Project of Hydraulic TURBINE Edited

Project of Hydraulic/Water Project of Hydraulic/Water TurbineTurbine

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From:-From:-Ashish.M.KaptaAshish.M.Kapta

~Contents~~Contents~ 11 Turbine & DefinationTurbine & Defination 2 Classification of 2 Classification of

turbineturbine 33 Types of water Types of water

turbinesturbines Pelton wheelPelton wheel FrancisFrancis KaplanKaplan 44 Efficiency Efficiency 55 Efficiency typesEfficiency types Hydraulic efficiencyHydraulic efficiency Mechanical efficiencyMechanical efficiency Volumetric efficiencyVolumetric efficiency Overall efficiencyOverall efficiency 6 Turbine Physics Points6 Turbine Physics Points 7 Design and application 7 Design and application

of water turbineof water turbine

8 Maintenance 9 History Pelton wheel history Francis history Kaplan history 10 End

Turbine DefinationTurbine Defination:-A :-A water turbinewater turbine is a rotary is a rotary engine that takes energy engine that takes energy from moving water.from moving water.

Water turbines were Water turbines were developed in the nineteenth developed in the nineteenth century and were widely century and were widely used for industrial power used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used Now they are mostly used for electric power for electric power generation. They harness a generation. They harness a clean and renewable clean and renewable energy source. energy source.

~Classification of ~Classification of turbines~turbines~

The hydraulic turbines are classified according to the type The hydraulic turbines are classified according to the type of energy available at the inlet of the turbine, direction of of energy available at the inlet of the turbine, direction of flow through the vanes, head at the inlet of the turbine and flow through the vanes, head at the inlet of the turbine and specific speed of the turbines. Thus the followings are the specific speed of the turbines. Thus the followings are the important classification of the turbinesimportant classification of the turbines

1. According to the type of energy at inlet:1. According to the type of energy at inlet: (a) (a) Impulse turbine, and Impulse turbine, and (b) (b) Reaction turbine.Reaction turbine.

2. According to the direction of flow through runner:2. According to the direction of flow through runner: (a) (a) Tangential flow turbine. Tangential flow turbine. (b) (b) Radial flow turbine.Radial flow turbine. (c) (c) Axial flow turbine, and (d) Mixed flow turbine.Axial flow turbine, and (d) Mixed flow turbine. 3. According to the head at the inlet .of turbine:3. According to the head at the inlet .of turbine: (a) (a) High head turbine, High head turbine, (b) (b) Medium head turbine, andMedium head turbine, and (c) (c) Low head turbine. Low head turbine.

4. According to the specific speed of the turbine:4. According to the specific speed of the turbine: (a) (a) Low specific speed turbine, Low specific speed turbine, (b) (b) Medium specific speed Medium specific speed

turbine, and turbine, and (c) (c) High specific speed turbine.High specific speed turbine.

Types of Water Turbine:-Types of Water Turbine:-

There are three types of main There are three types of main turbine and other are concept turbine and other are concept types turbine types turbine

MAIN TYPE:-MAIN TYPE:- 1 Pelton wheel turbine1 Pelton wheel turbine 2 Francis turbine2 Francis turbine 3 Kaplan turbine3 Kaplan turbine OTHERS TYPES (concept types)OTHERS TYPES (concept types) > Propeller> Propeller >Bulb>Bulb >Tube>Tube >Straflo>Straflo >Tyson>Tyson >Gorlov (Freeflow types)>Gorlov (Freeflow types) >Water wheel>Water wheel >Archimedean screw turbine>Archimedean screw turbine >Turgo>Turgo >Michell-Banki >Michell-Banki (also known as the Crossflow.)(also known as the Crossflow.)

~Pelton wheel ~Pelton wheel turbine~turbine~

The The Pelton wheelPelton wheel is among the most  is among the most efficient types of Water turbines. The efficient types of Water turbines. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (Momentum) of moving water, impulse (Momentum) of moving water, as opposed to its weight like as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. traditional overshot water wheel. Although many variations of impulse Although many variations of impulse turbines existed prior to Pelton's turbines existed prior to Pelton's design, they were less efficient than design, they were less efficient than Pelton's design; the water leaving Pelton's design; the water leaving these wheels typically still had high these wheels typically still had high speed, and carried away much of the speed, and carried away much of the energy. Pelton' paddle geometry was energy. Pelton' paddle geometry was designed so that when the rim runs at designed so that when the rim runs at ½ the speed of the water jet, the water ½ the speed of the water jet, the water leaves the wheel with very little speed, leaves the wheel with very little speed, extracting almost all of its energy, and extracting almost all of its energy, and allowing for a very efficient turbine.allowing for a very efficient turbine.

