74 th Pittsburgh Regional Science & Engineering Fair Senior Division Student Project Abstracts April 5, 2013
74
th Pittsburgh
Regional Science & Engineering Fair
Senior Division Student Project
Abstracts
April 5, 2013
Table of Contents
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade .............................. 1
Senior – Biology (SBI), 9th-12th Grade .................................................................... 9
Senior – Chemistry (SCH), 9th-12th Grade ............................................................ 23
Senior – Computer Science & Math (SCM), 9th-12th Grade .................................. 33
Senior – Earth/Space/Environment (SES), 9th-12th Grade ................................... 39
Senior – Engineering/Robotics (SER), 9th-12th Grade .......................................... 47
Senior – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (SMH), 9th-12th Grade ............................. 53
Senior – Physics (SPH), 9th-12th Grade ................................................................ 67
Students are to prepare Abstracts limited to 100 words that include the following:
Purpose of the experiment
Procedures used
Data
Conclusions
Possible research applications
Minimal reference to previous work
For continuation projects, the abstract should focus on work done since the last PRSEF
Should not include: a) acknowledgments, or b) work or procedures done by the mentor
Many students continue their research after the Abstract is submitted, and therefore the Abstract may not fully represent the Project. Abstracts are available to the Judges prior to the Science Fair as an aid in pre-screening the Projects. Judging is to be based on the actual Project as presented by the student.
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 1
Project Number: SBS100 Grade: 11
Title: Personality vs. IQ
Abstract: The goal of this experiment is to see which type of personality leads to the highest IQ.
To achieve this goal, juniors and seniors will be chosen to complete a personality test and an IQ
test. Results from the IQ test will be kept anonymous. After the tests have been submitted, each
person’s personality type will be paired with the achieved IQ score. The data will be observed to
find the personality that results in the highest IQ. Experimentation is close to completion, so a
conclusion cannot be made at this moment.
Project Number: SBS101 Grade: 12
Title: Does temps affect math scores?
Abstract: It was hypothesized that different tempos produced by a metronome would affect the
scores of tests which math students took wile listening to this device. The faster tempos were
thought to result in worse scores. Several different test forms were produced and used for each
of the different tempos. The scores of the students' tests were collected and analyzed. It was
concluded that the hypothesis was not supported.
Project Number: SBS102 Grade: 9
Title: Is Age a Factor in the Stroop Effect?
Abstract: I wil test to see whether or not age is contributing factor to the Stroop effect by
making two different charts. On the first there will be a list of colors printed in different color
inks. The second chart will have the same color inks printed in rectangles in the same formation
of the words. Participants will read the colors of the words for the first test and then the color of
the rectangles for the second while hey are timed for each. For each test, 1 send will be added to
the time for every mistake. the average will be taken for each age group to see how the different
groups compare.
Project Number: SBS103 Grade: 11
Title: Arthritis Pain and Pineapple
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine whether eating pineapple everyday
takes away pain that is associated with arthritis. The participants are asked to eat half a cup of
pineapple everyday for one month with their regular diets, and after the one month, it will be
determined whether or not it actually helped with the pain. Pain inventory sheets are given to the
participants once a week for the duration of the experiment to record what kind of pain they were
experiencing and at what times of the month it was worse and when it started to get better.
Project Number: SBS104 Grade: 11
Title: Gender Behavior Analysis using FRS
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is expected to become the leading cause of death in the
twenty first century, and coronary heart disease constitutes more than half of all CVD mortality.
The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is currently utilized to calculate the ten-year CHD risk, using
a combination of non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors. I decided to investigate
how gender and psychological diseases play a role in FRS by analyzing data retrieved from 96
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 2
participants. These results can help psychologists and doctors help patients take on the right path
to a healthier life depending on their medical/psychological circumstances.
Project Number: SBS105 Grade: 9
Title: "A Learning Style Showdown"
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to show the students whether or not they like the
learning style that was used for their test and to show whether or not ninth Graders learn better
by hearing or seeing. The way of approaching the problem through experimentation was by
showing two different tests to two different groups of ninth Grade students. The results show
that the scores, out of seventy, are as follows: Auditory: fifty-nine; Visual: sixty-five. In the end,
the results refute the hypothesis.
Project Number: SBS106 Grade: 9
Title: Who does Max Spend His Time With Most?
Abstract: This study was conducted on the male tiger, Max, at the Pittsburgh Zoo. It was tested
to see which tiger he spent his time with most. A focal test was used to observe Max. It was
concluded that he spent most of his time with his sisters, Nikita and Simsa, which supported my
hypothesis.
Project Number: SBS107 Grade: 11
Title: Effects of Implicit Egotism on Choice
Abstract: In this experiment I will test if on's own name can influence the choices on something
as trivial as choosing a soda to drink. I will do this by creating a flash page and allowing anyone
to participate. The flash page will ask for the subject's first name, and create a fake soda brand
starting with the first 2-3 letters of their own name. Then the subject will have to choose from
four brands, one being their own personalized version. I will then collect the data to see fi
people will subconsciously choose a soda brand similar to their own name.
Project Number: SBS108 Grade: 11
Title: Pyschological Benefits of Yoga
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether running or a yoga exercise
holds more psychological benefits for teens. Ten people will be tested in each category, for a
total of 20 participants. The yoga workout will consist of a number of poses to do 3 days a week.
The running workout will consist of running 1 mile. The project's workout will proceed for three
months. Each month, the students will be given surveys to complete. At the end of three months,
the data will be reviewed to determine which exercise routine held more benefits for students.
