np-m-jvS-Zew ]Zvaw tjmU-i-]-{XIwNXp-c{iw N NXzmcn inh-N-{Im-Wy-\p-{I-amXv{XntIm-W-ss_-hw injvS-a-jvSmtcjvSZ-emw-_pPwZim-c-tbm-jvtjm-U-imcw `q{Klw `qh-\m-{itIssihm-\m-a]n im\mw N{Im-Wm ]c-kv]cwAhn-\m-`m-h-kw-_w tbm Pm\mXn k N{I-hnXv'_np-N-{Ihpw AjvS-Z-f-]-Zvahpw tjmU-i-Z-f-]-Zvahpw NXp-{i-hpw CXp-{]-Imcw inh-N-{I--fm-Ip-p. {XntIm-W-N{Iw, AjvS-tIm-W-N-{Iw, cp Zi-tIm-W-N-{I-, NXpt-i-tImW N{Iw Ch-bpw in-N-{I--fpw.XpS--n D-cn ku-cy-e-l-co-]-Zy-n {ioN-{I-nse {XntIm-W--fpsS kwJy \m]-n-\m-sev i-c-`-K-h-Xv]m-Z ]dbp-p. ss`c-h-bm-a-f-{]-Imcw \m]-n-aq-pw. BNm-cy-kzm-an-I _np-hns\qSn {XntIm-W--fpsS Iq-n tNp--Xp-sIm-mWv Cu hyXym-kw. "{XnN-Xzm-cnw-iX: {XntIm-W\mw bp ku-cy-e-lcym NXp-Xzm-cnw-iXv hkp-Z-tem-Xym-Zn-K-W\w XXv_np kmln-Xym-`n-{]m-tbW-W-' Fp `mkv-c-cm-b tkXp-_--n Cu hyXymkw hni-Z-am-p-p-v.iym--I-amb N{I- Apw inhm--I-amb N{I- \mepw tNv {]]--n\p ico-c-Im-c-W--fmb \h-tbm-\n-I Dm-Ip-p. ico-c-Im-c-W--fmb H]Xp [mXp- \h-tbm-\n-I-fn \npw DZv`-hn-p-p. Xzv, cw, amwkw, taZ-v, An Fnh Apw in-kz-cq-]-. a, ipw, {]mW-, Poh Fnh inh-a-b-, \h-[m-Xp- \h-tbm-\n-I-fn \np-m-bn. ]m-as tbm\n Poh-cq-]-amb ]cm-in Xs-bm-Ip-p. N{I-ns tI{-amb _np CXns\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-p. Cs\ ]nWvUm-WvU-cq-]-amb icocw \h-tbm-\n-I-fn \np-m-bn. AXp-t]mse {_m-WvU-a-WvU-e-fpw \h-tbm-\n-I-fn \np-m-Ip-p. {_lm-am-WvU-n ]-`q-X--fp-ambn _-s--h-sbmw im-fpw amb, ip-hn-Zy, atl-iz-c, kZmin-h Fo \mepw ssih-fpw BIp-p. ]-`q-X-kw-_-n-I-fmb mt\-{n-b- Av, a\-v, i_vZm-Zn-I-fmb Ap-X-m-{X-I, ]rYzn XpS-nb Ap-q-e-`q-X- Cs\ in-X-Xz- Ccp-]-n-Hv. Ch-tbmSv amb XpS-nb \mep inh-X-Xz- tNcp-tm XXz-kwJy Ccp-]-n-b-m-Ip-p. (X-Xz--fpsS kwJy ap-n-bm-sdpw A]-n-sbm-spw sXmq-n-bm-sdpw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v.) A-sm-s-tm, sXmq-m-sdtm Icp-Xn-bmepw Ah-ap]p ]d Ccp-]--n A`-hn-p-p. AXn-\m Ccp-]--s kwJy k-k--X-am-Wv. Ch-tbmSv inh-in kp-S-cq-]-amb aqe-XXzw tNv Ccp-]-mdp XXz--fmbn IW-m-p-p. k-X-Xzm-Xo-X-amb Ccp-]-m-dm-as XXz-n \nmWv {]]-tm-Xv]-n.{ioN-{I-n\v "hnb-XvN{-{Iw-' Fpw t]cp-v. {ioN-{Is lrZ-b-n k]nv Bcm-[n-m-dp-f-f-Xn-\m Cu t]cv. lrZ-b-n D A]m-Im-is Zl-cm-Imiw Fp ]d-bpw. AXn \np-m-b-XmWv Cu \maw. temI-P-\-\n-bmb efn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS Fm ]cn-hmc in-I-fp-sSbpw DZv`-h-m-\-am-Im-bm {ioN-{I-n\v "amXr-Im-N{Iw' Fpw t]cp-v. aqp tcJ-I AXnn-bm-bp `q]p-cw, AXn-\p-n aqp-hr--, ]Xn-\m-dp Zf--fp ]Zvaw, Fp-Z-e--fp ]Zvaw, ]Xn-\mep aqe-I-fp N{Iw, ]p aqe-I-fpff cp N{I- Fp aqe-I-fp N{Iw, {XntIm-Ww, _np Fn--s\-bmWv ]pd-p-\nv AI-tv N{I-ns LS-\. _np-hn-s\-qSn N{I-ambn IW-m-n-bm H]Xp N{I- {ioN-{I-n Dv. _np-hns\ N{I-ambn IqmsX "AjvS-N-{I-fpw _nphpw' Fpw ]d-bm-dp-v.Ghpw ]pd-p Bh-c-W-n\v Hcp NXp-c-{i-ns cq]-am-Wv. \mep-h-i-fpw Xpey-amb NXp-c-{i-ns Hmtcm-hipw \Sp-hn Ihm-S-cq-]-n hnS-hp-I-fp-v. NXp-c-{i-ns hi- k-am--c-amb aqp tcJ-I sImp \nn-n-cn-p-p. N{Iw nXn-sN-p e-]-cn[n Cu NX-pc{iw sImv \n-bn--s-Sp-p. CXn\v "`q]pcw' Fp t]cv. \ofw, hoXn Fp cp am\- am{X-ap coXn-bn-emWv {ioN{Iw hn\y-kn--s-Sp--sX-n AXns ]cn[n `q]p-c-ns _mly-tc-J-bm-Wv. N{I- Hn-\p-aosX Hmbn ]Sp-p-bp coXn-bnepw {ioN{Iw \nn-m-dp-v. Acw {ioN-{I-n\v "tacp' Fp ]d-bpw.tacp cq]-n-ep {ioN-{I-ns ASn--d-bmWv `q]pcw Fp hnh-cn-mw. `q]p-c-n-\p-n aqp Iym hr--fp-v. Hn-\p-n asm-mbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p aqp hr- \mep Iym-tc-J-IsImp \nn-n-cn-p-p. Hcp tcJ-bn \nv ASp--tc-J-bn-te-p AIew Xpey-am-Wv. thsdmcp coXn-bn ]d-m aqp-hr---fp-Sbpw I\w Xpey-am-Wv. kam--c--fmb \mep hpf tcJ-IsImp \nn-n-p Cu aqp hrm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep aWvUe tjmU-i-Z-f-]-Zva-ns ]cn[n tcJ-s-Sp-p-p. tZh-X-Ifpw ]qPbpw Cm--Xn-\m Ahsb {][m-\-ambn IW-m-t--Xn-. N{I-ns BIm-c-`w-Knpw tjmU-i-Z-f--fpsS GI-cq-]-Xpw Ch Bh-iy-am-sW-t-bp-q. Cu hr- kXzw, cP-v, Xav Fo KpW-sf Ipdn-p-p-shpw hmKv`-h-Ip-S-ns aqp JWvU-sf Ipdn-p-p-shpw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v. Cu hr--fn Ghpw ]pd-p--Xn\pw `q]p-c-ns Dn-ep aqm-as tcJpw CS-bvp ew "ss{Xtem-Iytam l\-N{Iw' Fv Adn-b-s-Sp-p.NXp-c-{i-cq-]-amb ss{Xtem-Iy-tam-l-\-N-{I-ns Ghpw ]pd-p tcJ-bn AWn-am, eLn-am, aln-am, Cuin-Xzw, hinXzw, {]mImayw, `qn, Cm, {]m]vXn, k-Im-a-knn Fo tZh-X-I nXn-sN-p-p. Cu knntZ-hXI \mep ssII-fp--h-cm-Wv. sN-c-n-q-hns h-ap Ch Nnm-a-Wn, I]m-ew, {Xniq-ew, kny-RvP\w Fo Bbp-[- [cn--hcpw Zbm-aqn-Ifpw BWv.ay-tc-J-bn {_mn, amtl-iz-cn, Iuam-cn, sshjvW-hn, hmcm-ln, amtl{n, Nmap-WvU, alm-evan Fo Fp-am-Xm-fpw Ah-cpsS tbmPn-p ssNX-\y-cq-]-amb kajvSn tZh-Xbpw nXn-sN-p-p. {_mn, amtl-iz-cn, Iuam-cn, sshjvW-hn, hmcm-ln, amtl{n Fo tZh-X-am bYm-{Iaw {_m-hv, atl-iz-c, kvI, hnjvWp, hcm-l-aqn, C{ Fn-h-cpsS in-I-fm-I-bm Ah-tcmSp cq]-km-ay-ap--hcpw Ah-cpsS Bbp-[- [cn-p--hcpw Ah-cpsS {]`m-h-i-n-I-fp--h-cp-am-Wv. Ghpw Dn-em-bp tcJ-bn k-kw-tm-`n-Wn, kh-hn-{Zm-hn-Wn, km-Ij-Wn, kh-h-i--cn, ktm-m-Zn-\n, kh-a-lm-p-i, k-tJ-N-cn, k-_o-P, kh-tbm-\n, kh-{Xn-JWvU Fo ]p ap{Zm-tZ-h-X-I nXn-sN-p-p. X{-im-kv{X-{]-kn--amb hnhn[ ap{Z-I-fpsS kzcq-]-ap--h-cmWv Cu tZhn-am._mly-tc-J-bn-ep ]p knn-Ifpw a[y-tc-J-bn-ep Fp-am-Xr-fpw aqm-as tcJ-bn-ep ]p ap{Zm-tZ-h-X-Ifpw IqSn BsI ss{Xtem-Iy-tam-l-\-N-{I-ns Bh-c-W-tZ-h-X-I-fpsS Fw Ccp]nsbm-Wv. Chsc {]I-S-tbm-Kn-\n-I Fp-hn-fn-p-p.-ss{X-tem-Iy-tam-l-\-N-{I-ns ap{Zm-tZ-hX k-kw-tm-`n-Wn-bp-am-Wv.`q]p-c-n\pw tjmU-i-Z-f-]-Zva-n\pw CS-bvp aqp hr- ]cn[n tcJ-s-Sp-p--h-bm-I-bm {]tXyIw {]m[m\yw I]n-t--Xn-sp ap]p kqNn-n-p. Ahbvpnembn ]Xn-\mdp Ze--fp ]Zva-cq-]-amb N{I-amWv ASp--Xv. ]pd-ta-\nv AI-tbvv cm-a-Xmbn hcp Cu N{I-ns t]cv "km-im-]cn ]qc-I-N{Iw' Fm-Wv. Cu N{I-ns ]Xn-\mdp Ze--fn-embn Imam-Ij-Wn._pym-Ij-Wn, Al-m-cm-Ij-Wn, i_vZm-Ij-Wn, kv]im-Ij-Wn, cq]m-Ij-Wn, ckm-Ij-Wn, Km-Ij-Wn, Nnm-Ij-Wn, ss[cym-Ij-Wn, kvarXym-Ij-Wn, \mam-Ij-Wn, _oPm-Ij-Wn, Bm-Ij-Wn, Aar-Xm-Ij-Wn, ico-cm-Ij-Wn Fo tZh-X-am nXn-sN-p-p.t]cp-I kqNn-n-p--Xp-t]mse Cu tZh-X-I bYm-{Iaw Imaw, _pn, Al-mcw, i_vZw, kv]iw, cq]w, ckw, Kw, Nnw, ss[cyw, kvarXn, \maw, _oPw, Bm-hv, Aar-Xw, icocw Fn-hsb BIjn-p in-I-fm-Wv. Cu ]Xn-\mdp tZh-X-Isf "Kp]vX-tbm-Kn-\n-I' Fphnfn-p-p. ]hn-g-ns \nd-ap--h-cpw, a-kvanXw sImp {]Im-in-p apJ-ap--h-cpw, NXp_m-lp-fpw {Xnt\-{X-Ifpw N{--e-sImv Aew-Ir-X-amb Inco-S-am-b-h-cp-amb Cu tZhn-am hnpw Apw hmfpw ]cn-N-bpw Gn-b-h-cm-Wv. k-im-]-cn-]q-c-I-N-{I-ns A[-njvTm{Xnbmb Nt{I-iz-cnv {Xn]p-tc-izcn Fp t]cv. Cu N{I-ns ap{Zm tZhX k-hn-{Zm-hn-Wn.km-i-m]cn]qc-I-N-{I-n-\p-n-embn Fp Zf--fp ]Zva-ns cq]-n nXn-sN-p N{I-n\v "kkwtm`W-N{Iw' Fp t]cv. Cu N{I-ns Fp Zf--fn-embn A\w-K-Ip-kp-a, A\w-K-ta-J-e, A\w-K-a-Z-\, A\w-K-a-Z-\m-Xp-c, A\w-K-tc-J, A\w-K-th-Kn-\n, A\w-Km-p-i, A\w-K-am-en\n Fo Fp tZh-X-am nXn-sN-p-p. sN-c-n-q-t]mse sNa \nd-ap--hcpw Icn-p-hnpw ]qh-p-Ifpw ]qpw sN-g-\o]qhpw [cn-n-p--hcpw Btcbpw Iog-S-m t]m hn{I-a-ap--h-cp-amb Ch t]cp kqNn-n-p--Xp-t]mse A\w-Ks in-bp-f-f-h-cm-Wv. Chsc "Kp]vX-X-c-tbm-Kn-\n-I' Fp hnfn-pp. Cu N{I-ns B[n-]Xyw {Xn]p-c-kp-cn F Nt{I-in-m-Wv. ap{Zm-tZhn km-Ij-Wn. AjvS-Z-f-]--n-\p-n-em-bn ]Xn-\m-ep-tIm-Wp-I-fp "k-ku-`m-Ky-Zm-b-I-N{Iw' nXn-sN-p-p. A{Kw tat]m-m-bp \mep {XntIm-W-fpw (in-h-N-{I-) Ah-bvp-ap-I-fn hcp--hbpw A{Kw Iogvt]m-m-b-hbpw Bb Ap {XntIm-W-fpw (i-n-N-{I-) tNcp-tm H]Xp {XntIm-W-. Ah-bpsS tcJ-I]-c-kv]cw JWvUn-p-m-Ip ]Xn-\mev sNdnb {XntIm-W--fmWv k-ku-`m-Ky-Zm-b-I-N-{I-ns `mK-. Hmtcm {XntIm-W-nepw Hmtcm-s IW-n\v ]Xn-mep tZh-X-I Cu N{I-n nXn-sN-p-p. k-kw-tm-`n-Wn, k-hn-{Zm-hn-Wn, km-Ij-Wn, km-m-Zn-\n, k-kw-tam-ln-\n, k-kvXw-`n-\n, k-Prw-`n-Wn, k-h-i--cn, k-c-RvPn-\n, ktm-m-Zn-\n, kmY-km-[n-\n, k-k--n-cq-]n-Wn, k-a-{-a-bn, k-Zz---bw-Icn Fn-h-cmWv Cu N{I-nse Bh-c-W-tZ-h-X-am. Cu tZh-X-amsc s]mXpsh "k{-Zm-b-tbm-Kn-\n-I'-Fp hnfn-p-p. Cu N{I-ns Nt{I-iz-cnv {Xn]p-c-hm-kn\n Fpw ap{Zm-tZ-hnv k-i-cn Fpw t]cv. k{-Zm-b-tbm-Kn-\n-I GI-th-Wn-Ifpw (H-mbn sIn-h Xe-apSn Df-f-h-cpw) Imem-np Xpeyw In-z-en-p tXP-p--hcpw NXp_m-lp-fpw hnv, Av, hmfv hn-N-{I-sa ]cnN Fo Bbp-[- [cn-p--h-cp-am-Wv.k-ku-`m-Ky-ZmbI N{I-ns Dn-embn ]p tImWp-I-fp "k-km-[-I-N{Iw' nXn-sN-p-p.