~Francis Turbine~~Francis Turbine~

The The Francis turbineFrancis turbine is a type  is a type of water turbine that was of water turbine that was developed in Lowell, MA. It is an developed in Lowell, MA. It is an inward-flow reaction inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.axial flow concepts.

Francis turbines are the most Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use common water turbine in use today. They operate in today. They operate in a head range of ten meters to a head range of ten meters to several hundred meters and are several hundred meters and are primarily used for electrical primarily used for electrical power production.power production.

-:Kaplan -:Kaplan Turbine:-Turbine:-

The The Kaplan turbineKaplan turbine is a propeller- is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It was developed by the blades. It was developed by the Austrian professor, who combined Austrian professor, who combined automatically-adjusted propeller blades automatically-adjusted propeller blades with automatically-adjusted wicket with automatically-adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.range of flow and water level.

The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. Its invention the Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient power production in allowed efficient power production in low-head applications that was not low-head applications that was not possible with Francis turbines.possible with Francis turbines.

Kaplan turbines are now widely used Kaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world in high-flow, low-throughout the world in high-flow, low-head power production.head power production.

~Efficiency~Efficiency~~

Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90% (not to be confused with efficiencies greater than 90% (not to be confused with thermodynamic efficiency).thermodynamic efficiency).

In physics, In physics, mechanical efficiencymechanical efficiency is the effectiveness of a is the effectiveness of a machine and is defined as-------------------------machine and is defined as-------------------------

Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of work output to work input. Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of work output to work input. It is often expressed as a percentage. While the efficiency of an It is often expressed as a percentage. While the efficiency of an ideal machine is 100 percent, an actual machine's efficiency ideal machine is 100 percent, an actual machine's efficiency will always be less than 100% because of the second law of will always be less than 100% because of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the quality of energy will thermodynamics, which states that the quality of energy will decay, eventually becoming heat. This means that some of the decay, eventually becoming heat. This means that some of the work put into the system is transformed (lost) into thermal work put into the system is transformed (lost) into thermal energy (heat). In a mechanical system, friction is the most energy (heat). In a mechanical system, friction is the most common means by which work is lost to heat.common means by which work is lost to heat.

The actual mechanical advantage of a system is always less The actual mechanical advantage of a system is always less than the ideal mechanical advantage due to these losses. than the ideal mechanical advantage due to these losses. Another way to express mechanical efficiency is it is the ratio Another way to express mechanical efficiency is it is the ratio of actual mechanical advantage to ideal mechanical of actual mechanical advantage to ideal mechanical advantage.advantage.

Creating a perpetual motion machine of the third kind would Creating a perpetual motion machine of the third kind would require 100 percent mechanical efficiency. By recycling the require 100 percent mechanical efficiency. By recycling the work output back to the work input, a perpetual motion work output back to the work input, a perpetual motion machine could maintain its movement forever. In controlled machine could maintain its movement forever. In controlled environments, low friction mechanisms can come close to the environments, low friction mechanisms can come close to the ideal efficiency. However, to maintain a perfectly ideal ideal efficiency. However, to maintain a perfectly ideal mechanism, the temperature output must be the absolute mechanism, the temperature output must be the absolute zero, which is impossible to reach due to the third law of zero, which is impossible to reach due to the third law of thermodynamics. Therefore, perfect mechanical efficiency can thermodynamics. Therefore, perfect mechanical efficiency can never be achieved.never be achieved.

~Efficiency ~Efficiency types~types~

Efficiencies of a TurbineEfficiencies of a Turbine- The - The followings are the important efficiencies of followings are the important efficiencies of a turbine.a turbine.