Project Number: SBS109 Grade: 10
Title: Memory Attachment and Chair Relaxation
Abstract: Chair Relaxation is a technique used by actors to rid themselves of emotional and
physical tension and stress. They do this by massaging their muscles and focusing on an
emotionally charged memory. They then release the tension by either, pounding on a mat,
punching or kicking the air, or yelling. In my study I will be testing the effectiveness of chair
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 3
relaxation by having participants take a mood scoring test before and after a session of chair
relaxation.
Project Number: SBS110 Grade: 9
Title: Test out- Stressed Out?
Abstract: "Are stress levels highest before, during, or after taking an important test?" The
purpose is to see when students will be most stressed. If students know when they are stressed
the most then they will be able to do activities to lower their stress levels so they can keep calm
and accomplish the best scores possible on their tests. "If stress levels are compared before,
during, and after, then stress levels will be highest before taking the test because the students do
not know what information will be on the test or how hard the test will be."
Project Number: SBS111 Grade: 10
Title: Do men and women see differently?
Abstract: This experiment looked at the difference in men and women’s point of view. This
topic was chosen due to an interest in how people think and how brains work differently. The
experiment used ten different tests and involved ten males and ten females. Five tests involved
optical illusions while the other five were random object images. The tests were chosen to help
determine if females and males saw and remembered different things. The results showed that
males and females don’t see differently. Individuals saw differently but there was no correlation
between their genders.
Project Number: SBS112 Grade: 9
Title: Exersise and the Brain
Abstract: The problem for this investigation is: Can Exercise Make the Brain Work Better? The
Hypothesis for this investigation is: If the participant exercises for a certain amount of time then
the participant will have a higher test score than when he/she did no exercise. The Participants
will range from 11 to 14 years old. There will be 25 Male and 25 female minors observed in this
investigation. The participant will be asked to take home a Parent Consent Form to get signed so
the participant is allowed taking part in the experiment. On the first day a test will be given then
participant will be asked to jog for 10 minutes around the gym and then take the test again. The
next day they will be asked again to do the same thing as they did the day before. The total time
involved would be a total of 30 minutes (1st Day: 15 minutes 2nd Day: 15 Minutes) the benefit
of this investigation could be possible better test scores on States Assessments.
Project Number: SBS113 Grade: 11
Title: Test the Rainbow: The Effect of Colored Paper on Test Scores
Abstract: I will design one logic test that will measure a student's cognitive abilities. A white
test will be used as the control. Blue, yellow, green, red, and gray are the colors that will be
tested. Students participating in the experiment will be required to sign an informed consent
form. The different colored tests will be distributed randomly to classes of physics students.
Students will have ten minutes to complete the test. Each group of different colored tests will be
a data set. The results will be analyzed using a T-test.
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 4
Project Number: SBS114 Grade: 11
Title: The Language of Mirrors
Abstract: In the experiment, "The Language of Mirrors", left-handed and right-handed
participants were compared against each other to determine the efftect of handedness on the rate
at which one could write their name in "mirror language" (backwards). The experiment was
conducted on forty different people, twenty left handed and twenty right handed. Each
participant, when tested, wrote their name in mirror language on a peice of paper with a pen or
pencil. The time, rounded to the nearest tenth of a second, was recorded. THe results of the
showed that left-handed participants are 20.63 seconds faster.
Project Number: SBS115 Grade: 11
Title: Does color affect comprehension?
Abstract: This project is based in the belief that certain actions or visuals can affect human
memory. Color is said to stimulate the brain: whether it be the color of text, picture or something
else. The results of this project could help students better their studying efforts and possibly
improve school and test scores. This project used differently colored factual texts to determine
whether or not color effects memorization.
Project Number: SBS116 Grade: 10
Title: Does a person's level of authority affect one's memory?
Abstract: How much influence does a person of authority have on the memory of an observer?
This experiment was designed to determine whether subjects would remember more details
about the authority figure or a fellow student. An authority figure was asked to enter a room of
participants speak with the teacher in the room and then leave. Next a student will enter the
room and speak with the teacher. Within five minutes of the second person leaving the room, the
students will be given a survey to complete.
Project Number: SBS118 Grade: 9
Title: Total Recall
Abstract: The purpose of this science fair project was to determine the affect of font color on the
ability to read the name of a color. The hypothesis is if the name of a color is typed in a different
font color, then it will take longer to correctly read the color. The hypothesis was tested by
having volunteers read the colors of words with the words colored in the correct font color and
other colors with the words in incorrect font color while times. The correct and incorrect font
color times were found to be different. The hypothesis was supported because the times for the
incorrectly colored words were higher than the times for the correctly colored words.
Project Number: SBS119 Grade: 10
Title: Distractions From the Road
Abstract: The problem for this experiment is whether texting an calling distract a driver's focus
on the road. This researcher asked 30 seventh Graders to play Mario Kart Wii. Each participant
completed three trials, one for texting, calling, and no distractions. This allowed the researcher to
determine which action distracted them, if any. The qualitative data included what they texted
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 5
back, said when they were called, and the level of difficulty. The quantitative data included the
numbers of wrecks and time to complete the race. Analysis of data will help to determine if
texting or calling distract drivers.
Project Number: SBS120 Grade: 11
Title: Do males or females remember their dreams better?
Abstract: Being curious about differences between male and female behaviors, this experiment
was designed to determine which sex could remember their dreams and visual information better.