-i-n-{Xn-tIm-W--fpsS tcJ-Ifpw inh-{Xn-tIm-W--fpsS tcJ-Ifpw tNp-mb ]p {XntIm-W--fmWv Cu N{Iw. _lnZ-imcw Fpw CXn\p t]cp-v. ]p-{Xn-tIm-W--fn-embn k-aw-K-f-Zm-bn-\n-I-fmb ]p in-I nXn-sN-p-p. k-kn-n-{]-Z, k-k--Xv{]-Z, k-{]n-bw-I-cn, k-aw-K-f-Im-cn-Wn, k-Im-a-{]-Z, kZp:Jhn-tam-Nn-\n, k-ar-Xyp-{]-tim-a-\o, k-hn-Lv\-\n-hm-cn-Wn, kmw-K-kp--cn, k-ku-`m-Ky-Zm-bn\n Fv tZhn-amv t]cv. Ch knn-Ifpw kpw {]nb-hpw -aw-K-fhpw Imahpw ktm-jhpw Bbppw Imcy-kn-nbpw ku-cyhpw ku`m-Kyhpw Zm\w sNp--hcpw kv^Sn-I-k-m-i-amb \nd-ap--hcpw ssII-fn agp Ibdv Lm-aWn Fn-hsb [cn-p--hcpw Zbm-aqn-I-fp-am-Wv. Chsc s]mXp-hmbn "Iptem-oW-tbm-Kn-\n-I' Fp ]d-bp-p. kmY-Zm-b-I-N-{I-ns A[n-jvTm{Xn {Xn]p-cm-{io. ap{Zm-tZhn km-m-Zn-\n.khmY-km-[-I-N-{I-ns Dn-embn ]p-tIm-Wp-I-fp asmcp N{Iw nXn-sN-p-p. "k-c-m-I-c-N{Iw' Fv AXn-\p-t]. Dn-ep-f-fXpw ]p-tIm-Wp-I-fp-Xpw F A-n AZimcN{Iw Fpw t]cp Cu N{Is k-c-m-I-c-N{Iw Fp hnfn-p-p. Cu N{I-nse ]p {XntIm-W--fn-embn k-, k-i-n-a-bn, kss-iz-cy-{]-Z, k-m-\-a-bn, k-hym-[n-hn-\m-in\n, km-[m-c-kz-cq-], k-]m-]-l-c, km-\--a-bn, k-c-m-kz-cq-]n-Wn, kt-]vkn-X-^-e-{]Z Fo ]p-i-n-I nXn-sN-p-p. Cu in-I-fpsS kz`mhw t]cp-I hy-am-p-p. m\hpw inbpw Btcm-Kyhpw khm-[m-c-Xzhpw ]m]-\m-i-I-Xzhpw B\-hpw cbpw Cu]vkn-X-^-e-{]-Z-Xz-hp-ap Cu in-I \m-ep-ssI-bp--hcpw h{Pw, th, tXma-cw, N{Iw Fo Bbp[ [cn--hcpw shfp--\n-d-ap-f-f-hcpw Imn-a-mb cq]-ap--h-cp-am-Wv. Chsc s]mXpth "\nK`-tbm-Kn\nI'Fv ]d-bp-p. Cu N{I-ns A[o-izcn {Xn]p-c-am-en-\n. ap{Zm-tZhn kh-a-lm-p-i.kh-c-m-I-c-N-{I-n-\p-n-embn "kh-tcm-K-l-c-N{Iw' nXn-sN-p-. Fp tImWp-I-fp Cu N{I-ns LS\ Fp-{Xn-tIm-W--fm-bn-m-Wv. Cu {XntIm-W--fn hin-\n, Imta-in, tamZn-\n, hna-e, Acp-W, Pbn-\n, kthin, Iufn-\n, Fo in-I nXn-sN-p-p. Cu Fp in-I-sfbpw "cl-ky-tbm-Kn-\n-I' Fp ]d-bp-p. cl-ky-tbm-Kn-\n-I hmKvtZ-h-X-am-cm-Wv. hin\n XpS-nb hmKvtZ-h-X-am-cmWv efn-Xm-k-l-{k-\maw cNn--Xv. Atim-I-q-hp-t]mse sNa {]`-sImp tim`n-p cl-ky-tbm-Kn-\n-I hnpw Apw ]pkvX-Ihpw hoWbpw [cn--hcpw m\-aqn-I-fp-am-Wv. kh-tcm-K-l-c-N-{I-ns A[o-izcn {Xn]p-cm-kn-. ap{Zm-tZhn kh-tJ-N-cn.AjvSm-c-amb k-tcm-K-l-c-N-{I-nsbpn Aw Iotgm-mb Hcp {XntIm-W-ap-v. B {XntIm-W-n\v "khknn-]-Z-N{Iw' Fp t]cv. AjvSm-c-N-{I-n\pw kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-n\pw CS-bvmbn efn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS Bbp-[-tZ-h-X-I-fmb ]miw, Ap-iw, Icn-p-hn-v, Ap ]pjv]-_m-W- Fnh nXn-sN-p-p. kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-n Imtaizcn, ht{P-iz-cn, `K-am-en\n Fp aqp in-I nXn-sN-p-p. Chsc "AXn-c-l-ky-tbm-Kn-\n-I' Fp s]mXpsh ]d-bp-p. Ch AjvS-_m-lp-fpw hnv, Av, aZy-]m{Xw, amX-f-\m-c-, hm, ]cn-N, \mK-]m-iw, Lm-aWn Fo Bbp-[- [cn--hcpw BWv. kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-ns Nt{I-izcn {Xn]p-cmw-_n-I. ap{Zm-tZhn kh-_o-P.k-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-ns Dn-emWv {ioN-{I-ns tI{-_n-p-hmb "khm-\--a-b-N{-{Iw. ChnsS temI-am-Xm-hm-b- efnXm_nI alm-Im-ta-iz-cm---bmbn nXn-sN-p-p. Cu N{I-ns Nt{I-iz-cn-bmb alm-tZ-hnsb alm-{Xn-]p-c-kp-cn Fp-hn-fn-p-p. ap{Zm-tZhn tbm\n-ap-{Z.CXmWv {ioN-{I-ns cq]-hn-h-c-Ww. Hmtcm N{I--fn-ep-ap in-I-fpsS cq]w efn-tXm-]m-Jym-\-nse {io]p-c-h-\-bn \np kzoI-cn--Xm-Wv. efn-Xm-tZ-hn-bpsS Nnm-aWn Krlm---amb ahpw ]cn-hm-c-fpw {io]p-c-h-\-bn hnkvX-cn-n-p-Xv D-cn-p-n-.Hmtcm N{I-n-sbpw t]cpw N{Im-[o-iz-cn, ap{Zm-tZ-hn, Bh-c-W-tZ-h-X-I Fn-h-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-m {ioN-{Ihpw hyn-bp-ambpw {ioN-{Ihpw {]]--hp-ambpw D _-ns GI-tZ-i-cq]w Duln-mw. ss{Xtem-Iy-tam-l-\w, khm-im-]-cn-]q-c-Iw, kh-kw-tm-`-Ww, kh-ku-`m-Ky-Zm-b-Iw, khmY-km-[-Iw, kh-c-m-I-cw, kh-tKm-c-l-cw, kh-kn-n-{]-Zw, khm\abw Fm-Wtm N{I--fpsS t]cp-I. Ghpw Dn-ep _np-cq-]-amb khm-\--a-b-N-{I-n\v "Ima-Ie' Fpw Xm{n-I-m t]cv I]n-n-p-v. kh-hym-]vXhpw kh-i-hpw Bb ]cm-i-n-p-m-Ip krjvSyp-p-J-bmb hmRvNsb ]Zw Ipdn-p-p. _np-cq-]-amb efn-Xmw-_nI kzbw aqmbn hn`-Pnv Nppw nXn-sN-p--XmWv tI{-{Xn-tIm-W-amb kh-kn-n-{]ZN-{Iw. aqp _np--sfbpw t\h-c-IIsmp _n-n-m B N{I-am-bn. Imta-iz-cn, ht{P-iz-cn, `K-am-en\n Fv aqp tZh-X-I-fmWv kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-nse Bh-c-WtZhX-I. N{, An, kqcy Fo aqp tXP-p-Isf Cu ]Z- Ipdn-p-p(-Im-a-i-_vZw-sImv kvt\lq-c-]-amb NvtX-Ppw h{P-i_vZw sImv BIm-i-cq-]n-bmb Anbpw `K-i_vZw sImv kqcy\pw kqNn-X-am-Ip-p.) inh-k-ln-X-amb efn-Xmw-_nI F alm-tX-Pv _np-cq-]-n khm-\--a-b-N-{I-n nXn-sN--th-Xs aqp-tX-P-p-I-fmbn kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-ambn `hn-p-p. {iohn-Zym-a-{-cq-]-amWv khm-\--abw N{Iw. {iohn-Zyp hmKv`-hw, ayw, in Fp t]cp-I-fp aqp JWvU--fp-v. GI-cq-]-amb {iohn-Zym-a{w hmKv`-hm-Zn-I-fmb {XnIq-S--fmbn kzbw hn`--am-bn kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-ambnocp-p. {iohn-Zy-bmb ]-Z-im--co-a-{hpw {ioN{Ihpambn t`Z-an-. cpw Hns cp Xc-n-ep Bhn-jvIm-c-sa-t-bp-p. Nn{X-cq-]-n Bhn-jvI-cn-Xv {ioN-{Iw. sshJ-co-cq-]-n Bhn-jvI-cn-Xv {iohn-Zy. AI-p-\np ]pd-tbvp F {Ia-n ]cn-tim-[n-m km-\--abN-{I-s-pn kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{Ihpw AXn-s\-pn kh-c-m-I-c-N-{Ihpw AXn-s\-pn khmY-km-[-I-N-{Ihpw AXn-s\-p-n-k-ku-`m-Ky-Zm-b-I-N-{Ihpw AXn-s\-pn kh-kw-tm-`-W-N-{Ihpw AXn-s\-pn khm-im-]-cn-]q-c-I-N-{Ihpw AXn-s\-pn ss{Xtem-Iy-tam-l-\-N-{Ihpw hn\y-kn-n-cn-p-p. {]]--c-lkyw Xs Cu N{I--fpsS hn\ym-k-{I-a-n AS-n-bn-cn-p-p. _np cq]-amb khm-\--a-b-N-{I-n nXn-sN-p ]cm-in aqp-_n-p--fpsS cq]-amb kh-kn-n-{]-Z-N-{I-ambpw XpSv ap N{I--fmbpw kzbw hym]vX-bm-Ip-p. ap N{I-sfmw _np-hns ]cn-W-X-cq-]--fm-Wv. N{Iw apgp-h\pw Aw_nI Xs-bm-Wv. {]]-hpw ]cm-i-nbpw c-. Hp-X-s-bm-Wv. ]cm-in {]]--cq-]-n {]hn-p-p. CXn\np asmcp Imcyw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn knn-pp. Hmtcm N{I-n-epw N{Im-[o-iz-cn-bmbpw Bh-c-W-tZ-h-X-I-fmbpw ap{Zm-tZ-h-X-bmbpw nXn-sN-p in-I-fpsS t]cp-I app-hn-h-cn-p. B in-Ifpw efn-Xmw-_n-I-bn \np `n-a-. {Xn]p-c-kp--cn-tZhn Xs Hmtcm N{I--fp-sSbpw kz`m-h-n-\-\p-k-cnv hnhn[ in-I-fmbn cq]w-sIm-f-fp-I-bm-Wv. Xn \np-m-Ip ap-n-bmdv XXz--sf-sm-mWv {]]--kr-jvSn. Cu Xz- tZhn-bn ebn-p-Ibpw {]]--]p\:krjvSn-bn tZhn-bn \np hopw Dm-Ip-Ibpw sNp-p. (X-Xz--sf-p-dnv kl-{k-\m-a-hym-Jym-\-`m-Kv hnh-cn-n-p-Xv t\mp-I. Fm XXz-fpw tZhn-bn \np-m-h-bm-I-bm tZhn "han--h-bm-sWv ]d-bm-dpv (h-an-p-I--On-p-I) "hmam' F ]Z-n\v "han-p--h' Fpw hymJym\w I]n-mw. hnizw haXn bkvamXv XZzm-tabw ]cn-IonXm' Fp m\m-h-X-{w). GIhpw tIh-e-hp-ambn nXn-sN-p ]cm-_np aqmbn kzbw hn`-Pn-p-mb {XntIm-Ws "Ima-Iem' Fp ]d-bp-p. Ima-Ie Cm-i-n, m\-i-n, {Inbm-in Fnh aqp hi--fm-bp {XntIm-W-am-Wv. kzbw hnI-kn-X-amb ]cm-_np AXn hym]n-n-cn-p-p. ASp--N{Iw CXns Ipsd-qSn hym]vX-amb cq]-am-Wv. Cs\ {Ia-ambn `q]p-cw-hsc ({]-]--am-k-I-ew) ]c-am-_np hym]n-n-cn-p-p. ASp--N{Iw CXns Ipsd-qSn hym]vX-amb cq]-am-Wv. Cs\ {Ia-ambn `q]pcw hsc ({]-]--am-k-I-ew) ]cm-_np hym]n-n-cn-p-p.i_vZ-{_--ns ]cm-_n-phpw {ioN-{I-ns ]cm-_n-phpw Hp Xs-bm-sWp t\cs kqNn-n-p. "]cm' cq]-n nXnsNp i_vZ-{_w hmKv`-h-Iq-S-ambn amdp {]{In-b-bmWv Ima-I-em-cq-]-sap ap]p hnh-cn {XntIm-W-ns krjvSn. _np-{]-ISoIrX-am-Im--sX-nepw "]iyn' Bbpw "ay-a' Bbpw "sshJcn' Bbpw cq]w sImm k-amb i_vZ-{_--a-am-Wv. tI{-{XntImWambn N{I-n Bhn-jvI-cn-n-p hmKv`-h-IpSw sshJ-co-cq]w ssIsm-p--tXm-Sp-IqSn h--fmbpw A-c--fmbpw amdp-p. A-I-kw-Lm-X--fmb a{--fmbn {ItaW _mly-N-{I- cq]w sImp-p. `q]pcw hsc hym]vX-am-Ip-tm `mjm-cq-]-n {]]--amsI {]hn-p i_vZ-{_--a-ambn Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m \mZ-t`-Z-fpw `mj-Ifpw kwKo-Xm-Zn-\m-Zm-[n-jvTn-X-I-I-fp-ambn {]]--ns B[m-c-kv]--\--fmbn amdp-p.\nKp-W-amb ]cm-in kXz-c-P-kvX-tam-Kp-W--fmbn cq]w-sIm-mWv {ioN-{I-ns tI{-{Xn-tImWw Fpw {Kln--Ww. KpW--fn-m Xpco-b(-\m-em-a-t-Xv) in kzbw-Kp-W--fmbn amdp-p. Cu KpW--fpsS ]e-hn-[-n-ep kwL-S-\-bmWv {]]-w. aqp-Kp-W-fpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I--fm-Wv. ip-k-Xz-cq-]-amtbm ip-c-tPm-cq-]-amtbm ip-X-tam-cq-]-amtbm {]]--L-S-\-bn Hpw Xs-bn-. As\ Hns\ k-ev]n-m {ian-m Fn-t-cp-Xp ]cm-_n-p-hns Bbn-cn-pw. {XnKp-W--fmb aqp-h-i--tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb tI{-{Xn-tImWw \nKp-W-amb ]cm-_n-p-hns hnI-kn-X-cq-]-am-Wv. B KpW- {Ia-ambn ]c-kv]cw ]e-hn-[-n IqSnev _mly-N-{I- cq]w sImp-tm A\---fmb KpW--fmbpw B KpW--fp hkvXp-fpw [--fp-ambpw Xocp-p.km-h--hn-hn-X-amb tm`-an-m "imm' Fp hnh-cn--s-Sp nXn-bmWv "]cm-_n-p. AXp sshizm-\-c, ssXP-k, {]m Fp aqv in-I-fmbn ]ncnv Pm{KXv, kz]v\, kpjp-]vXy-h--I-fmbn cq]w sImp-p. (C-hnsS sshizm-\-c, ssXP-, {]m Fn-s\ ]pnw-K-{]-Xybw tNp-]-tbm-Kn-Xv sXn-m-c-Wv CS-h-cp-pw. `mj-bn enwK-{]-Xybw tN-msX D]-tbm-Kn-m km[y-a-. sshizm-\cw, ssXPw {]mm Fp kv{Xoenw-K-amtbm FgpXnbmepw hyXym-k-an-. `mj-sIm-p-hn-h-cn-m Ign-bm--Xns\ `mj-bn Ah-X-cn-n-m {ian-p-tm Ccw sshj-ay- kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. a\p-jy-cpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-n-\p-thn Dm-nb `mj-bn enwK-h-N-\-hy-h--I thWw. ]cm-i-n, tZhn, tZh XpS-nb k]- `mj-I-fpsS hymI-c-W-k-]-n-\-p-d-ap--Xm-Wv.]s Ah-sb-p-dn-s-gp-Xp-tm GsX-nepw enwK-ns]-Sp-msX hgn-bn-. kl-{k-\ma hymJym-\-nepw D]-\n-j-p-I-f-D-tSbpw thZ-\-I-fp-tSbpw apw hymJym-\-nepw apw ]Z--fpsS enwK-hy-h hmb-\-msc hgn-sX-n-m CS-bp-f-f-Xp-sImv C{Xbpw hnh-cn--Xm-Wv).Cu hnh-cWw A]-{K-Yn-m {ioN-{I-ns {]Xo-Im--IX a\-n-em-mw. KpW-cp-]m-]n-I-fp {]]--ns Bhn-jv-c-W-sa--Xn-t\m-sSmw {ioN{Iw {io]-c-ta-izn-cn-bn \np-m-Ip Cm-i-n, m\-i-n, {Inbm-i-n, Fn-h-bp-tSbpw ]cm-i-_vZ-ns hnhn[ `mh--fmb ]iy-n, ay-a, sshIcn Fo i_vZ-{_--cq-]--fp-sSbpw, kXyw, cPv, Xav Fo {XnKp-W--fp-sS-bpw, Pm{K-Xv, kz]v\w, kpjp]vXn Fo Ah--I-fp-sSbpw krjvSn, nXn, kwlmcw Fn-h-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-amWv. aqmbn hn`-Pn-m-hp Fmw Xs tZho-cq-]-amsWv efn-X-k-l-{k-\m-a-ns hymJym-\-n Hn-e-[nIw XhW ]d-n-p-Xv {in-p-I."{XntImWw aWvUew Nmkym `q]pcw N {Xntc-JIwat{m]n {Xyc:t{]m:XYm cq]-{Xbw ]p\:{Xnhn[m IpWvU-eo-in: {XntZ-hm\mw N krjvSsbkhw {Xbw {Xbw bkvamXv bkvamp {Xn]pcm aXm'Cs\ aqmbn ]ncn-n-cn-p tZhossNX-\y-ns imiz-X-`mhw aqn\pw ]c-am-b, Xpco-b-amb _np-cq-]-am-sW-Xp sImmWv AXns\ ]cm-_np Fp ]d-bp--Xv.aqv F kwJy-t]mse {][m-\-amWv {ioN-{I-n H]Xv F kwJy-bpw. inhm--I--fmb \mep- {Xn-tIm-W-fpw Ah-p-ta iym--I--fmb Ap-{Xn-tIm-W--fp-ambn _np-hn-s\-q-SmsX H]Xv {XntIm-W--fm-bmWv {ioN-{I-ns LS-\. `q-]pcw apX _np-hsc {io N{I-n H]-Xp-N-{I--fm-Wp--Xv. H]Xp tbmKn-\n-am-cpw, H]Xp Nt{I-iz-cn-am-cpw, H]Xp ap{Zm-tZ-hn-amcpw D joP-N{Iw \hm-n-I-bmWv.joP-N-{I-n\p 28 a-m-\-fpw 24 kn-Ifpw Dv. cp-tc-J-I IqSn-t-cp m\s kn-sbpw aqp-tc-J-I IqSn-t-cp m\s a-sapw ]d-bp-p. inhm--I--fmb \mep {XntIm-W-fpw im--I--fmb Ap-{Xn-tIm-W-fpw D-h-bn A{Kw tat]m-mb \mev {XntIm-W--fpsS ta Ap-{Xn-tIm-W- hn\y-kn-p-tm ]c-kv]cw JWvUn-p tcJ-I-fn \nm-Wv kn-Ifpw a-fpw Dm-Ip--Xv. CXn-s\-p-dnv IqSp-X Adn-b-W-sa-n {ioN{Iw Fgp-Xp--coXn a\-n-em--Ww. krjvSn-{I-a-nepw kwlm-c-{I-a-nepw {ioN{Iw Fgp-Xm-dp-v. BZyw Hcp hrw hcv hr-n-\p-n \h-tbm-\n-I-fmb HXv {XntIm-W- hcv tI{-{Xn-tIm-W-ns \Sp-hn _np-tc-J-s-Sp-p--XmWv kwlm-c-{I-aw. BZy-ambn tI{-{Xn-tIm-Whpw _nphpw Dmn AXn \npw av {XntIm-W- \nn-p--coXn krjvSn-{I-aw. Cu {Ia- ku-cy-e-l-cn-bnse ]Xn-s\mmw tmI-ns hymJym-\-n evao-[-c hc-n-p-Xv Pnm-kp-Iv {]tbm-P-\-s-Spw. kn.