(a) (a) Hydraulic Efficiency, NHydraulic Efficiency, Nhh (b) (b) Mechanical Efficiency, Nm .Mechanical Efficiency, Nm . (c) (c) Volumetric Efficiency, Nv and Volumetric Efficiency, Nv and (d) (d) Overall Efficiency, NoOverall Efficiency, No (1) (1) Hydraulic Efficiency Hydraulic Efficiency (Nh)-(Nh)- It is It is

defined as the ratio of power given by defined as the ratio of power given by water to the runner of a turbine (runner is water to the runner of a turbine (runner is a rotating part of a turbine and on the a rotating part of a turbine and on the runner vanes ace fixed) to the power runner vanes ace fixed) to the power supplied bysupplied by

the water at the inlet of the turbine. The the water at the inlet of the turbine. The power at the inlet of the turbine is more power at the inlet of the turbine is more and this power goes on decreasing as the and this power goes on decreasing as the water flows over the vanes of the turbine water flows over the vanes of the turbine due to hydraulic losses as the vanes ace due to hydraulic losses as the vanes ace notnot

smooth. Hence the power delivered.to the smooth. Hence the power delivered.to the runner of the turbine will be less than the runner of the turbine will be less than the power available at the inlet of the turbine. power available at the inlet of the turbine. Thus, mathematically, the hydraulic Thus, mathematically, the hydraulic efficiency of a turbine is written efficiency of a turbine is written as------------------as------------------

Where,•R.P. =Power delivered to runner i.e .. runner power•W.P. = Power supplied at inlet of turbine and also called water power=WxH kW 1000

~Efficiency ~Efficiency types~types~

Mechanical Efficiency Mechanical Efficiency (Nm)'-(Nm)'- The power delivered The power delivered by water to the runner of a by water to the runner of a turbine is transmitted to the turbine is transmitted to the shaft of the turbine. Due to shaft of the turbine. Due to mechanical losses, the power mechanical losses, the power available at the shaft of theavailable at the shaft of the

turbine is less than the power turbine is less than the power delivered to the runner of a delivered to the runner of a turbine. The ratio of the power turbine. The ratio of the power available at the shaft of the available at the shaft of the turbine (known as S.P. or turbine (known as S.P. or B.P. ) to the power delivered to B.P. ) to the power delivered to the runner is defined as the runner is defined as mechanicalmechanical

efficiency. Hence. efficiency. Hence.

mathematically, it is written asmathematically, it is written as

Where,•S.P.- The ratio of the power The ratio of the power available at the shaft of the available at the shaft of the turbineturbine

•R.P. =Power delivered to runner i.e .. runner power

~Efficiency ~Efficiency types~types~

Volumetric Efficiency (Nv)’- Volumetric Efficiency (Nv)’- The volume of the water The volume of the water striking the runner of a striking the runner of a turbine is slightly less than turbine is slightly less than the volume of the water the volume of the water supplied to the turbine. Some supplied to the turbine. Some of the volume of the water is of the volume of the water is dischargeddischarged

to the tail race without to the tail race without striking the runner of the striking the runner of the turbine. Thus the ratio of the turbine. Thus the ratio of the volume of the water actually volume of the water actually striking the runner to the striking the runner to the volume of water supplied to volume of water supplied to the turbine is defined as the turbine is defined as volumetric efficiency. It is volumetric efficiency. It is written as----------------------written as----------------------

~Efficiency ~Efficiency types~types~

Overall Efficiency (No)'-It is defined as the ratio Overall Efficiency (No)'-It is defined as the ratio of power available at the shaft of the turbine to of power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power supplied by the water at the inlet of the power supplied by the water at the inlet of the turbine. It is written as the turbine. It is written as

•Here is the final and overall efficiency of various turbine, that’s all about efficiency.