There were ten volunteers of each sex for a total of 20 participants who were required to read an
article and take a memory test about the article. Volunteers were required to record their dreams
each morning upon awakening for a total of 14 days. The test was Graded and the correlated
with the participants' dreams. It was concluded that females remember their dreams better than
males.
Project Number: SBS121 Grade: 11
Title: Depth Perception and Basketball Hoop
Abstract: Abstract
The purpose of my experiment is to see whether or not a visual aid affects how accurately or
consistently a person shoots foul shots. By conducting this experiment I measured out everything
for accurate results, and then put a visual aid in four different spots on the rim. Each person shot
25 shots for each spot the visual aid was at and I recorded each shot. My conclusions were that
the visual aid does affect how accurately and consistently you shoot and depth perception has a
lot to do with how your eyes judge the distance and accuracy.
Project Number: SBS122 Grade: 12
Title: Boys, Girls, and Piaget
Abstract: This experiment uses Jean Piaget’s Theory of Conservation to assess which gender
displays developmental goals sooner. The theory states that from ages 5-7, children begin to
understand conservation—the fact that objects retain mass even after changing shape. Adults
know that a quart of water in a tall container is the same as a quart of water in a short container;
not all children agree. Using water, containers, and clay, I asked 90 children aged 5-9 (44 boys,
46 girls) to state which object had more mass after changing shapes.
Project Number: SBS123 Grade: 11
Title: An Examination of Racial Preferences in Children
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether children exhibit a
preference for faces whose race is visually similar to their own. This will be done by utilizing a
digital, game-like tests. The first, called AMP [affect misattribution procedure], showed a face
[of varied race], then a neutral stimulus [a Chinese character], and then an Abstract, blurred
image. The children were then asked whether they liked or dislike the abstact image. This was
designed to test an implicit bias in the subjects. The data was then analyzed for statistical
significance and variance [using an ANOVA].
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 6
Project Number: SBS124 Grade: 9
Title: Realationship Between Effectiveness and Beliefs of an iRenew
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if a person’s beliefs correspond to effectiveness of
an iRenew bracelet. I had had each volunteer answer whether they believed an iRenew would
enhance flexibility/balance I then had them do a sit and reach test and also a balance test first
without the bracelet then with wearing one. Result will be analyzed to determine the effect of
beliefs on flexibility.
Project Number: SBS125 Grade: 10
Title: Do People Pay for the Name or for the Quality of Products
Abstract: Do people buy brand name products based on the name itself or for the actual quality
of the product? Name brand products and knockoffs are commonly thought to taste much
different; however, this may not be the case.
Project Number: SBS126 Grade: 9
Title: Face the Facts
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine if the face plays a role in a person’s
comprehension when receiving audio. The experiment will include a reader and many listeners.
The reader record him/herself reading a self-composed detailed story. The recording will be
edited into two different videos. One video will show the readers face while reading the story
and the other will show only a black screen. Those who can see the readers face will better
comprehend the story because they will receive more sensory details, thus helping them obtain
more comprehension. Research is ongoing.
Project Number: SBS128 Grade: 11
Title: Leading Questions in the Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony
Abstract: The reliability of eyewitness testimony has been a commonly debated aspect of
psychology. Some experimenters such as Loftus and Palmer (1974) have conducted experiments
that indicate its inaccuracy. Other experimenters, such as Yuille and Cutshall (1986) have
obtained results that point towards its accuracy. In this experiment, the accuracy of eyewitness
testimony will be examined through the use of leading questions. Leading questions are
questions in which wording is varied in the attempt to elicit a specific response. Participants will
be shown a video of a car crash. They will then be asked questions about the video. Four
standard questions will be given to all participants. Only one question will differ. This question
will use different wording to ask the experiments about the speed of the car upon impact.
Sometimes it will ask, “How fast was the car going when it contacted the other car?” Other
people will be asked about speed when the cars “bumped,” “collided,” “hit,” “smashed,” etc. The
hypothesis is that the participants’ answers will differ depending on the wording given. For
example, those given the question containing “bumped” will probably provide a lower speed
than those asked about when the cars “smashed.” Results will be available at the competition.
Project Number: SBS129 Grade: 9
Title: Comparison of Education Methods Phase 4
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 7
Abstract: This project expanded on previous research investigating educational differences
between Montessori and traditional education. The purpose of this project was to compare the
cognitive skills of students enrolled in different educational styles, including Montessori,
Traditional, Waldorf, and online learning, and to determine whether one educational style
progressed faster into the Formal stage of thinking as stated by Jean Piaget. The study
administered the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking (GALT) to volunteer parents, teachers,
and students online. Over 1,500 volunteers were recruited from around the world. It was
hypothesized that Montessori students would perform statistically significantly better than other
educational types because Montessori uses tactile and interactive materials to better attend to an
individual student’s needs, as well as based on previous experimental results. Participants gave
informed consent before participating in the study. Data collected from the survey was
statistically analyzed in two ways. First, a series of 2 analyses were performed on the Piagetian
developmental level via frequency distributions to determine whether there was a statistical
difference between education types. Second, a series of t-tests were performed on the GALT
scores. Results indicated that significantly more Montessori students had transitioned into the
Formal Operational stage than other educational levels at the 99.9% confidence level.
Statistically more Montessori teachers were in the Formal Operational stage compared to other
teachers at the 90% confidence level. No statistical difference was observed between parents of
different educational styles.