-F-kv. i-c-\m-cm-b-W Cwo-jn cNn {ioN{Iw F {Kw {io. sI.-Ir-jvW\m-b hnh\w ae-bm-f-n {]kn--s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. B {K-n {ioN-{I-te-J-\-hn-[n cm-as A\p-_--ambn tNn-p-Xpw t\mp-I. \nc-h[n {K- Cu hnjbw {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xmbn Dv. ae-bm-fn Ffpn Inm-hp-h kqNn-n-st Dq. N{I-te-J-\-coXn a\-n-em-n-bm kn-Ifpw a-fpw Ffp--n I-dn-bmw.]c-a-`-m-cI {ioN--n-kzman Xncp-h-Sn-I cNn {ioN-{I-te-J-\-hn[n cmw A\p-_--ambn tNn-p-Xv t\mpI.{ioN-{I-ns \nn-Xn-bn ka-b-a-Xm-\p-km-cn-Ifpw Iufamcpw kzoI-cn-p coXn-Iv A]-amb hyXym-k-ap-v. Cu hyXymkw ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xn-. {ioN-{I-]qP D]-tZ-in-p Kpcp D]-tZ-i-k-a-bv Cm-cy-n Xcp \ntiw A\p-k-cn-p-I-bmWv \v. ka-b-a-X-{]-Im-c-am-bmepw Iufa-X-{]-Im-c-am-bmepw N{I-ns cq]-ntem in-I-fpsS Bt]-n-I-n-Xntm hyXym-k-an-. k{-Zm-b-n-ep hyXym-kta Dq.{ioN-{I-n\v aqv {]kvXm-c- {]kn--am-bn-pv ({]-kvXmcw F ]Z-n\v hncn- FmWv ]Zmw. ChnsS hn\ym-k-{I-a-s-bmWv Ipdn-p--Xv.) tacp-{]-kvXm-cw, ssIem-k-{]-kvXm-cw, `q{]-kvXmcw Fn-h-bmWv aqp {]kvXm-c-.]Xn-\mdp \nXym-tZ-hn-am-cp-ambn {ioN-{I-n\p XmZmyw hcp-p--XmWv tacp-{]-kvXm-cw. tjmU-i-\n-Xy-Isfpdnv A\y-{X-hn-h-cn-n-p-Xv t\mp-I. Cu \nXytZ-hn-am ip-]--{]-Xn-]-Zw apX ]uWan hsc-bp XnYn-I-fmbpw IrjvW-]--nse {]Xn-]Zw apX Aam-hm-kn-hscbp XnYn-I-fmbpw hn-p-p. A\--amb Imes Cu \nXy-tZ-hn-I- {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p-p. ]Xn-\p XnYn-I-fpsS kmI-ey-cq-]-bmbn efn-Xm-tZ-hn-sb-qSn Ds-Sp-n-bm-Wv tjmUinIm-\n-Xy-I Fp-]-d-bp--Xv. \nXy-Isf N{-I-e-Isfpw ]d-bpw. N{s BZn-bmb Ie {]Xn-]Zw cm-a-tXv ZzXo-b, {XnZob, NXpn XpS-n-b-hsb Cu {Ia-n a\-n-em--Ww. ip-]--n N{s BZn-I-e-bmb {]Xn-]Zw kqcy-a-WvU-e-n \nv ]pd-sv N{-a-WvU-- e-n tNcp-p. B Ie IrjvW]-{]-Xn-]-Z-n N{-a-WvU-e-n \npw kqcy-a-WvU-e-n Xncn-s-p-p. Cs\ ap-I-e-I-fpw {Ia-ambn kqcy-a-WvU-e-n \npw N{-a-WvU-e-n ip-]--n kw{I-an-p-Ibpw IrjvW-]--n kqcy-a-WvU-e-n-tev aS-p-Ibpw sNp-p. ]Xn-\v Ie-Ifpw N{-\n-se-p-tm ]uW-an-bpw, ]Xn-\-p-I-e-Ifpw kqcy-\n-em-Ip-tm Aam-hm-kn-bpw DmIpp. tPymXnimkv{X {]kn--amb Cu Iem-kw-{Iaw X{-hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap ]qPm-{I-a-n {]m[m-\y-ap--Xm-Wv. Iuf-a-X-{]-Im-chpw ka-b-a-X-{]-Im-chpw {ioN-{I-n \nXy-Isf Bcm-[n-p coXnv hyXym-k-ap-v. Iuf-k-{-Zm-b-n Hmtcm XnYn-bnepw Av N{-a-WvU-e-n-tev kw{I-an-p \nXy-sb-am{Xw Bcm[npp. ka-b-k-{-Zm-b-n Fm-\n-Xy-Ipw Znh-khpw ]qP-bp-v. Ime-cq-]n-I-fmb XnYn-tZ-h-X-am-cp-ambn {ioN-{I-n\p XmZmyw hcp-p-I-bmWv tacp-{]-kvXm-cw. XmZmyw hcp-p {]{Inb Kpcp-ap-Jv \nv Adn-tb--Xm-I-bm XmZm--b-I-c-Whpw Bcm-[-\-co-Xn-Ifpw ChnsS hnh-cn-p-n-.AIm-cm-Zn-I-fmb amXr-Im--c--fpw {ioN-{I-hp-am-bp XmZm-y-amWv ssIemk {]kvXm-cw. ssIem-k-{]-kvXm-c-n a{m--c-fpw {ioN-{I-hp-am-bp XmZm--b-s-n `nm-`n-{]m-b-fp-v. Ah-sbmw BXy-n-I-ambn Htc-Imcyw XsbmWv Ipdn-p--Xv. {]Xy--n Dsp tXmp t`Z-p ImcWw k{-Zm-b--fn-ep hyXym-k-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS hni-Zmw-i- ChnsS {]k--a-. a{w Fm Fv Fv Cu Ah-k-c-n a\-n-em-t--Xp-v. ]cm, ]iy-n, aya, sshJcn Fo \ma- hymJym-\n-p-tm i_vtZm]-n-sbbpw i_vZ-{_--sbpw hnh-cn-n-p-Xv t\mp-I. tkzm-\p-kcw {]I-So-`q-X-am-Im Xp\n-bp {_-ns {]I-\w kv]-\-]-c--cp Imc-W-am-Ip-p. ]nWvUm-WvU--amb Nn-n-bpsS kv^penw-K-n \np-m-Ip kv]-\-]-c--c-I hyn-bpsS apJ-n \np ]pd-s-Sp `mj-W-iv_-Z-]-c--c-I-fmbn cq]w sImp-p. {_m-WvU-n {_I]n-Xamb kv]-\-]-c--c-I i_vZ-ho-Nn-I-fmbn a\p-jy-I-p km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn {imhy--f-msX hym]n-p-p. {_t--bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-amb {]]--n aqhpw Aaq-hp-ambn D-sXmw Cu kv]-\--fn \np-m-b-h-bm-I-bm Fm tZh-X-Ifpw Ch-bpsS Xs cq]-t`-Z--fmsWp]-d-bmw. ]nWvUm-WvU-n "]c'-Bbpw"]iyn' Bbpw "aZv[ya'bmbpw "sshJc-cn'-bmbpw Dm-Ip i_vZ-{_--ns t`Z- {_m-Wv-amb tZh-Xm-i-n-I-fp-ambn _-s--hbpw Ah-bpsS {]Xn-cq-]--fp-am-Wv. asmcp coXn-bn ]d-m Fm tZh-X-Ipw i_vZ-cq-]-amb ico-c-ap-v. B cq]w I-dn Ejn-Isf "a{-{Z-jvSm-' Fp ]d-bp-p. tZh-X-I-fpsS i_vZ-cq-]-amb icocw I-dn--h Fw. Hcp tZh-t\-tbm, tZhn-tbtbm Ipdn-p a{w B iIvXnbpsS t]c-. B in-bp-ambn _-s-Sm-\p D]m-b-hp-a-, in-X-s-bm-Wv. ChnsS b{-n\pw a{-n\pw Xn-ep km[yw {in-t--Xm-Wv. Ncm-N-c-P-\-\n-bpsS b{-cq-]-n-ep Bhn-jvm-c-amWv "{ioN{Iw' {ioN-{Ihpw {iotZ-hnbpw Hp-X-s-bm-sWp kmcw. AXp-t]mse PK-Zw-_n-I-bpsS i_vZ-cq-]-amWv ]-Z-im--cn-bmb tZho-a-{w.i_vZ-{_w sshJ-co-cq-]-n {]Xy--s-Sp-tm-A-Xns\ h--fm-bpw A-c--fmbpw A]-{K-Yn-m Ign-bpw. \nXyhpw \mi-an-m--Xp-sa A-n-emWv "Acw' Fp ]d-bp--Xv. {_m-WvU-ns LS-I--fmb \nc--c-kv]--\- Xs-bmWv hyn-I-fpsS Dm-c-Wm-h-b-h--fn \nv A-cfmbn ]pd-s-Sp--Xv. `mj-W-i-_vZ-sf h- Fp hnfn-p--Xn\p Imc-Ww A\y{X hnh-cn-n-p-v. A-c--fpsS ]e-X-c-n-ep IqSn-t-c-ep-IsImv ]Z-fpw hmIy-fpw Dm-Ip-p. AXn-\m A-c-sf "amXr-' Fp ]d-bm-dp-v. Fm `mjm-hym-]m-c-n\pw Imc-W-am-I-bm i_vZ-cq-]-amb {]]--ns A-am-cmbn Ahsb k]n-p-p. ]c-bmb in-bn \nv, efn-Xmw-_n-I-bn \nv {]]w cq]w sImp-p. PK-Zw-_n-I-bn \np-X-s-bp-m-Ip hnhn-[-i-n-I {]]--{]-h-\s \nb-{n-p-p. B in-I-fpsS {]Xn-cq-]--sftm AhbpsS i_vZ-cq-]-satm hnh-cn-m-hp A-c- tN-XmWv in-I-f-psS a{-i-co-cw. Hcp a{w D-cn--s-Sp-tm B a{w sImv en-X-amb tZh-Xm-ssN-X\yw DWcp-Ibpw km[-I\v A\p-Iq-e-am-whw {]h-\-\n-c-X-am-Ip-Ibpw sNpw. Cs\ at{m-m-cWw sImv a{-tZ-h-X-Isf DWp {Inbv "Dmcw' Fp ]d-bm-dp-v. a{w KpcpapJv \nv kzoI-cnv knn-h-cp-nb Npcpw Nnep am{X-a-msX kmam-\y-P-\-pw at{m-mcw km[np-Xn\v BNm-cy-m Bhn-jv-cn-n-p coXn-bmWv a{m--c-_-amb kvtXm{X- cNn-p-I F-Xv. CjvS-tZ-h-X-bpsS cq]-tam-A-]-Zm-\-tfm hn-p kvtXm{X- Be-]n-p-tm Am-cy- `s a\-n ]Xn-bp-p. Hw Abm-f-dn-bmsX Xs kvtXm{X--fn LSn-n-n-p a{-_o-Pm--c- Abm Dcp-hn-Sp--Xp-sImv atm-c-m-chpw km[n-p-p. "tZho-am-lmyw' t]mse-bp ]e-Ir-Xn-Ipw D ta-I-fn Hv Ah a{m--c-_--amb tmI- sImv cNn-n-p--h-bm-sW-p--Xm-Wv. A-c-kw-ln-X-I-fmWv a{-. Fm a{-fpw A-c- tNp-m-Ip-p. A-c- kzc--sfpw hyRvP-\--sfpw cp alm-hn-`m-K--fns-Sp-p. kzc-k-lm-b-an-msX hyRvP-\- D-cn-m-\m-hn-. hyRvP-\-v Dm-c-W--aX \Ip kzc-sf in-cq-]-ambpw kzc-k-lm-btmsS am{Xw{]hn-p hyRvP-\-sf inh-cq-]-ambpw Xm{n-I-hnZy hnh-cn-p-p. {ioN-{I-nse in-N-{I- kzc--sfbpw inh-N-{I- hyRvP-\--sfbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-p. inh-i-ss-Iy-cq-]n-Wn-bm-Wv. efn-Xmw-_n-I. A-bpsS icocw Xs-bm-sWp hnh-cn--s-Sp {ioN-{Ihpw inh-i-ss-Iy-cq-]-am-Wv. in-cq-]-amb kzc-fpw inh-cq-]-amb hyRvP-\-fpw {ioN-{I-n \np `n--. A-c- {ioN-{I-n hn\y-kn-p coXn-bmWv ssIem-k-{]-kvXm-cw.{ioN-{I-n\v hin\n XpS-nb hmKvtZ-h-X-I-tfmSv XmZmyw hcp-p--XmWv `q{]-kvXm-cw. {ioN-{I-ns AwK-`q-X-I-fmb \nXym-tZ-hn-am hin\n XpS-nb Fp- hm-KvtZ-h-X-I-tfmSpIqSn AjvS-tIm-W-N-{I-n nXn-sN-p-Xmbn [ym\n--Ww. Ah-cm ]cn-tk-hnXbmbn AhcpsS ay-n ]cm-i-n-bmb {Xn]p-c-kp--cn-tbbpw, ]{-p-tbm-Kn-\n-I, Km-IjWn XpSn \mep in-I hmKvtZ-h-X-I, \nXym-tZ-hn-I Fnh N{I-ns hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn-embn `mh\w sN-Ww. {][m-\-i-nbpw kI-e-i-n-Ipw Imc-W-`q-X-bp-amb alm-{Xn-]p-c-kp--cnsb _np-m-\-ns At[m-`m-Kpw Km-IjnWn XpS-nb \mep in-Isf \mep Zzmc--fnepw nXn sNp--Xmbn k]nv Hmtcm in-sbbpw {]tXy-Inpw in-I-e-I-tfm-sSmw in-I-em-km-I-ey-aqn-bmb {ioa-lm-{Xn-]p-c-kp--cnsbbpw ]qPn-p k{-Zm-b-amWv `q{]-kvXm-cw.(tahn-h-cn aqp {]kvXm-c--fp-sSbpw hnh-cWw A\p-hm-N-Is BImw-m-]qnp ]cym-]vX-a Fv CsX-gp-Xp Bp t_m[y-ap-v. {ioN-{I-]qP \S-p km[-I Cu {K-nse hnh-cWw B[m-c-amn ]qPn--W-sav Dt-iy-an-. Kpcp-ap-J-p-\np Inp \nt-i-- A\p-k-cnv \S-t--XmWv {ioN-{I-]q-P. al-mb Cu ]qPm-hn-[nv Ime-t`-Zw-sImpw tZi-t`-Zw-sImpw BNm-cy-m-cpsS Zi-\-t`Zw sImpw ]e k{-Zm-b- Dm-bn-p-v. Ah-sbmw Hmtcm coXn-bn tZho-{]-km-Z-n\v D]-bp--hp-am-Wv. hni-Zmw-i--fn in-I-fpsS hn\ymkw, a{m--c--fpsS hn\ymkw, hnhn-[-tZ-h-tZho k-ev]--fpsS m\w, ]qPm-`m-K-amb D]-Nm-c- XpS-n-b-h-bn t`Z-ap-s-nepw BXy-n-I-amb k]--fnepw Zi-\-nepw Imcy-amb t`Z-an-. aqp hn[-n-ep {]kvXm-c--fp-sSbpw kmam-\y-cq-]hpw B cq]-k--ev]-n-\m-[m-c-amb XXzhpw am{Xsa Cu Ipdn-n Dsm-n-n-p-q. {ioN-{I-sbpw N{I-]q-P-sbbpw Ipdnv BNm-cy-m cNn-n-p \nc-h[n {K--fp-v. Ah hmbn-p-Xv Xo-bmbpw \v. {]tbmKw Kpcp \nt-i-a-\p-k-cn-m-I-W-sap Npcp-w.)a\p-jy-i-co-chpw {ioN-{I-hp-ambn XmZmyw hcp-p k{-Zm-bhpw Dv. X{-im-kv{X-n {_m-WvU-n\pw ]nWvUm-WvU-n\pw Xn At`-Zy-ambn _-ap-v. {_m-WvU--ns Fm LS-I-fpw apjy-i-co-c-nepw X{-imkv{Xw Nqn-m-Wn-p-p. a\p-jy-i-co-cs "]nWvUmW-WvU-'sapw "p{Z-{_-m-WvU-'sapw X{-im-kv{X-n hnti-jn-n-m-dp-v. {_m-WvU-n Fsm-s-bptm AsXmw kqva-cq-]-nemsW-nepw a\p-jy-i-cocw Dsm-p-p. {]]--L-S-\-bn-A-`q-X-N-amb Fm "XXz'fpw ico-c-nepw Dv. {]]--Im-c-W-amb "]cm-i-n'bpwIpWvU-en-\o-cq-]-n ico-c---bm-bn, "ico-c-ns Ap-X-mbn X{-imkv{Xw IW-m-p \s-ns Xmsg A-p aqem-[m-c-n' nXn-sN-p-p. AXp-sImv X{-imkv{Xw \s-ns\ "tacp-ZWvUw' Fv hnfn-p-p. `qan-bpsS Ap-X-mbn tacp-]h-Xs k]n-n-cn-p-Xpw {ioN-{I-ns {Xnam-\-cq-]-n-ep Bhn-jvIm-c-n\v "tacp'-Fp t]cp-Xpw kvacn-t--Xm-Wv."An-tjm-am-Iw N{I-a-o-tjm-a-abw PKXvAm-h-`u `m\p-c-o-tjm-a-abw kvarXw{XnJWvUw amXr-Im-N{Iw tkma-kq-cym-\-em-Iw{XntImWw ss_hw kuayajvS-tImWw N an{iIwN{Iw N{-abw ssNh Zim-c-Zzn-Xbw XYmNXpZ-imcw hmtkvXp NXp-{Iw N `m\p-aXv'Fp cp{Z-bmafw hnh-cn-p-p. ({io-N{Iw Ao-tkm-am--I-am-Ipp. An N{-kz-cq-]-am-Wv. An-N-{-kz-cq-]n-bmb kqcy An-bn A`-hn-n-cn-p-p. aqp JWvU--tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb {ioN-{Ihpw N{-kq-cym-n-kz-cq-]-am-Wv. {ioN-{I-nse {XntIm-W-fpw _nphpw N{-kw-_-n-I-fmWv. AjvS-tIm-W-N{Iw N{-kz-cq-]-amb an{i-I-am-Wv. NXpZ-im-c-N{Iw An-kz-cq-]hpw ap \mep hr-N-{I- kqcy-kz-cq-]--fpamWv.)]nWvUm-WvU-n (a-\p-jy-i-co-c-n)-aq-em-[m-cw, kzm[n-jvTm-\w, aWn-]q-cw, A\m-lXw, hnip-n, Bm Fo t]cp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp jUvN-{I--sf-p-dnv A\y{X hnh-cn-n-p-v. Ch-bn aqem-[mcw kzm[n-jvTm\w Fnh tNv JWvUhpw aWn-]pcw A\m-lXw Fnh tNv Hcp JWvUhpw hnip-n, B Fnh asmcp JWvUhpw Bbn hn`-Pn-mw. C-s\-bp-m-Ip aqp JWvU--fn BZys JWvUw An-m-\-am-Wv. cm-as JWvUw apI-fn kqcy-m\w. {]Y-a-J-Y-WvU-n-ep An-m-\-n-\p-apI-fn {_-{K-n-sbpw ZznXo-b-J-WvU-n\p apI-fn-ep kq-cym\n\p apI-fn hnjvWp-{K-n-sbpw aqm-as JWvU-n\p apI-fn-ep N{-m-\-n-\p-ap-I-fn cp{Z-{Kn Fpw t]cp aqp {Kn-I-fp-v. Cs\ {_mWvUhpw {ioN-{I-hp-am#o-bp XmZmyw ]nWvUm-WvU-n\pw {ioN-{I-n\pw Xnepw knn-p-p.