Turbine physics Points:-Turbine physics Points:->>Energy and initial jet velocityEnergy and initial jet velocity

>Final jet velocity>Final jet velocity

>Optimal wheel speed>Optimal wheel speed

>Torque>Torque

>Power>Power

>Efficiency>Efficiency

>System components>System components

~Design and application of water ~Design and application of water turbine~turbine~

Turbine selection is Turbine selection is based mostly on the based mostly on the available water head, available water head, and less so on the and less so on the available flow rate. In available flow rate. In general, impulse general, impulse turbines are used for turbines are used for high head sites, and high head sites, and reaction turbines are reaction turbines are used for low head used for low head sites. Kaplan turbines sites. Kaplan turbines with adjustable blade with adjustable blade pitch are well-pitch are well-adapted to wide adapted to wide ranges of flow or ranges of flow or head conditions, since head conditions, since their peak efficiency their peak efficiency can be achieved over can be achieved over a wide range of flow a wide range of flow conditions conditions

•Typical range of headsHydraulic wheel turbine           0.2 < H < 4   (H = head in m)Archimedes' screw turbine           1 < H < 10Kaplan           2 < H < 40   Francis         10 < H < 350Pelton           50 < H < 1300Turgo            50 < H < 250

~Maintenanc~Maintenance~e~ A Francis turbine at the end of its life A Francis turbine at the end of its life

showing cavitation pitting, fatigue cracking showing cavitation pitting, fatigue cracking and a catastrophic failure. Earlier repair and a catastrophic failure. Earlier repair jobs that used stainless steel weld rods are jobs that used stainless steel weld rods are visible.visible.

Turbines are designed to run for decades Turbines are designed to run for decades with very little maintenance of the main with very little maintenance of the main elements; overhaul intervals are on the elements; overhaul intervals are on the order of several years. Maintenance of the order of several years. Maintenance of the runners and parts exposed to water include runners and parts exposed to water include removal, inspection, and repair of worn removal, inspection, and repair of worn parts.parts.

Normal wear and tear includes pitting from Normal wear and tear includes pitting from cavitation, fatigue cracking, and abrasion cavitation, fatigue cracking, and abrasion from suspended solids in the water. Steel from suspended solids in the water. Steel elements are repaired by welding, usually elements are repaired by welding, usually with stainless steel rods. Damaged areas are with stainless steel rods. Damaged areas are cut or ground out, then welded back up to cut or ground out, then welded back up to their original or an improved profile. Old their original or an improved profile. Old turbine runners may have a significant turbine runners may have a significant amount of stainless steel added this way by amount of stainless steel added this way by the end of their lifetime. Elaborate welding the end of their lifetime. Elaborate welding procedures may be used to achieve the procedures may be used to achieve the highest quality repairs. highest quality repairs.

Other elements requiring inspection and Other elements requiring inspection and repair during overhauls include bearings, repair during overhauls include bearings, packing box and shaft sleeves, servomotors, packing box and shaft sleeves, servomotors, cooling systems for the bearings and cooling systems for the bearings and generator coils, seal rings, wicket gate generator coils, seal rings, wicket gate linkage elements and all surfaces. linkage elements and all surfaces.

HistoryHistory Water wheels have been used for thousands of Water wheels have been used for thousands of years for industrial power. Their main shortcoming years for industrial power. Their main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and head that can is size, which limits the flow rate and head that can be harnessed. The migration from water wheels to be harnessed. The migration from water wheels to

modern turbines took about one hundred years. modern turbines took about one hundred years. Development occurred during the Industrial Development occurred during the Industrial

revolution, using scientific principles and methods. revolution, using scientific principles and methods. They also made extensive use of new materials and They also made extensive use of new materials and

manufacturing methods developed at the time.manufacturing methods developed at the time.

•History of pelton wheel :- The Pelton wheel is among the most efficient types of water turbines. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse momentum of moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel.

~History~History~~

History of Francis turbine:- The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by American Engineer James B. Francis in 1815-1892 of Lowell, MA. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.

Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a head range of ten meters to several hundred meters and are primarily used for electrical power production.

History of kaplan History of kaplan turbineturbine :- The Kaplan turbine is :- The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It which has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by the was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, who combined automatically-who combined automatically-adjusted propeller blades with adjusted propeller blades with automatically-adjusted wicket automatically-adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.wide range of flow and water level.

The Kaplan turbine was an The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. evolution of the Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient Its invention allowed efficient power production in low-head power production in low-head applications that was not possible applications that was not possible with Francis turbines.with Francis turbines.

Kaplan turbines are now widely Kaplan turbines are now widely used throughout the world in high-used throughout the world in high-flow, low-head power production.flow, low-head power production.

~History~

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