Senior – Behavioral and Social Science (SBS), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 8
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Senior – Biology (SBI), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 9
Project Number: SBI100 Grade: 9
Title: How Organic is Organic?
Abstract: Using a Pesticide Residue Detection Kit, various produce samples will be tested to
determine whether or not these fruits and vegetables contain trace of pesticide (organophosphate
or carbamate). The coloric method or detection will be used.
Project Number: SBI101 Grade: 12
Title: The Effects of Microwaved Water and Irradiated Soil on Pea Plants
Abstract: People every day are impacted by radiation. The objective of my experiment was to
determine how harmful microwaves are and what kind of effect does the food we eat, which has
been irradiated, has on us. To accomplish this, I grew pea plants, with two seeds per pot, for
three-week spans of time. I did this twice, with three plants in each trial. One plant was my
control, watered with filtered water. Another was one planted normally, but watered with
microwaved water. The third was planted in soil, which was irradiated prior to planting. From
this experiment, I learned that microwaved water does affect the growth of plants, and irradiated
soil stunts the growth to some degree. Therefore, microwaves, although great for saving time,
may cause complications in humans. In a pea plant, it just affected growth height. In people, with
continued use, it may cause cancer. Also the irradiated soil stunted growth in the plants. There
are no real implications toward people though, because this was most likely caused by lack of
bacteria and fungi.
Project Number: SBI102 Grade: 11
Title: Adult Mammalian Brain Performs Neurogenesis
Abstract: Contrary to previous belief that neurons, or brain cells, cannot regenerate, recently,
scientists have found evidence of regeneration of neurons in the adult brain. Certain stimuli, such
as severe brain injuries, provide the impetus for the excessive production of newly formed
neurons. Thus, scientists have tried to find how newly formed neurons integrate into their
environment. Looking specifically at the hippocampus, one of the two brain regions where adult
neurogenesis occurs, I hypothesized that post- injury, the newly formed neurons are structurally
integrated in the adult hippocampal circuitry. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse brain
tissue using epifluorescence microscopy confirmed the first step of the hypothesis leading to
further study of the characterization of how these newly formed neurons integrate themselves
into the hippocampus so as to better understand the functional significance of these adult-born
cells.
Project Number: SBI103 Grade: 12
Title: The Difference in Clinical Effectiveness between Patient Populations in Adult Stem Cells
Promoting Vascularity
Abstract: Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are often used for research in soft tissue and are
easily attainable. We will investigate the ability of ASCs from different patient populations (lean,
massive weight loss, and obese) to secrete angiogenic factors following exposure to hypoxia. It is
found that obese patient ASCs secrete higher levels compared to others. However, obese patients
are more prone to chronic non-healing wounds. I predict each patient population will show
different effectiveness in their growth and function. I will make fat grafts for each patient type to
analyze with CD31 staining and see which patient type secretes the most.
Senior – Biology (SBI), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 10
Project Number: SBI104 Grade: 10
Title: The Effects of Psychokinesis on Grass
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to prove that it is possible to affect the physical
world with the mind, through the usage of visualization and concentration. In this experiment, I
will have 6 cans in which I will plant grass. Three of these, I will water and allowed to grow
normally. I will experiment on the other three. I will take those three down for five minutes
every morning and evening and visualize a toxic fire burning and killing them. I will record the
height of the grass in each can and photographed them. In the end, my data will hopefully show
that the grass which I experimented on did not grow as well as the grass which I left alone.
Project Number: SBI105 Grade: 10
Title: Comparison of Lung Capacity Between Musicians and Non-musicians
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine if a person who plays a woodwind or
brass instrument has a greater lung capacity than a person who does not play instruments. The
hypothesis was that a person who plays instruments will have a larger lung capacity than
someone who does not play instruments. Subjects were asked to blow up balloons with one
breath for a total of three trials. The average volume of air in the balloons was compared. The
results supported the hypothesis.
Project Number: SBI106 Grade: 10
Title: Creatine Affect on 3T3 Cells
Abstract: In this experiment, I tested the effect of creatine on a 3T3 cell line. Creatine is an
amino acid found in many protein supplement drinks. A 3T3 cell line is a fibrablastic cell line
that is found in the body to help repair connective tissues and ligaments. In this experiment, I had
the 3T3 cell line resemble the ligaments of the knee. This experiment resembles the effects of a
protein drink on the ligaments of the knee, because if you injure a knee ligament, you need
protein to gain leg muscle back.
Project Number: SBI107 Grade: 9
Title: (NH4)Po4 Effects on Algal Populations
Abstract: Fertilizer runoff continues to cause problems in aquatic ecosystems by promoting
population imbalances. Ammonium phosphate, a common fertilizer component was tested to
evaluate effects on populations of two species of algae, Euglena Gracillis, and Chlamydomonas.
Algal cultures were exposed to six concentrations of ammonium phosphate, 2%, 1%, 0.5%,
0.25%, 0.125%, and 0%. Cultures were established in triplicate, and spectrophotometer readings
were performed in triplicate. Population density was determined through spectrophotometry and
hemocytometer counts. Replicate cultures and replicate spectrophotometer readings were very
consistent. Spectrophotometer readings were well correlated with hemocytometer counts by
linear regression, but with different slopes for each species. In the absence of ammonium
phosphate Chlamydomonas grew steadily over 15 days, while Euglena declined. Addition of
ammonium phosphate to Chlamydomonas cultures resulted in a negative dose response to the
fertilizer (dose-dependent inhibition), whereas it was slightly stimulatory to Euglena at low
concentrations, with high concentrations having no significant effect. The data indicate that
Senior – Biology (SBI), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 11
ammonium phosphate can exert strong effects on algal growth, but the type of effect may vary
with baseline growth state and species.