{ioN-{Ihpw Kpcphpw Xn XmZmyw hcp-p-Xpw {ioN-{I-]q-P-bpsS Ah-iy-L-S-I--fn Hmbn X{-imkv{Xw hnh-cn-p-p. `uXn-Itam Bym-n-Itam Bb GsXmcp km[-\-bn-epw `mc-Xo-b Kpcp-hn\v {]m[m\yw \Im-dp-v."Kpcp{_-m-Kp-cphnjvWp KpcptZthm atl-izc:Kpcp-m-mXv ]cw-{_ Xkvssa {ioKpcpth\a:'FXv Fm Bcm-[-\-bnepw hnLvt\-iz-c-kvXpXn Ign-m sNmm-dp knn-Z-a-{-am-Wv. Kpcp-hns\ {_m-hn-jvWp-a-tl-iz-c-m-cmbn cq]Ww sNp--Xp-sImv Ah-km-\n-n-msX "kmm ]cw {_-'ambn ]qPnp Ignt km[-I CjvS-tZ-h-Xm-]q-Pbvp Xp\n-bp-I-bp-q. Kpcphpw Bcm-[-\m-aq-nbpw B aqn-bpsS aqe-a-{hpw aqn-bpsS b{-cq-]-nse Bhn-jvm-chpw Xn Hcp t`Z-hp-an-. ]cm-i-n-bmb {X]p-c-kp--cnbpw PK--\-\n-bpsS a{-i-co-c-amb {iohn-Zybpw "inh-tbmh]p:'Fp hnh-cn--s-Sp {ioN-{Ihpw Kpcp-hn \nv `n-a-. CXn GXns\ Bcm-[n-p-Xpw {ioN{I ]qP Xs-bm-Wv.Xs tbmK-i-n-sImv injys A-:IcWn IS-p-sNv AhnsS t_m[-Zo]w m]n-p Kpcp {ioN-{I-]qP \S-p km[-Is\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw "_np-a-WvU-e-a-y--bmb' efn-Xmw-_nI Xs-bm-Wv. N{I-]qP \S-p km[-I ]cm-i-n-bn \np Fsms t\Sm B{K-ln-p-pthm AsXms "Kpcp' km[-Is\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw "asm-cp-hy-n'-b. A-s\-sbmcp hyn-bmbn Kpcp-hns\ ImW-p injy XpS-n-bn-Sp Xs Xs km[-\-I Ah-km-\n-n-p-I-tb- Dq. Fm ico-c--fnepw ssNX-\y-kv^p-c-W-am-bn, Poh\v B[m-c-am-bn, {Inb-Iv \nbm-a-I-ambn, DXv]-n, hf, \miw Fn-h-sImv am-an-m--Xmbn nXn-sN-p ]c-a-Kp-cp-hmb B-ssN-X\yw Xs-bmWv Kpcp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-p--Xv. injy-Xzm-]m-Z-I--fmb ]mZ-h-\w ]mtZm-]-kw-{K-lWw XpS-n-b-h-sImv B-ssN-X-\y-n\p injy hnt[-b-\m-bn-o-cp-tm lkvX-a-kvX-I-kw-tbm-Kw, ZrjvSn-kw-tbmKw XpS-nb AwK-I-em-]--fneqsS Kpcp injy-\n kp]vX-ambn nXn-sN-p {_-ssN-X\ys DWp-p. m\w, t_m[w XpS-nb ]Z-smp \mw hnh-cn-p `mh- Do-en-X-ambnocp km[-I ]Sn--Sn-bmbn Kpcp-hn \nv `n-a-m nXnsb {]m]n-p-p.CXp-hsc kqNn-n XmZmy ]-Xn-I Hp-IqSn Bhnv ]cn-tim-[n-m hnizhpw {ioN-{Ihpw Xn, {ioN-{Ihpw a\p-jy-i-co-chpw Xn {ioN-{Ihpw Kpcphpw Xn Fn-s\ NXpap-J-amb XmZmy `mh\ {ioN-{I-]q-P-bn Aln-X-am-bn-p-sp ImWmw. Cu `mh-\bpw ]qPbpw Xn Fs\ s]mcp--s-Sp-p-hpw AXv \S-t--sX--s\-sbpw hncn-m Ffp--a-. AXo-h-hym-]-I-amb k]-i-nsb GXm\pw {Inb-I-fn HXp-p-Xp {_m-WvU-tIm-Sn-Isf GXm\pw tcJ-I-fn HXp-nb {ioN-{I-k-]w t]msebpw {_mWvU tImSn-Isf GXm\pw i_vZ--fnsemXpnb {iohn-Zym-a{w t]msebpw Ejn-am-{X-km-[y-amb {]hr-n-bm-Wv.inh-i-ss-Iy-n \np-mb {]]--sbpw AXns tI{-_n-p-hn \np {]k-cnv {]]--{]-h-\s \nb-{n-p Nn-n-sbbpw {ioN{Iw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-p. "{_mWvUw' Fp \mw hnfn-p {]]--ns {]Xn-cq-]-amWv Pohn-I-fpsS icocw Fp app kqNn-n-p. {_m-WvU-n-se t]mse ]nWvUm-WvU-nepw hym]-cn-p Xz-p hyXym-k-an-. AXp-sImv {ioN{Iw ]nWvUm-WvU-sbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-p."XzK-kr-Mvamw-k-ta-tZm-n-[m-X-h--n-aq-eIm:am-ip--{]m-W-Po-h-[m-X-h-n-h-aq-eIm:\h-[m-Xp-cbw tZtlm \h-tbm\nkap-Zv`h:Zi-ao-tbm-\n-tc-ssIh ]cm-i-n-kvX-Zo-izcoGhw ]nWvUm-WvU-ap-Xv]w XZzXv {_m-WvU-ap-Zv_`u]-`q-Xm\n imm\n ambm-Zn\n inhky Xpambm N ip-hnZym N atl-iz-c-k-Zm-inhu]-hnw-i-X-nXzm\n Xss{X-hm-`-hn tX'Fp Iman-Im-X-{w. CXp-{]-Imcw Xzv, cw, amwkw, taZv, An Fnh in-kz-cq-]--fpw a, ipw, {]mW-, Poh Fo [mXp- inh-a-b--fp-am-Wv. (Cu \h-[m-Xp- tNp-mb tZlw \h-tbm-\n-\nn-X-amb {]]--ns {]Xn-cq-]-am-Wv.) ]m-as tbm\n {_m-WvU-n-se--t]mse ]nWvUm-WvU-nepw ]cm-in Xs. Cs\ {_m-WvU-n-sbpw ]nWvUm-WvU-nbpw ]cm-in Xs. Cs\ {_m-WvU-nbpw ]nWvUm-WvU-nbpw DXv]-nbpw nXnbpw \mihpw kam-\-kz-`m-h-ap--h-bm-I-bm cn\pw sFIyw I]n--s-Sp-p. {ioN{Iw {]]--s-sb t]mse ico-c-sbpw ico-c-n-\p-n IpWvU-en-\o-cq-]-n IpSn-sIm-p ]cm-i-n-sbbpw b{-cq-]-n Bhn-jv-cn-p-p. ]nWvUm-WvU--amb jUm-[m-c-N-{I-fpw {ioN-{Im--X-amb N{I-fpw Xn-ep kma-ckyw hnkvX-c-nm Gsdmcy- ]d-tb--Xp--Xn-\m AXn\p {ian-p-a-n-.AXp-t]mse ]-Z-im--co-a-{-n\pw {ioN-{I-n\pw Xnepw LS-I-v sFIy-apv Fv kqNn-n-pw. IqSp-X hni-Z-amb N Cu {]_-n km[y-a-. {io]--Z-io-a-{s aqp IpS--fmbn hn`-Pn-n-p-v. (aqe IqS-{X-b-I-tf-_cm F \ma-ns hymJym\w t\mp-I.) {ioN-{I-tbpw aqp JWvU--fmbn hn`-Pnp hnh-cn-m-dp-v. {ioN-{Iw, ]nWvUm-WvU-amb B[m-c-N-{I-. {iotZ-hn-bpsS a{-i-co-c-sap hmgv-s-Sp ]-Z-io-a{w Fnh aqpw Hns aqp cq]-n-ep Bhn-jvIm-c--fm-Wv. Ah Hp-Xvs\-bmWv Fv BNm-cy-m Bhnp ]d-bp-p.alm-k-ap-{Z--fnse Pew ssIp-n sImv Af-m {ian-p Ahn-th-In-bmb inip-hn-s\-tmse {ioN-{I-s-p-dnp Hcp eLp-{]-_w Fgp-Xm Xp\n kmlkw {ioN-{I-cm-P-\n-e-bmb PK-\n hm-ey-]qw an-p-sap hniz-kn-p-Ibpw AXn\p thn {]mn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Abvv Fs Cu kml-k-n AXr]vXn Cs-mWv Fs t_myw. tasm-Sp cq]-hn-h-cWw Fgp-Xn-o Znhkw efn-X-k-l-{k-\m-a-hym-Jym-Xm-hmb \mcm-b-W-`--cpsS ]c--c-bns Hcp km[-I Ab-p-X Hcp {ioN{Iw X]mhgn F\np e`n-p-I-bp-m-bn. {]mW-{]-XnjvT \S-nb B N{Iw BZn-hkw hp tNXv tZho-{]-km-Z-ns {]Xy--e-y-ambn RmI-cp-Xp-p.{ioN-{I-]qP hn[n-{]-Imcw \S-p--X-n\v Kpc-]-tZiw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Kpcp-hn \nv ]qPm-hn-[n-I e`n-n-n-m--hpw {ioN{Iw hon kqn-pbpw Bcm-[n-p-Ibpw sNmw. kl-{k-\m-a-hym-Jym-\-ns Hmw \ma-ns N-bn ]d--Xp-t]mse amXr-`m-h-\-tbmsS BI-W-sa-t-bp-q. "inhsbpw in-bp-sS-bpw- H-np tN ico-c-amWv' Fv {ioN-{Is hnh-cn-m-dp-v. Ncm-N-c--fmbpw Zriym-Zr-iy--fmbpw {]]--n Fsm-s-bptm AsXmw efn-Xmw-_nI Xs-bm-I-bm {ioN-{I-cq-]-n Bbmepw As-nepw temI-P-\\n Fm-bn-S-p-ap-v, AXp-sIm-p-Xs {ioN-{I-cq-]-n Bhn-jvIr-X-bmb Asb Bcm-[n-m ka-bhpw k`hpw hn[n-Ifpw A\p-k-cnt Xocq Fn-. Adn-m Xo-bmbpw sa-ap-v.{ioN{Iw hon kqn-mtam?kqn-m ]qP tht? ]qPm-{I-a-n sXp ]p-I-tbm-]qP apS-p-Itbm sNbvXm B]-p-m-Iptam? Fn-s\ kwi-b- ]ecpw D-bn-p-p-v. Cu kwi-b--sfmw \ymb-am-Wv. GsX-nepw {]tXyI k{-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cnp Kpcp-\nt-i-{]-Imcw {ioN-{I-]q-P-sN-p km[-I\v Bk-{-Zm-b-{]-Im-c-ap Fm hni-Zmw-i--fnepw {i-h-bvt _my-X-bp-v. As\bp km[-Is eyhpw euIn-I-\mb `s eyhpw H-. Krl--\mb ` euIn-I-Po-hn-X-ns \qem-am-e-I-fn IpSp-n-n-S-th Xs Xs Nn-bp-sSbpw {]h-\-n-sbpw Hcw-i-sa-nepw PK-Zw-_n-I-bpsS t\v Xncn-p-p-sh-n AXp Xs Hcp ta-bm-Wv. A-c-m-cmb `-sc-bmWv CsX-gp-Xp B ey-am-p--Xv."kayIv iX-{I-Xq IrXzm bXv^ew ka-hm-]v\p-bmXvXXv^ew e`tX IrXzm `ym {ioN-{I-Zi\w'Fv B]vX-hm-Iy-ap-v. \qdp-a-lm-b-- sNbvXm Inp ^ew `n-tbm-Sp-IqSn {ioN-{I-n Hcn- Zin-m e`n-p-sa-mWv CXns Aw. ]qPm-ap-dn-bn {ioN{Iw hbvm\pw Hcn--se-nepw AXns\ `n-]qw hW-m\pw Ign-m AXp-Xs th{X t{ib-kv-c-am-Wv. Ipp-aw-sImtm kpK-n-I-fmb ]pjv]-sImtm {ioN-{Is An-p-Xv D-aw. efn-Xm-k-l-{k-\m-a-nse Hmtcm \mahpw `n-]qhw D-cnv Anp-Xv Iptd-qSn \v. Kpcp-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cnp tjmU-tim-]m-Nm-c-]q-P-sImv {ioN-{Im-cm-[\ \S-m-\p `mKyw Cm Bfp-I-fpsS Imcy-amWv ChnsS kqNn-n--Xv.hn[n-{]-Imcw {ioN{Iw hc-p-m-n--g-m {Xn]p-c-kp--cn-bpsS kmnyw {ioN-{I-n kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Dm-Ipw. {]mW-{]-XnjvT XpS-nb I- AXn\v Bh-iy-an-sv A`n-{]m-b-ap-v. {ioN{Iw Atm-g-tm hc-p-m-p-Itbm nc-ambn An----hw sNv, shn, kzw XpS-n-b-h-bn sImntbm s]mntm \nn-p-Itbm BImw. Atm-g-tm hc-p-m-p coXn kmam-\y-P-\-v kzoI-cn-m-hp--X-. Akm-am-\y-amb A\p-{K-l-i-n-bp--ht AXp Ign-bq. kzw sImp-m-nb {ioN-{I-n Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h in \ne-\npw FmWv hnizmkw shn-sIm-p--Xn ap-n-c-p-sIm-hpw sNp-sIm-p--Xn ]{-p-sIm-hpw FmWv A`n-{]m-bw.C-s\-sbmcp Ime-KW\ {]k--a-spw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v. kl-{km-_vZ--fmbn ssNX\yw \jvS-s-Sm {ioN-{I- ]e alm-t-{X--fnepw D-t{X. Xan-gv\m-nse {]kn--amb NnZw-_cw t{X-n aqe-m-\v "NnZw-_-c-c-lkyw' Fp hnfn--s-Sp Hcp Ad-bp-v. AXn-\-Iv Hpw Xs ImWm-\n-. Acq-]n-bmbn hmbp-enw-K-cq-]-n kZm-in-h AXn IpSn-sIm-f-fpp Fp ]d-bm-dp-v. B Ad-bvp-n PK-ZvKp-cp-hmb {ioi--cm-Nm-cy m]n Hcp {ioN{Iw Dsp ]g-a-m ]d-bp-p. NnZw-_-c-t-{X-n\v `qkz-tm- av BkvXn-Itfm C. aqhm-bn-c-tmfw IpSpw-_- B t{Xs B{i-bnp Pohn-p-p-v. \nkz-\mb NnZw-_-tc-i "I-\-I-k-`m-]Xn'bmWv. Cu sFiz-cy-n\v ImcWw AhnsS {]Xn-jvTn-n-p {ioN-{I-am-sWp tIp-p."_np-{Xn-tIm-W-h-kp-tIm-W-Z-im-c-bpwa\z-{i-\m-K-Z-e-kw-bp-X-tjm-U-imcwhr-{X-b [c-Wo-k-Z-\-{Xbw N{ioN-{I-ta-Z-Zp-ZnXw ]c-tZ-h-Xmb:

hf-bp-ambn Db Hp tNp [mc-W-bp--Xn-\m ic-cq-]-n tatemv AZv\n-\m-fm-Ir-Xn-bn D {XntIm-W- cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. inh enwK-hp-ambn km[yw D Cu Du-apJ {XntIm-W- An, {]Pm-]-Xn, inh, A-c-]p-cp-j Fn-h-cpsS {]Xo-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wnp hcp-p. At[m-apJ {XntIm-W--fm-Is AXn-\m shnsbpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Nn-am-bn. Fm tZho tZh-mpw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb N{I--fp-v. AsXmw Xs `mKn-I-am-Wv. Fm {io N{I-am-Is {Xn]p-c-kp--co-tZ-hn-bpsS BIm-chpw ]q {]]--n-sbpw hyjvSn cq]hpw DsIm-p--Xm-I-bm ]q-am-Wv. AXyp--amb {ioN-{I-s-tmse in-]-c-ambn ]qPn--s-Sp Hcp N{Ihpw temI-n-en-. {ioN{Iw {_m-WvU-n-sbpw hyn-bp-tSbpw {]Xo-I-am-Wv."" N{Iw Xr]pc kpcw {_lmamWvUImc anizocw'' F X{-hm-Iyw CXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. KWnXimkv{X {]Im-chpw {ioN{Iw AXoh aln-a-tb-dn-bXpw ]q-hp-am-Wv. {ioN{In HXv Bh-c-W--fp-v. Ghpw Db kwJy H]Xv BWv. ]ns-bp kwJy-I Bh\ kwJy-I am{Xw. 9 s\ Fp-sImp KpWn-mepw Inp ^es H-kw-Jy-bm-n-bm ""9'' Bbn-cn-bvpw Fp-Xpw Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. H]Xv ]q kwJy F-t]mse ""Ggv'' FXv Znhy kwJy-bm-Wv. Hv F A-n\v tijw F{X ]qPy- tNmepw Ggv sImv lcn-m lc-W-^ew Bhn-p-sa--XmWv Hcp {]tXy-I-X. {Xnaqn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS inIfpw {_hpw tNm ""7'' Bbn. AXp Xs {]]-hpw {ioN{Ins a{w {iohn-Zym-a-{-am-Wv. Cu a{-ns ZrjvSm- A\-h-[n-bp-v. Ah Hmtcm-cp-cpw Xmm--fpsS {]tXy-I-X-tbmSp IqSnb a{--fm-emWv tZh-Xsb kmm-XvI-cn-n-p--Xv. ImZn-a-Xw, lmZn-a-Xw, IlmZnaXw Fo aqp hn`m-K--fn-embn 15 hyXy a{--fmWv X{ kmln-Xy-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p--Xv.