Project Number: SBI108 Grade: 9
Title: McDonald’s Immortal French Fries
Abstract: This project involved evaluating the effect that preservatives have on the growth of
mold on McDonald’s French fries (which contain preservatives) compared to homemade French
fries (that contain no preservatives). The fries were placed in jars with moist paper towels in a
cool, dark area. The fries were left to sit in the jars for several days until mold was noticeable.
Qualitative data was collected each day. The hypothesis for this project is that mold will grow on
the homemade fries sooner (and in a greater amount) than on the McDonald’s fries. McDonald’s
French fries on Day 6.
Project Number: SBI109 Grade: 11
Title: Coenzyme Q10 Effects on Cell Lines
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of Coenzyme Q-10,
specifically Ubiquinol, on the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells (mouse myoblastic
stem cells), and the proliferation of MG-63 cells (human bone cancer cells). Coenzyme Q-10 is a
common vitamin that is present in the mitochondria of most eukaryotic cells. Due to its presence
in the mitochondria, Coenzyme Q-10 was speculated to cause an increase in the rate at which the
C2C12 cells would proliferate and differentiate. Coenzyme Q-10 is currently being researched as
a treatment for cancer, and as a supplement to help with the side effects of cancer treatment.
Ubiquinol is the electron-rich form of Coenzyme Q-10, and functions as an essential antioxidant
in cellular systems. Both types of cells were cultured in flasks and exposed to varying
concentrations of Ubiquinol for the proliferation experiment. Only C2C12 cells were cultured in
wells and exposed to varying concentrations of Ubiquinol for the differentiation experiment. In
the proliferation experiment, the low concentration of Ubiquinol (X) significantly increased
proliferation for both types of cells, but the high concentration of Ubiquinol (10X) significantly
decreased proliferation for both types of cells. These quantitative cell count results were
supported by ANOVA and Dunnett’s tests. In the qualitative differentiation experiment, the low
concentration of Ubiquinol (X) significantly increased the rate of the myoblasts fusing into
myotubes, but the high concentration of Ubiquinol (10X) significantly decreased the rate of
differentiation and lead to cell death.
Project Number: SBI110 Grade: 10
Title: Chromosomal abnormalities detected in spontaneous abortions
Abstract: Pregnancy loss occurs in 15% - 20% of recognized pregnancies and approximately
50% of these losses are estimated to be caused by cytogenetic abnormalities which impact the
development and growth. Traditional cytogenetic techniques like karyotyping have been used
for a while, but now new microarray test with better resolutions are being used. My goal is to
determine the advantages and disadvantages of each cytogenetic method.
Senior – Biology (SBI), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 12
Project Number: SBI111 Grade: 9
Title: Effect of Temperature on Solar Cells
Abstract: My experiment is how temperature affects the productivity of polycrystalline solar
cells. I measure temperature, volts, amps, and watts of the solar cells. My data reflects that the
higher the temperatures are, the lower the volts, watts, and amps will be. The solar cell will be
less productive. My conclusion is that if temperatures are higher, the solar cell productivity will
be lower. Conversely, if the temperatures are lower, then the productivity will be higher.
Project Number: SBI112 Grade: 11
Title: Mile-a-minute factors
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to test the effect of different environments on the
invasive species, Mile-a-minute weed. The factors tested were soil pH, nitrogen, phosphorous,
and potassium as well as slope sunlight and density of the plant. It was determined that this
weed prefers slightly acidic soil and 63-100% daily sunlight. Slope and density were not
important factors for growth.
Project Number: SBI113 Grade: 9
Title: Bacteria and Pleurotus ostreatus
Abstract: Pleurotus ostreatus, or oyster mushrooms are found all over the world. This fungus has
many benefits and can even break down toxic chemicals. In this experiment, Pleurotus ostreatus,
were grown in mushrooming bags with sterilized straw and .34 kg of acorn substrate. The
hypothesis for this experiment is that a greater presence of bacteria will inhibit the growth of the
mushrooms. After 3 months of growth, the bags were cut open and swabbed for bacteria. The
bacteria was grown and slides were made and stained for observation. The slides were observed
in a microscope. This experiment began on September 14th, 2012. The purpose of this
experiment was to find whether or not the presence of bacteria inhibited or helped Pleurotus
ostreatus growth. The research for this experiment was prompted by learning about how
Pleurotus ostreatus can be used to decomposed wastes like oil. In this experiment, knowledge of
how to more successfully grow oyster mushrooms was hoped to be achieved. Based upon the
results, I can conclude that the presence of bacteria did not inhibit or encourage the growth of
Pleurotus ostreatus.
Project Number: SBI114 Grade: 9
Title: Plant Protection
Abstract: The goal of this experiment is when covering a plant with an ionic liquid, will it help
the plant survive frost. My hypothesis is; if I cover plants with an ionic liquid, then it will help
the plant survive frost. I first gather my materials. Then I cover one tray of plants with a coating
of an ionic liquid (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride), and one without, and put both
outside. Let it outside for 12 hours, and remove trays from outside. Then, record the
observations in data tables. Then record observations in data tables and see if plant survives and
compare data.
Senior – Biology (SBI), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 13
Project Number: SBI115 Grade: 10
Title: Will C. elegans go toward the ammonia smell or go away from the smell?