1.lcn:- lk-I-e-{low, lk-Ie -{low, kIe -{low, kIe -{low, kl-I-le -{low, kl-I-le -{low2. lc: lk-Ie-{lo-e, lk-Ie-{lo-e, kIe -{low, lk-I-e-l-k-I-l-e-k-Ie -{low

3.hnc-: IF-Ce -{low, lI-le -{low, lk-Ie -{low

4.a\p: Il-F-Ce -{low, lI-F-Ce -{low, lk-Ie -{low

5. N{ : kl-I-F-Ce -{low, lk-I-l-F-Ce -{low, lk-I-F-Ce -{low.

6. Ipt_c:- lk-I-F-Ce -{low, lk-I-l-F-Ce -{low, kl-I-F-Ce -{low.

7.a-Y: IF-Ce -{low, lk-I-le- {low, kIe -{lowCs\ tem]-ap{Z, AK-kvX-b, \n-tI-iz-c, kqcy, kv, ip{I, Zpm-km-hv, ba Fn-h-cp-sSbpw a{--fpv. Fm-nepw Hcp-t]mse ImWp e{low F-Xns\ elcn Fv e-ao-[c hymJym-\n-p-p. Av iIvXn {XntIm-W-fpw \men inh-{Xn-tIm-Wfpw Hcp {]tXyI Xc-n CS-I-epXn-\m _lnap-J--fmb {XntIm-W-fpw a[y _nphpw IqSn-b-XmWv {ioN-{I-ns D`m-Kw. CXn Ghpw ]pd-ta-bp N{I-nse {XntIm-W-Mvl-fpsS Aw app Xc-n Hcp hrhpw AXn\p ]pdsa ]Xn-\mdv Zf-fpw Ah-bpsS Av aqv hr-tc-I-Ifpw Chsb kv]in-m-Xpw \nnX Af-hnepw AI-e-nepw 4 `mKhpw {]th-i\ Zzmc-ap--Xp-amb 3 NXptc-Jbpw tNm {ioN{Iw ]qambn.{io N{IteJ-\w- {ioN{Iw 3 Xc-n-emWv \nn-bvp--Xv. `q{]-kvXm-cw, tacp-{]-kvXm-cw, ssIem-k-{]-kvXmcw imkv{X hn[n A\p-k-cnv {ioN{I \nmWw hfsc {ia-I-c-am-Wv. Ans\ \nn-bvp {ioN{Iw AXoh ssNX\y hmln-bm-bn-cn-pw F-Xn\v kwi-b-an-. BZn-i--cm-Nm-cy-kzm-an-I Imn-]pcw t{X-ns Npa-cn Hcp {ioN{Iw imkv{X {]Imcw cpshpw hc Xotmtgpw B t{Xw apgp-h\pw CfIn XpS-n-sbpw DSs\ kzman-I AXns Hcp tImWns ambvNv Ne-\s \nn-sbpw sFXn-ly-ap-v. AXn-\m icn-bmb {ioN{Ins alna A]mcw Xs-sbv hn-ti-jnv ]d-tb--Xn--tm.N{I-te-J-\w, krjvSn-{I-aw, kwlm-c-{I-aw F cp hn[-amWv. {ioN{Is kw_-npw A`n-{]m-b-t`-Z--fp-v. sam-n N{I-n\v BIm-c-hy-Xymkw hcp-n- FXv {]tXyIw {]km-Xm-hy-am-Wv. _np-hn-m {ioN{IamWv Nne-cp-sS Bcm-[\m b{w. {]]- krjvSntbmSp IqSn in {]]--cq-]-ambn ]cn-W-an-p. AXn-\m _np A{]-k--am-sW-mWv Ah-cpsS apJy-hm-Zw. ap Nnev _np {XntIm-W-n-e, AXn\p ]pdv NXp-c-n-em-Wv. _n-p-hns\ Hcp N{I-ambn IW-m-p-n-. AtX- k-abw _np-hn\v ]Icw {Xnh-e-b-sf Hcp N{I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-p-p. Ans\ 9 N{Iw XnI-p-p. AXn Xs Hcp hn`m-K-m {Xnh-e-b-n\p ]Icw Hscm--h-ebw aXn-sbpw ap cphebw AjvS-Z-f-ns tjmUiZn-tbpw A--fn-ep he-b-sf #ps-Spn {Xnh-e-b-ambn kzoI-cn-p-p.`qcq-]-n\v 4 `mKpw {]th-i-\-Zzm-c-an-s-mWv thsd-sbmcp Iq. kucy el-cn-bn N{Is hnh-cn-p-n-Sv {]th-i\ Zzmc-sf Dt]-np ImWp-p-v. Atm ic`K-h]mZ t]mepw {]th-i-\-Zzmcw Cs-p ]-m-sW-p-thWw Icp-Xm. Fm Atlw Xs kucyel-cn-bn Zzmtcm-]m--n Xr ]mm C{ XpS-n-b-h kabw Imp\np--Xmbn hn-n-p-s-p-Xpw Hmt--Xm-Wv. `mkvc cmb Xs tkXp-_--n bma-f-ns\ Ah-ew-_nv {]th-i-\-Zzm-c-sf hnp-I-f-p. ku-cy-e-lcn hymJym-\-n e-ao-[-c BIs {]th-i-\-Zzm-c- Dsv Xs kan-n-p-v. a\-aY hntZym-]m-k-I-cmb \mw Bcm-[nv ]qPn-p-Xv a[y {XntIm-W--amb _np Hcp N{Ihpw 3 hr--tfmSp IqSnb Xrhe-bhpw `q]p-c-n 4 hipw {]th-i-\-Zzm-c-tfmSp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb {ioN-{I-s-bm-Wv. hma-tI-izc X{-s- B-[m-c-am-n-bmWv Cu k{-Zm-bw. teml--In-Sp-I-fn Bte-J\w sNp k{-Zm-bs `q{]-kvXmcw Fp ]d-bp-p. tacp t]c-kvXm-c-am-Is {Xnam\ cq]-am-Ip-p. tacp 3 Xc-n-em-Wv.1.Hmtcm N{Ihpw Hn-\p-ta Hmbn Xop-p.2.`q]pcw hnXm-\-nepw AXn\papI-fn AjvS-Z-fw, tjmU-i-Z-fw Fo cp N{I Hcp hnXm-\-nepw AXn\p apI-fn ap N{I- H-n\p apI-fn asmv F \ne-bn \nn-p-p. 3.Ghpw ]pd-sa-bp 3 N{I- Hcp hnXm-\-nepw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn ASp--aqp N{I- Hcp hnXm-\-nepw AXn\p aosX Dn-ep 3 N{I Hcp hnXm-\-nepw \nn-p--Xv.

ssIem-k-{]-kvXmcw : teml-X-In-Sn apgv IWhn[w sImn-bp-m-p {ioN{Iam-Wv.{ioN{In 18 a-fpw 24 kn-I-fp-ap-v. c tcJI- ]c-kv-]cw apdnp IS-p-nSw kn-sbpw cn IqSp-X apdn-p-I-S-p-n-S-n\v aw F t]cnepw Adn-b-s-Sp-p. kn-a- tImw IqSmsX InpI F-XmWv apIy e-W--fn Hv.N{IteJ-\-s-p-dnv imkv{X-hn[n ]e-{]-Im-c-n-ep-ap-v. krjvSn-{I-aw, kwlmcw Fv 2 hn[-ap-sv ap]v ]d-bp-I-bp-m-b-tm. Hcp hn[n Xmsg tNp-p. \mev]-s-w-i-am-bpsm hen-b-a-Xn]p-`mKw hcp-m]{-w-ti\ `mK-Zz-b-aXv ka-amb n\m-semp ]nsaqwiw c-cwiw ]p\-c-]n-N-Xp-cwKw]cw aqwiwinjvSw aphmdp apm--W-a-Xn\v IW-sm--samw [cn-n. tIc-f-n \Sp Hcp IW-m-Wv. CXns D]-m-Xmhv Bcm-sW-p-a-dn-bn-. Cu IW--\p-k-cnp hc-m am{Xta hnj-a-tcJ IqSmsX icn-bm-Ipp Fp Nne Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-p.Imivao tZiv CXn \npw Ahv]w t`Z-K-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb IW-mWv \ne-hn-ep-Xv. tIc-f-n \ne-hn-ep asmcp imkv{X-hn[n Xmsg tNp-p. sXmq-m-dw-i-am-bmZyw hc-sbmp hc--Ww, aty \mev]-n-sb-Swiw hniWw am-b-Xn, Am-dY apq-p \mepw aqm-a-sXm-cmdpw, Bcp-amdpw hc-bv]p-N-tc-J-I pc-s-m ]nepw {Iaw t]m aqv \meXpwmepw -aqpw Ipd-bvt-W-aw-iw--fn-cp-`m-KhpwAXp-t]m \mep-amdpw tcJ-bn ]Xn-\m-dXpwAn ]sm]Xpw hoXawiw amo-SWw _p[, Hm-dn csm]-Xn aqp hr-s- \m-senes-gn-ep-samp t]mse{XntIm-W-ambv cp ]pd-p-\npw hcp tNn-SpI ay-`msKXp aqn-ep-a-s\sbsm-n k]vX-aw-hr--nBdXp cn-e-Xn ap sNmXp t]mXs tNp-sIm-mepw AjvS-Zfw ]Xn-s\m-m-Wo-scp Zf-n-\w-i-sam--Xp-Xmhrw cp `q]p-c-awiw ct-h-W-amWv {ioN-{Iw.

tacp N{I-ns s]ms ]n-bp IWv t\mmw.{ioN-{In\p ]nd-In 4 tImWpw apn 4 tImWp-am-Wv. AXn ]nnse tImWp-I 6,6,5,3 Awi- A\p-k-cnv s]mw samw 20 Awiw. a[y{Xn-tIm-W-n\v 4 Awiw. B \men 21/2 Awiw {XntIm-W-n\pw H-cwiw _np-hn-\p-am--Ww. Fm appw ]npw IqSn 48 Awi-am-Ipw. AjvS-Zfw XpS-n-b-hbvv Awiw Xs Atm BsI s]mw 96 Awi-am-Ip-p. C\n asmcp hn[n

NXp-c{iw s]m- av \mev hr-{X-b-n\vaqt-ap-m aq-cbpw tjmU-imjvS, Zf--fnaqt-Im-emWv a\y{iw Zimcw aqp-s]m-amwct-ap-m-ew-i-a- `qimcw hkp-tIm-Wn\vc-cwiw {XntIm-W-n\v ct-Im cp _nphpwap-n-c-w-i-amsI sm-ambn IW-n\vssIemk {]m-c-ns IWv `q{]-kvXm-c-n-sXp Xs.{ioN-{Ins ASn-m\ LS-I- inh-in tImW--fmb 9 {XntIm-W--fm-Wv. Chsb \h-tbm\n Fp ]dbpw.BsI 9 N{I--fmWv _np ASw.Ghpw ]pdsa N{I-sf kv]in-msX aqp tcJ-I-tfmNp IqSn-bXpw \mep `mKpw {]th-i-\-Zzm-ctfmSp IqSn-b-Xp-amb NXp-c-{iw. CXn\v ss{X]p-cw, `q]p-cw, ss{XtemIy taml\ N{Iw F\v\p t]. ]ns ImWp {Xntc-J-I As-n {Xnh-ebw ivXn kln-X-a-m--Xm-I-bm N{I-ambn ]cn-K-Wnp hcp-n-. XpSv 16 Zf--tfmSp IqSnb tjmU-i-Z-f-N-{Iw. CXns\ kmim ]cn-]q-cnX N{Iw Fp hnfn-p-p. aqm-as N{Iw AjvS-Z-fw. CXns\ k-kw-tm-`W N{Iw Fp t].CXn\p Xmsgbpw Ccp hi--fn Cu cp-ambn BsI 6 e-p-am{Xw sXmp-sIm-p _ln apJ {XntImW he-b-amWv ASp--Xv. 14 tImWp-I-fp Cu N{Iw NXpZ-im-cw k-ku-`m-Ky-Zm-bIw N{Iw. ASp cp N{I--fnepw 10 tImWp-I hoX-am-I-bm AXn ]pd-sa-bp--Xns\ _lnZ-im-cw khm km[-I-N{Iw Fp ]d-bp-p. FXn Zim-cs k-c-m-Ic--N{Iw Fp-t]. ASp-Xv 8 tIm tN AjvS-`mcw CXv ""k-tcm-K-l-c-N{Iw'' Fp hnfn--s-Sp-p. C\n Fm-as N{Iw a[y{XntImWw CXv k knn ]Z-N-{Iw. XpSv Ah-km-\-Xpw H]-Xm-a-t-Xp-amb N{Iw _np Xs. CXv k \-ab N{Iw. Ans\ 43 tImWp-Ifpw _np ASw 44 Zf- 24 `qcq-]-n 28 in-I BsI 96 in-I {io N-{Inep-v. Cu tiI-Xn-Isf Xmsg tNp-p. {ioN-{In _np, AjvS-Z-fw, tjmU-i-Z-fw, `q]pcw Fo 4 N{I- inh-N-{I--fm-Wv. a[y {XntIm-Ww, AjvSm-cw, Zim-c-Zz-bw, NXpZ-im-cw Fo Ap-N-{I- in N{I-m-Wv. ka-jvSn-{]-]--n-sbpw DXv]nbpw Cu \h-aq-e-I- Xs-sb-p ImWmw. 1. ]-`q-X- 2. ]-X-m-{X-I 3. ]-It-{nbw 4. ]-m-t\-{nbw 5. a\v Fn-s\ 5 tbm\n-Ifpw amb, ip-hn-Zy, atl-iz-c, kZm-in-h Fo \mev inh-tbm-\n-I-fp-w BWv {]]--kr-jvSn-bpsS aqe-L-S-I-. hrjvSn-bn-em-Is Xzv, cw, amkw, taZ-v, An Fo Ap ivIXn aqe-I-fpw a, ipw, {]mW, Poh Fo \mep inh-aq-e-I--fp-am-Wv.{ioN-{In _ln apJ tImW--fp N{I--fmWv {][m-\w. ImcWw ap N{I- _np-hns BIj-W-m CXn hne-bn-p-p. AjvS-Zfw a[y-{Xn-tIm-W-nepw tjmU-i-Zfw AjvSm-c-nepw {Xnh-ebw Zim-c--fnepw `q]pcw NXp Z-im-c-n-epw. Cu a[y `mKv Xs AXoh t{ijvS-ambXv AjvSmcw. a[y-{Xn-tImWw, _np Fnh tN `mK-am-Wv. Cu 9 {XntIm-W-fpw _nphpw tNv Zi-I-ns Omb ZznXz-amWv AZ-im-c-hpw, llZ-im-chpw lnp nXbpw NnZv cq]-hp-amb {Xn]p-cm-tZ-hn-bpsS {]Imi he-b-amWv Cu {]Xn-_nw-_-n\v Imc-Ww. kwh-\m-e\w (Im-emn cp{Z) NnZvI-ebpw _np-hn-ep--Xn-\m-emWv cv {]Xn-_nw_w Fv \nXy-tjm-U-in-I-bn ]d-bp-p.Cu ay-`m-K-am-Wv _mem ]c-ta-iz-cn-bpsS N{Iw. CXn \np _mem-tZ-hn-bpsS alna F{X-sbv Duln-m-hp--tX-bp-q. efn-tXm-]m-Jym-\-n efn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS aSn-bn Ccn-p \ne-bn-emWv _mem-]-c-ta-iz-cnsb hn-n-p--sXv {]tXyIw {iml-am-Wv. \mZ-{_--ns ASn-m\w Cu ay-`m-K-n-s hnI-knX cq]-am-Wv {]]w Fv Bpw t_my-am-Ipw. A-c-{_-s hgnsb hnkvX-cn-mw.a{s kw_-nv t\mn-bmepw CXv A-h-mbn Xocp-p. _me-a-{-ns hnI-knX cq]-am-Wtm ] Zim--cn-bpw, tjmU-in-bpw, alm-tjm-U-inbpw apw.{ioN-{In BsI 96 XXz AYhm Bh-c-W-tZ-h-X-I AYhm in tZh-X-I Dsp ]d-p-htm {]]--nepw 96 XXz--fm-Wp--Xv. hrjvSn-bn-epw.Ah.C{n-b- 20, mt\-{n-bw,5 t{imX, Xzv, Nq Polm, {LmWw Ch-bpsS i_vZ-kv]i,ck K cq]w.It-{nbw : 5. hmIv, ]mWn, ]mZ, hmbp, D]-w, Ch-bpsS hN-\, Zm\w,-bm-\w, hnkw, B\-w.