Abstract: Hypothesis: I think the nematodes will go away from the ammonia because it is a
strong smell. They might not like it. I choose ammonia because when I was doing an
experiment investigating enzymes in liver, I did baking soda. I wanted something stronger and I
just choose ammonia because it was an every day chemical that really is not really recognized.
Method: Follow the procedures for the test that Michale Dunn described in ‘C. elegans
Chemotaxis Assay” and use various concentrations of ammonia.
Project Number: SBI116 Grade: 12
Title: The use of adipose stem cells in promoting progenitor cells
Abstract: Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are one of the most popular stem cell populations
for research in soft tissue. They are easily harvested, differentiate into multiple tissues given the
right environment, and promote vessel growth. Previous studies show ASCs from obese patients
secrete the most vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), yet reduced retention in fat grafts. I
will use a mouse model to see which patient type (lean, obese, and massive weight loss) will
create the most vascularity. I expect the obese ASCs to promote the most because of their
enhanced VEGF secretion. Future work includes isolating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs).
Project Number: SBI117 Grade: 12
Title: Aggression and Courtship
Abstract: Two female convict cichlids were exposed to one male convict cichlid. Two male
convict cichlids were exposed to one female convict cichlid. Aggressive and courtship behaviors
were totaled and statistically analyzed to determine differences between genders.
Project Number: SBI118 Grade: 12
Title: UV Light and Hyallela
Abstract: Carotenoids, when consumed, can provide animals and humans with protection
against free radicals which are given off by UV rays. I tested the hypothesis that *Hyalella
azteca*, when fed a carotenoid enriched diet, would have a greater protection against UV light
exposure than *Hyalella azteca *fed a non-carotenoid diet. I started each of the two groups on
their respective diets and then exposed each group to UV lights for approximately seven hours.
After exposure, the mortality rate among the carotenoid group was significantly less than the
mortality rate among the non-carotenoid group. This shows that the *Hyalella *that were fed a
carotenoid enriched diet did, in fact, have in greater protection against UV light exposure than
*Hyalella *fed a non-carotenoid diet.
Project Number: SBI119 Grade: 11
Title: Does the percentage of copper in a compound effect how deterred C. elegans are from the
compound?
Abstract: I think nematodes would be less deterred from a compound with a weaker presence of
copper and would have stronger negative taxis from pure copper. I know that they have a
negative response to copper so it seems reasonable that the more copper there is, and the less it is
mixed with other elements the greater the negative response.
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Project Number: SBI120 Grade: 12
Title: Before They Start Clucking
Abstract: This experiment investigated the impact of glyphosate on developing chicken
embryos. It was expected that the hearts of the embryos exposed to the glyphosate would be
delayed in their development. An in vitro procedure was used to enable easier observation of the
growth of the chicks. The chick embryos were exposed to 1 mL of .58 mg/L glyphosate solution.
The chick embryos were placed in an incubator set to 37¢ªC. A stereobinocular microscope was
used to measure and compare the hearts of the embryos. Data thus far is inconclusive.
Project Number: SBI121 Grade: 12
Title: Vocal Hemorrhages
Abstract: This descriptive study explores the different types of vocal disorders and what they are
caused by. Vocal hemorrhages are the second most common vocal disorders in the world, right
behind laryngitis. Males experience different vocal issues that females because of the width in
the vocal cords. This experiment will determine if there any vocal warm-ups that can be
performed to decrease the risk of a vocal hemorrhage. Will the warm ups make a difference?
Testing will be done with and without any vocal warm ups to determine if there is any
statistically significant difference in the data.
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Project Number: SBI124 Grade: 9
Title: Reprodution: Carbaryl and Malathion
Abstract:
Agricultural use of commercial insecticides impacts aquatic populations. My project studies the
reproductive rates of *Hyalella azteca* when exposed to commonly used insecticides, Carbaryl
and Malathion. The purpose of this experiment is to determine if these insecticides are more
harmful to *Hyalella azteca* fertility when used in combination, rather than alone. After two
weeks in individual test serial dilutions, I studied the reproduction rates. My findings were
inconclusive as the *Hyalella azteca* died in the variable and control groups. In the second trial,
I will be making adjustments to the procedure to improve the viability rate of the test subjects.
Project Number: SBI125 Grade: 10
Title: How do different solutions affect an egg cell?
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to figure out how an egg cell is affected by
different solutions. The hypothesis was that distilled water would make eggs grow and the salt
and sugar solutions would make the eggs shrink. After dissolving the shells on chicken eggs,
three eggs were placed in each of three solutions: distilled water, salt solution, and sugar
solution. Because of the tonicity of each solution, the eggs placed in the distilled water gained
weight and circumference, while the eggs in the other two solutions lost weight and
circumference.
Project Number: SBI126 Grade: 10
Title: Does C. elegans move toward or away from orange juice?
Abstract: Hypothesis: If I put this species of nematodes in a petri dish with orange juice then
the nematodes will become alert and try to stay away. From my research this species of
nematodes does not like low pH, which orange juice has. Other nematode species effect the
growth of orange trees.
Project Number: SBI127 Grade: 10
Title: Does magnetism affect the growth rate of plants
Abstract: This experiment tested the effect of magnetism on the growth rate of tomato plants.
Throughout the project, there was little difference in the plant growth in the various groups.
However, what small difference that was noticed was observed in the control group. By the end
of the experiment, the difference in growth between the groups was negligible.