aWvUew : 3 An, A, su, `qX-5:KpWw 3 kXzw, cP-v,- X-]-v. \mUn3. Ah 3.{]mW 5. D]-{]m-W5. Cui-m 3 hniz, ssXP-k, {]m.ZqjWw 3. Xm]w 3. tZlw 3. FjWw 3. cmKw 8. IcWw 8 tImiw 5.[mXp- 7-. B[mcw 6. BsI 96{ioN-{Inse in tZh-X-Isf Bh-cW tZh-X-sIp ]d-bmw. hrjvSn-bn-em-Is Xzv, cw, amkw, taZ-v, An Fo Ap ivIXn aqe-I-fpw a, ipw, {]mW, Poh Fo \mep inh-aq-e-I--fp-am-Wv.{ioN-{In _ln apJ tImW--fp N{I--fmWv {][m-\w. ImcWw ap N{I- _np-hns BIj-W-m CXn hne-bn-p-p. AjvS-Zfw a[y-{Xn-tIm-W-nepw tjmU-i-Zfw AjvSm-c-nepw {Xnh-ebw Zim-c--fnepw `q]pcw NXp Z-im-c-n-epw. Cu a[y `mKv Xs AXoh t{ijvS-ambXv AjvSmcw. a[y-{Xn-tImWw, _np Fnh tN `mK-am-Wv. Cu 9 {XntIm-W-fpw _nphpw tNv Zi-I-ns Omb ZznXz-amWv AZ-im-c-hpw, llZ-im-chpw lnp nXbpw NnZv cq]-hp-amb {Xn]p-cm-tZ-hn-bpsS {]Imi he-b-amWv Cu {]Xn-_nw-_-n\v Imc-Ww. kwh-\m-e\w (Im-emn cp{Z) NnZvI-ebpw _np-hn-ep--Xn-\m-emWv cv {]Xn-_nw_w Fv \nXy-tjm-U-in-I-bn ]d-bp-p.Cu ay-`m-K-am-Wv _mem ]c-ta-iz-cn-bpsS N{Iw. CXn \np _mem-tZ-hn-bpsS alna F{X-sbv Duln-m-hp--tX-bp-q. efn-tXm-]m-Jym-\-n efn-Xmw-_n-I-bpsS aSn-bn Ccn-p \ne-bn-emWv _mem-]-c-ta-iz-cnsb hn-n-p--sXv {]tXyIw {iml-am-Wv. \mZ-{_--ns ASn-m\w Cu ay-`m-K-n-s hnI-knX cq]-am-Wv {]]w Fv Bpw t_my-am-Ipw. A-c-{_-s hgnsb hnkvX-cn-mw.a{s kw_-nv t\mn-bmepw CXv A-h-mbn Xocp-p. _me-a-{-ns hnI-knX cq]-am-Wtm ] Zim--cn-bpw, tjmU-in-bpw, alm-tjm-U-inbpw apw.{ioN-{In BsI 96 XXz AYhm Bh-c-W-tZ-h-X-I AYhm in tZh-X-I Dsp ]d-p-htm {]]--nepw 96 XXz--fm-Wp--Xv. hrjvSn-bn-epw.Ah.C{n-b- 20, mt\-{n-bw,5 t{imX, Xzv, Nq Polm, {LmWw Ch-bpsS i_vZ-kv]i,ck K cq]w.It-{nbw : 5. hmIv, ]mWn, ]mZ, hmbp, D]-w, Ch-bpsS hN-\, Zm\w,-bm-\w, hnkw, B\-w.

aWvUew : 3 An, A, su, `qX-5:KpWw 3 kXzw, cP-v,- X-]-v. \mUn3. Ah 3.{]mW 5. D]-{]m-W5. Cui-m 3 hniz, ssXP-k, {]m.ZqjWw 3. Xm]w 3. tZlw 3. FjWw 3. cmKw 8. IcWw 8 tImiw 5.[mXp- 7-. B[mcw 6. BsI 96{ioN-{Inse in tZh-X-Isf Bh-cW tZh-X-sIp ]d-bmw.1. aqp tcJ-I tN p]p-c-nse ]pds tcJ-bn-emWv 10 knn tZh-X-am-cpsS m\w.

Ah : AWn-a, fLn-a, Cui-Xzw, hin-Xzw, {]m]vXn, {]Im-ayw, aln-a, COm-kn-n, A-kn-n, tam-kn-n.

a[y-tcJ: 8 amXr-I {_mn, atl-iz-cn, sIuamcn, sshjvW-hn, hcm-ln, C{m-Wn, Nmap-WvV, alm-en

AtcJ: -10 ap{Z: k-kw-tm-_-Wn, k-hn-{Zm-hn-Wn, km-Ijn-Wn, k i-cn, k-{]n--cn, k alm-p-i, k-tJ-N-cn, k {XnJ-WvU, k _oP, k tbm\n. Cu 28 tZhn-am-cpsS A[n-]-Xn-bmbn {]IStbm-Kn\n F tZhnbpw Nmt{I-iz-cn-bmbn {Xn]p-cm-tZ-hnbpw Ccp--p-p. 2. tjmU-i-Zfw : Kp]vX-I F 16 \nXy-I-e-IImam-Ij-Wn, _pm-Ij-Wn, Alw-Imcm Ij-Wn, i_vZm Ij-Wn, kv]im Ij-Wn, c]m IjWn, ckm Ij-Wn, Km Ij-Wn, Nnm Ij-Wn, ss[cy Ij-Wn, kvarXym IjWn, \mam Ij-Wn, {im Ij-Wn, BXam Ij-Wn, AarXm Ij-Wn, icncm Ij-Wn. A[n-]Xn Kp]vX-tbm-Kn-\n Nmt{I-iz-cn Xr]p-tc-iz-cn.

3.AjvS-Zfw: Kp]vX-X-c--sfp ]d-bp 8 A\wK in-I.A\w-K- Ip-kpa, A\w-K taJ-e, A\wK aZ-\, A\w-K aZ-\m-Xp-c, A\w-KtcJ, A\w-KthK, A\w-Kpi, A\w-K amen-\n.Kp]vX-X-c-tbm-Kn\n : {Xn]pc-kp-cn 4. 14 {XntImWwk{-Zm-b-m -Fdnb-s-Sp 14 in-I.k kwtm-`nWn, khn{Zm-hn-Wn, km-Ij-Wn, klvfmZn-\n, kktm-ln-\n, k-kvXw-`n\n, kPw`n-\n, ki-cn, kcn-\n, ktmm-Zn-\n, km km[n-\n, k im]-]-cn-]q-c-Wn, ka{-a-bn, k Zzcq--b-I-cn.k{-Zm-b-tbm-Kn\n {Xn]p-c-hm-kn-\n.5. _ln Zkmcw: Iptfm-o-I-sf 10 tZhn-amk knn-{]-`, k k {]`, k{]nb--cn, k awKf-Im-cn-Wn, k Ima {]Z, k Zp:J hntam-Nn-\n, k arXyp-{]-i-a-\n, k hnLv\ hn\m-in-\n, kmwK kpcn, kku`m-Ky-Zm-bn-\n.

6. _ln Zkmcw : Iptfm-o-I-sf 10 tZhn-am.k, k in, ksFiz-cy-{]-Z, k-m-\-a-bn, khym[n hn\m-in-\n, km[mc, k]m]-l-c, km\abn, kcm-kz-cq-]n-Wn, kt]vknX ^e-{]-Z. A[n-jvTm{Xn \nK`-tbm-Kn-\n.

7. AjvS-mcw.hmin-\n, Imta-kzn, tamZn-\n, hna-e, AcpW , Pbn-\n, ktiz-cn, Iuen\n (cl-ky-tbm-Kn\n {Xn-]pcm knm)8. ay-{Xn-tImWw3 in-I Imta-iz-cn, ht{P-iz-cn, `mK-am-en-\n, AXn-c-l-ky-tbm-Kn-\n {Xn]p-cmw-_.9. _np: 15 \nXy-I-tfmSp IqSnb alm-{Xn-]p-c-kp--cn, tZhn, Nt{I-iz-cn-bmbn hn-p-p. ]cm-]c cl-ky-tbm-Kn-\n.a{-n-se--t]mse N{Ihpw 3 aWvU-e-ambn ImWp-p. kqcy N{mn aWvU-e--fm-W-h. kqcy, N{, An Fp ]d-bp-Xv tPmXntKm-f-sf Dty-in--. kmt-XnX kw-I-fm-Wv. ]pdp \npw 3 N{Iw tNXv An aWvU-ew, AXn-\p-]cn aqpN{Iw IqSn kqcy aWvUew asm-c-`n-{]m-b-ap-Xv N{ kqcymn kw_w Fm in N{I-pw Hcp t]mse-bp-s-m-Wv. 43 tImWp-I tN-Xm-Wtm N{Iw. N{s 16 Iebpw N{-kw-_-n-bmb 27 \-{X-fpw tN-XmWv Cu 43. A-c-n 12 Ie-I, 12 Ejn-am, 3 thZw, 4 kzcw, 12 aqn-I tN 43 kqcykw_-w. {XntImWw An, 8 aqn, 10 Ie, 10 hn`qXn , 14 temI- tN 43 An-_-hpw hymJym-\np ImWp-p. krjvSn, nXn, ebw F Xc-nepw. ]iz-n, a[y-a, sshJcn F \ne-bnepw aWvU-e-{X-bs ImWp-p-v. \h-tbm-\o-P-\y-amb {ioN{Iw ih-in kzcq]w Xs-bm-Wv. inhs\ IqSmsX in-sm, insb IqSmsX inht\m kzX-{-ambn \ne-\n-ev]n-. kztm-pIX bn alm-_n-p As-n ]cm-_np aqmbn Xocp-p. Imcy-_np _oPw \mZw. inh `mh-ns B[n-Iy-m _np inh-{]-[m-\hpw sh-\n-d-tmSp IqSn-bXpw in `mh-ns apXq--m _oPw in \nd-tmSp tNXpw Cu cns ka-bm-h--bmb \mZw an{i-\n-d-tmSp IqSn-bXpw BIp-p. Cu 3 _np tN {XntImWw Xs-bmWv {ioN{Inse a[y-{Xn-tIm-Ww.\hmm kzcq-]-tmSp IqSnb inh-in kzcq]w Xs-bmWv {ioN{Iw Fv kucy-e-lcn 34mw tmI-n hnh-cn-n-p-v. B tmI-n tZhnsb `K-h-Xn-sb-mWv kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-p--Xv. `K-hXn F ]Z-n\v ap ]e A- D-Xn\v ]pdsa ]c kwJy-b-\p-k-cnv ` F-Xn\v 9 BsW-p-Xpw {]tXyIw {it-b-am-Wv.ta tN 3 _np-hns\ kqcy , N{, An Fp hnfn-p-p. _oPw N{\pw, \mZw kqcy\pw, _np An-bp-am-Ip-p. kqcy Fmw hy-am-p tPymXn-m-I-bm {Inbm inbpw An Fm-n-t\bpw Zln-n-p--h-\m-I-bm m\-i-tI-Xn-bp-am-sWv cmL-h-`-S Xs imcZm hymJym-\-n ]d-bp-p. tbmKn\o lrZ-b-n hma, Cm-in ]iz-n-bnepw, m\w tPjvT a[y-a-bnepw {Inbm- in scm{Zn sshJ-c-bnepw AS-p--Xmbn ]d-bp-p. _oP-timW _np in, N{, hma, {_, `mc-Xn, C, cP-v, ]izn, kzm[n-jvTm-\w.\mZ an{i-_np inh-in, kqcy, tPjvT, hnjvWp, hnizw-`-c, m\, kXz, a[y-a, A\m-lX

_np- knX _np inh, An, scm{Zn, cp{Zm-Wn, {Inb, Xa-v, sshJ-cn, hnip-. ]cm-]c cl-ky-tbm-Kn-\n.a{-n-se--t]mse N{Ihpw 3 aWvU-e-ambn ImWp-p. kqcy N{mn aWvU-e--fm-W-h. kqcy, N{, An Fp ]d-bp-Xv tPmXntKm-f-sf Dty-in--. kmt-XnX kw-I-fm-Wv. ]pdp \npw 3 N{Iw tNXv An aWvU-ew, AXn-\p-]cn aqpN{Iw IqSn kqcy aWvUew asm-c-`n-{]m-b-ap-Xv N{ kqcymn kw_w Fm in N{I-pw Hcp t]mse-bp-s-m-Wv. 43 tImWp-I tN-Xm-Wtm N{Iw. N{s 16 Iebpw N{-kw-_-n-bmb 27 \-{X-fpw tN-XmWv Cu 43. A-c-n 12 Ie-I, 12 Ejn-am, 3 thZw, 4 kzcw, 12 aqn-I tN 43 kqcykw_-w. {XntImWw An, 8 aqn, 10 Ie, 10 hn`qXn , 14 temI- tN 43 An-_-hpw hymJym-\np ImWp-p. krjvSn, nXn, ebw F Xc-nepw. ]iz-n, a[y-a, sshJcn F \ne-bnepw aWvU-e-{X-bs ImWp-p-v. \h-tbm-\o-P-\y-amb {ioN{Iw ih-in kzcq]w Xs-bm-Wv. inhs\ IqSmsX in-sm, insb IqSmsX inht\m kzX-{-ambn \ne-\n-ev]n-. kztm-pIX bn alm-_n-p As-n ]cm-_np aqmbn Xocp-p. Imcy-_np _oPw \mZw. inh `mh-ns B[n-Iy-m _np inh-{]-[m-\hpw sh-\n-d-tmSp IqSn-bXpw in `mh-ns apXq--m _oPw in \nd-tmSp tNXpw Cu cns ka-bm-h--bmb \mZw an{i-\n-d-tmSp IqSn-bXpw BIp-p. Cu 3 _np tN {XntImWw Xs-bmWv {ioN{Inse a[y-{Xn-tIm-Ww.\hmm kzcq-]-tmSp IqSnb inh-in kzcq]w Xs-bmWv {ioN{Iw Fv kucy-e-lcn 34mw tmI-n hnh-cn-n-p-v. B tmI-n tZhnsb `K-h-Xn-sb-mWv kwt_m-[\ sNbvXn-p--Xv. `K-hXn F ]Z-n\v ap ]e A- D-Xn\v ]pdsa ]c kwJy-b-\p-k-cnv ` F-Xn\v 9 BsW-p-Xpw {]tXyIw {it-b-am-Wv.ta tN 3 _np-hns\ kqcy , N{, An Fp hnfn-p-p. _oPw N{\pw, \mZw kqcy\pw, _np An-bp-am-Ip-p. kqcy Fmw hy-am-p tPymXn-m-I-bm {Inbm inbpw An Fm-n-t\bpw Zln-n-p--h-\m-I-bm m\-i-tI-Xn-bp-am-sWv cmL-h-`-S Xs imcZm hymJym-\-n ]d-bp-p. tbmKn\o lrZ-b-n hma, Cm-in ]iz-n-bnepw, m\w tPjvT a[y-a-bnepw {Inbm- in scm{Zn sshJ-c-bnepw AS-p--Xmbn ]d-bp-p. _oP-timW _np in, N{, hma, {_, `mc-Xn, C, cP-v, ]izn, kzm[n-jvTm-\w.\mZ an{i-_np inh-in, kqcy, tPjvT, hnjvWp, hnizw-`-c, m\, kXz, a[y-a, A\m-lX

_np- knX _np inh, An, scm{Zn, cp{Zm-Wn, {Inb, Xa-v, sshJ-cn, hnip-. {]]-tm-n-bn \nKpW _v]w kpKp-W- -{_--ambn Xocp-p. Cu kpKpW {_w XsbmWv ]cm-_np As-n alm-_n-p. ]noSv AXv 3 Bbn Xocp-p. Imcb _np, _oPw, \mZw. Cu aqpw ]cm-_nqw IqSn 4 Ah--I-fm-Wv ]X, ]iz-n, a[y-a, sshJ-cn, a[y{XntImW-ns D`mKw ]cbpw ap tImW- a[y-a, ]iz-n, sshJ-cnbpw kqa `mhns {]Xo-I-ambn Xocp-p.Cu a[y {XntIm-Ws Aw, I, Y Fpw ]d-bpw. 16 A-c- hoXw 3 hipw D-`m-Kv tImWp-I-fn l, f, ,bpw tNv 51 A-c-fpw k-ev]n--s-Sp-p. kqa`mhn-ep A-c-ame qe `mh-n 8 KW-ambn AjvSm-c-n hnImkw {]m]n-p-p. kzc- Hcp KWw, I hw, S hw , X hw, ] hw, b hw, j hw hin\n XpS-n-b-h-cmWv Ch-bpsS A[n-tZ-h-X-I.asmcp {]tXy-IX IqSn AjvSm-c-n\v Dv. {ioN{Iw hc-p-Xv krjvSn-{I-a-n-em-Ip-tm BZys {XntImWw AjvSm-c-X-n\v B[m-c-amb {XntIm-W-am-Wv. ap {XntIm-W- hcp Xocp Ah-k-c-n am{Xw cq]-s-Sp--XmWv a[y{XntIm-Ww. \mZ-{_--n \np-amWv {]]krjvSn FmWv CXv kqNn-n-bvp--Xv.{ioN{Ins 9 N{I- tZhn-bpsS 9 B[m-c--fm-Wv. AIpe FXv aqem-[m-c-n\v Xmsg-bp Nph kl-{k-Zf ]-am-Ip-p. kl-{km-c-n shfp Zf--fm-Wv. Cubm-[m-c-n\v hnjphw Fp IqSn ]d-bpw. jUm-[m-c- Fm hnip-npw Bpw CS-bn ew_nI IqSn 7. kl-{m-chpw IqSn 9.Ans\ kmm tPymXn kzcq-]n-Wn-bmb {Xn]p-c-kp--cnbpsS ico-chpw IqSn-bmWv {ioN{Iw. a\pjy ico-chpw {ioN{Icq]w Xs-bm-Wv. ico-c-ns aqe-[m-Xp- {ioN{Int#-Xp-t]mse 9 Xs-sbv ]d-p-h-tm.{ioN{Inse ss{Xtem-Iy-tam-l-\-N{Iw FXp Xs `qan, A-co-w, kzKw F 3 temIw {]I-S-tbm-Kn\n {]Xy--sapw Cu N{I-ns a[y-n-em-Wtm ap N{I- AXp t]me a-\p-jy\pw ASp-Xv icocw Xs. Fm Xc-n-ep B{K-l-fpw \nd-th--s-Sp--Xv Iw sImmWv ico-c-ap--Xn-\m-emWv km[y-am-Ip--Xv 16 Zffm-Wv. Ia-t-{n-b- 5, mt\-{n-b- 5, a\vZf--fm-Im-b \iz-c--fm-sW-p kqN-\bpw A`-hn-n-cn-p-tm `q]pcw 3 he-bam Wsm. kz{]-bXv\w sImv t\Sp-Xv knn, Ipew, kaq-lw, ]mc--cyw XpSnbh amXr-I-I. BPn-X-amb kwkvmcw ap{Z. hnIm-c--fmWv ASp--Xv. CXpw thK-n sI-S-p-n-\m Zf- Xs. CXnse in-I AwK-an-m A\w-K-I BWv. Kp]vX-Xc tbmKn\n IqSp-X ad-n-cn-p--XmWo hnImc. k-kw-tm-`nWn F t]cpw A\z-am-Wv. C\n-bp 6 N{Iw jUm-[m-c--fp-ambn _-s--Xm-Wv.

aqem-[mcw{XntImWwkzm[n-jvTm\wAjvS-tImWwaWn-]pcwAZ-imcwA\m-lXw_lnZ-imcwhnipnNXpZ-imcw_npkl-{km-c-a[yw

Hmtcm N{I--fn-tebpw A[n-jvTm\ tZh-X-I-fpsS t]cpw {]tXyIw {it-b-am-Wv.{]I-S-tbm-Kn\nkv]jvSw, {]XywKp]vX-tbm-Kn\nBt-bw, ad-n-cn-pKp]vX-XctbmKn\nAXn-KqUw IqSp-X ad-n-cn-pk{-Zm-b-tbm-Kn\n]ucm-WnI hnizm-k-sf ]np-S-cpIptem-o:C{n-b-v AK-ay- \nK`:{`qWw {]mbw clky: hnhn hmk- AXn clkyw:AXy \nKqVw]cm-]c clky:-\nKq-Um \nKqVw

a\pjy ico-c-n kl{k Iaew kq-a-X-chpw, jUm-X-c- kq-a-fpw, D]-\m-Un-I- qe-fpw BIp-p.{]]--n-s-sX t]mse a\pjys \ne-\npw, {]h-\hpw Fmw C, m\, {Inbin hn`m-K--fn s]Sp-p.{Inbm-in 2 Xc-n-em-Wv.1. sFn-In. 2. Ass\-nIn \p-sS A\p-aXn Cs-nepw izmk-tImiw, Bam-i-bw, lrZbw Fn-h-bpsN {]h\w \Spw CXv Ass\-nIn hn`m-K-n s]Sp-p. CjvSm-\n-jvS--\p-k-cnv \mw sNbvs-Sp--h-bmWv sFn-In. Cs\ lnIm-lnX I-sf sImpm-Ip Nne m\w \app e`n-p-p. Cm-i-n, m\-i-n-bn A`-hn-p--Xp-sImv {][m-\-ambn {Inbm-in m\-in Fo cmWv {]I-S-ambn `hn-m-dv. Ass\-nIn F t]mse `mKn-I-ambn \nb-{-Wm-Xo-Xhpw Hsms \nb-{-W-hn-t[bhpamb Ah-b-h-apv a\pjy ico-c-n.DZm: izmk-tIm-iw. AXns\ an{iw Fpw, kZm {]Im-in-p kvXnjvIw, kzmXoIhpw Ass\nIn `mK An aWvU-ehpw, an{i `mKw kqcy-a-WvU-ehpw akvXn-jvIw N{-a-WvU-e-hpw. N{I-n-se--t]mse ico-c-nepw JWvU--fp-v. {io hnZym a{nse BZys JWvU-nse 5 Acw An _hpw Btbw {Inbm-i-n, PmK-cm-h-bpw, hniz-hr-nbpw Xtam-Kp-W-hpw. a[y-IqSw skucyw kqcy-_-hpw Cmivn, kz]v\m-h-, ssXP-k-hr-n, ctPm-Kp-Ww, {lntJ: cp{Z {Kn.Ay-IqSw Nmw, m\-i-X-n, kpjp-]vXn, {]m-hr-n, kXz-KpWw2-030 CS-bnse {lotJ hnjvWp-{K-n.4mw JWvU-nse GIm-cw N{-I-e.3040 a[y {loteJ {_-{K-n.N{Ihpw a{hpw Xn-ep sFIyw Xmsg tNp-p.3 {loIm-chpw {iow _oPhpw _op-hp A`-hn-p-p. _np ap aqp inh-N-{I-tbpw BIjn-p-p. a{-nse BZym--chpw Aym--chpw IqSn-bm Ie Fp Inp-p. A+C+A= F.F. Imc-nse Abpw Ay-I-WvU-nse k+Ibpw Iqn bpw {]Xym-l-cn-m A Fp Inpw.4 A kzc-fpw 4 koevImc hy-\-fpwAjvSmcw I apX a hsc A\p-\m-kn-I-I hnv 20 cv Zimcw. A\p-kzm-c-fpw hnkhpw _np.tijn 14 kzc- NXp Zim-cw.{io N{Is hnb N{I-sapw, amXrIm N{I-sapw \h-tbm\n N{I-sapw , N{I-cmP sapw ]d-bm-dp-v. {io N{I ]qPsb ]n Aev]w ]dv CXv Ah-km-\n-n-mw.]cm-i-n-bpsS D]m-k\ {io N{Inem-Wv sNbvXp hcp--Xv. ]qP cp Xc-n-emWv Iuf am-hpw, kab am-hpw.teml--sf-sImv hn[n{]Imcw \nn-X-amb N{I-n-tem, h-s]m-Sn-I sImv Dm--s N{I-ntem, hnhn[ D]-Nm-c--tfmSpw IqSn ]qPn-p k{-Zm-b-n\v

Iuf-amw Fp ]d-bp-p.kab am-am-Is B-c-]qP AYhm am\-k-]q-P-bm-Ip-p.3 Xc-n-em-Wtm N{I\nm-Ww.CXn ssIemk {]kvXmc hnp-I-fv ap cp {]kvXm-c-nse ]qP-sb-n a{Xsa Dam-\--\m-Y Xs \ntXym-hw F {K-n hnh-cn-n-p-p. Fm ssIemk {]kvXmcnepw ]qPm-hn-[n-bp-v. N{I-nse in-tZ-hXm k-ev]-n-emWv {][m\ hyXymkw.tacp {]kvXmcw 16 \nXy-I: alm-{Xn-]p-c-kp--cn, Imta-izcn, `mK-am-en-\n, \nXy, Ivfn, t`cp-WvU, ]Xv\n hmkn-\n, alm-tZ-hn-tZz-iz-cn, inhZqXn-Xz-cn-X, Ipe-kp--cn, \nXy, \oe-]-Xm-I, hnP-b, k-aw-K-f, Pzme-am-en-I, NnZvI-e, Chsc Cu cp Iqn 8 {Kqv Bbn Xncn-p-p. A-c-ame 8 KWw, Ac KWw, Hpw \nXy-{Kqv Hpw hoXw AjvSm-c-nepw AjvS-Z-f-nepw hn\y-kn-n-p-p. BZys cp \nXy-I {XntIm-W-nepw _np-hnepw _mn 14 NXp Zim-c-nepw kzcm--c-fpw 16 \nXy-Ifpw Hmtcmp hoXw tjmUi ]-nepw Zim-c-Z-b-n-epw.ssIemk {]kvXmcw16 kzcm--c- 16 \nXy-Iv Xpeyw. A: Fbvv apn-ep Abpw hnkw ]-Z-im--cn-bnse k bn \npw, Cu aqpw _np-hn.hy-\- I sXmv a hsc-bp 25.Bw, {low, t{Imw IqSn 28 AjvSmcw Zim-c-Zz-bw. _mn b apX 9 A-c- Cc-n-nv 14 tImWnepw 4 inh-N-{I- Hmtcmp hoX-hpw.{]kvXcw: hmKvtZ-h-X-I hin-\n-I XpSn 8.\nXy-I Cu cp IqSn 8. CXn 2-Dw IqSn aqp hoXw AjvSm-cw. alm{Xn]pc-kp-cn _np-hn tijn-p 15 \nXy-I. 8 A-c-K-Ww. 8 hmKvtZ-h-X-I 12 tbm\n-I IqSn 43 Hp hoXw 43 tImWn.