Project Number: SBI128 Grade: 11
Title: The Effect of Birth Control on Gender of Amphipods
Abstract: Excess estrogen from birth control can pass through into aquatic ecosystems, causing
feminization in organisms. The purpose of my project was to see if progestin-only birth control
was better for the environment than estrogen birth control. The test organisms that I used were
Hyallela azteca. I had three groups; estrogen birth control, progestin-only birth control, and
control. After a week of exposure, I examined each amphipod for a change in their second
gnathopod (which helps determine their sex). My results showed that their was not a significant
difference between
estrogen and progestin-only birth control.
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Project Number: SBI129 Grade: 11
Title: Effects of CuSO4 on Amphipods
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to determine if copper sulfate in drain cleaner and
root killers has an effect on a specific sex of aquatic life through run off. I wanted to see if there
is a difference in the mortality rates of treated females and males. I exposed the Hyalella azteca
to 0.086 mg/L of the solution and the mortality was determined. The females had a higher
mortality rate. This effects reproduction of Hyalella azteca because males need a higher mate
choice within the females to be able to reproduce.
Project Number: SBI130 Grade: 12
Title: Carotenoids and Sexual Selection
Abstract: Mate selection among Hyallela azteca is what drives the progression advantageous
traits through genetic lines. To examine the effect of high carotenoid diet on mating, six - three
hundred ml plastic containers served as experimental units. Female “pods” carrying eggs in their
marsupia were placed in each unit. Carotenoid positive food was given to half of the units,
carotenoid negative food to the other half. The neonates will only ingest the food given to them.
“Wild” females will be secluded with a male form each group. Mate selection precopulatory
guarding) will be recorded to determine mate preference.
Project Number: SBI131 Grade: 9
Title: HydroPonics
Abstract: The purpose of the hydroponics experiment that I am doing is to grant the people who
live in an urban environment the privilege of fresh fruits and vegetables in their homes. I created
three different designs of the hydroponics unit. The difference in these styles is the amount of
water flow. I am still conduction my experiment but the data I have collected is showing that the
Ebb Flow unit is reaping the healthiest plants. In the zebu Flow unit, the water floods and drains
the basin holding the plants in thirty minute intervals.
Project Number: SBI132 Grade: 9
Title: Hyperaccumulators and Hydraulic Fracturing
Abstract: Can chemicals from a hydraulic fracturing solution be absorbed by the rapeseed plant?
I am using the chemicals found from a government study for the chemicals in the chemical
solution. I placed the plants in a bath of their solution so they can absorb the solution they need.
I placed 100 plants in distilled water, tap water, and the chemical solution. After allowing the
plants to grow in their baths for four weeks, I measured the plant height and the leaf length
before taking them to Saint Francis University to get tested to see what chemicals are left inside
them.
Project Number: SBI133 Grade: 9
Title: What is the effect of carbaryl on worms?
Abstract: I have read that carbaryl could harm the worms (Lumbricus terrestris) so I am going to
see if It does by checking when the carbaryl is in the dirt. I will be looking at my containers to
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see if the carbaryl kills them or not. The worms will have water and food in the container. I have
recorded the amount of carbaryl in the container and I also will record the how each container is.
Project Number: SBI134 Grade: 9
Title: Hydroponics- yes or no?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see if a hydroponic wick and water culture
system would produce larger and healthier radishes and lettuce then plants grown in soil. I
hypothesis that the wick system will produce the healthiest plants followed by water culture and
soil. The plants were planted in twenty-one grams of perlite and soil. Four lettuce and four radish
seed were evenly pushed into sixteen containers of the three systems. After one months growth
plants were taken out to biomass. The soil system grew the healthiest plants with the greatest
biomass.
Project Number: SBI135 Grade: 12
Title: Abiotic Changes and Aphid Success
Abstract: Aphids are destructive crop insects. Generally, aphids reproduce partheogeneically. In
some invertebrates abiotic factors may force a change in reproductive strategy. This investigation
focused on increased soil nutrients on aphid reproduction rates. By altering soil nutrient levels,
aphid reproduction rates and methods (partheogenic to sexual) will change. Three Fava Bean
Plants were grown in normal soil (the control), three in Miracle Gro® enhanced soil, and three
were grown in Miracle Gro® soil with an extra concentrated amount. Ten aphids were placed on
each of the 12 encaged plants. Aphid reproduction was tracked. The experiment is still
underway; results are pending.
Project Number: SBI136 Grade: 10
Title: The Correlation Between Sinus Arrhythmia and Various Health Parameters
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to find whether or not Sinus Arrhythmia can be used
as a health parameter or if it changes.
Project Number: SBI137 Grade: 10
Title: Molecules that Promote Axon Regeneration in Spinal Cords
Abstract: Injured central nervous system neurons, such as that of the spinal cord, do not
regenerate axons. However, peripheral neurons, such as dorsal root ganglia neurons, usually do
regenerate. My hypothesis was that nerve regeneration is possible due to the environment that
the neurons are exposed to, rather than the neurons themselves. I assessed my hypothesis by
testing the impact of different molecules on the in vivo growth of dissociated spinal cord neurons
and dorsal root ganglia neurons derived from chick embryos. I then observed the molecules’
effect on axonal growth through immunostaining of the axons, allowing me to clearly see them
under a microscope. When both types of neurons grew in known axonal-promoting molecules
such as laminin, fibronectin, and collagen, I observed axonal outgrowth in all three molecules.
However, when I grew these neurons without any axonal-promoting molecule, they had no
axonal growth. Therefore, from these observations, I have found that the lack of axonal growth
in spinal cord neurons is primarily due to the environment, rather than due to the inherent
properties of cells in the peripheral and central nervous system.
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Project Number: SBI138 Grade: 10
Title: Ensuring a Drug's Aim is True
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how accurately a drug binds to its
target protein and whether there are other proteins to which the drug may bind. Specifically, I
will be looking at the non-target proteins to which the Ebola virus attaches.
Project Number: SBI139 Grade: 11
Title: What is on Your Toothbrush?
Abstract: People clean and change their toothbrushes in order to keep bacteria off of them, but if
the toothbrush is placed in a different location or has a cap over it will that help to lessen the
bacteria manifesting on the object? This experiment deciphered which area and covering best
helps to lessen the bacteria on a toothbrush. The toothbrushes were used as though any other
toothbrush would be used by using them twice a day in brushing the same teeth. The
toothbrushes will be placed one with a full cap, one with a small cap, and one with no cap above
the sink and in the medicine cabinet. The experimenter believes that the toothbrush lying on the
bathroom sink without any cap will obtain the most bacteria while the toothbrush in the medicine
cabinet with a full cap because of their proximity to the toilet and how much air they come in
contact with.
Project Number: SBI140 Grade: 12
Title: Changes in Bladder Morphology after Surgery to Repair Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Abstract: De novo stress urinary incontinence is a symptom that many women experience after
having a pelvic organ prolapse repair surgery with implanted mesh. Abdominal
sacrocolpopexies, a pelvic organ prolapse repair surgery, were performed on Rhesus
macaques. After twelve weeks, the bladders were removed and biopsied. An assay was
prepared to test for the glycosaminoglycan content, increased by injury, in anterior
and posterior sides of the bladder. T-tests showed that there was no increase in
glycosaminoglycan content in the posterior bladders. Further biochemical and
biomechanical tests are needed to analyze the cause of the stress urinary
incontinence after repair surgery.
Project Number: SBI141 Grade: 11
Title: Are newly registered pesticides truly safe?
Abstract: Ecologists have worked to create pesticides that do not harm organisms in the
occasion of agricultural runoff. ECOTOX databases do not consider the pH levels of water when
testing their effectiveness to organisms. The purpose of this experiment was to determine
whether or not the pH of water might compound effect of the pesticide, resulting in unpredicted
harm to aquatic organisms. There were six groups tested. Hyalella azteca were exposed to
Monterey Ready to Spray in acidic, neutral and basic water. The control was organisms in acidic,
neutral and basic water only.
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Project Number: SBI142 Grade: 10
Title: Effects of Chemicals and Pesticides of Bioluminscence
Abstract: Algae and certain bacterium can create a natural light during bioluminescence. Vibrio
fischeri are one of these types of bacteria. When bioluminescent bacteria, such as Vibrio fisheri,
are exposed to different natural chemicals and common pesticides, it can affect the intensity of
the light and be very dangerous to the organism. This experiment will be carried out to see how
the bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri can be altered and become less active when chemicals
and pesticides such as atrazine and permethrin are exposed to it.
Project Number: SBI143 Grade: 9
Title: Catch The Beat
Abstract: ABSTRACT
Title of Project: Catch the Beat!
The problem is, “Will the tempo of music affect teenagers’ heart rate and blood pressure?” It
is hypothesized: that music with a faster tempo will cause the heart rate and blood pressure
of teenagers to increase the most. A brief procedure of the experiment is: Teenagers listened to
four different tempos of music and recorded both blood pressure and heart rate after each tempo.
Data was taken and recorded for resting heart rate (control) as well as heart rate and blood
pressure after each tempo. The results did not support the hypothesis.
Project Number: SBI144 Grade: 10
Title: Seperating Mscromolecules
Abstract: In this experiment the goal is to separate macromolecules of two brands of food dye
through an electrophoresis chamber. Electrophoresis is the process in which an electrical current
is sent through agar gel and carries the negative molecules towards the positive end of the
chamber. This is a visual way to view the multiple different macromolecules in one sample. This
is commonly used in separating DNA, since nucleotides are negative they will spread out within
the gel, making an unique pattern. Thus an individual’s DNA can be compared to another sample
through electrophoresis. This application of my experiment caught my interest.
Project Number: SBI145 Grade: 10
Title: Scuba Breath
Abstract: "Do male scuba divers consume less air than female scuba divers?" My hypothesis is
"If I compare the air consumption of male and female scuba divers, then the male scuba diver
will have better air consumption." I will be testing six different scuba divers three males and
three females. For my testing all divers will go through the same dive school and during testing
the divers will be accompanied by four scuba diving teachers. This after taking data and analysis
i will be able to tell who has the best air consumption, males or females.
Project Number: SBI146 Grade: 11
Title: Leaf Litter - Functional Diversity
Abstract: In trying to determine which leaf species has the greatest effect on functional diversity
in ponds, I placed leaves of Acer rubrum, Quercus alba, Tsuga canadensis, in three units each
with boiled pond water. Three units were prepared with a mixture of all species. The leaves
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soaked for 8 days. Each unit was assessed using BioLog EcoPlates, and pH was tested. I
hypothesized that Hemlock would have the greatest positive effect on the functional diversity but
preliminary results indicate that the mixture of species produced the greatest increase in the
functional diversity.
Project Number: SBI147 Grade: 11
Title: Effectiveness of Clay Water Filter
Abstract: Having clean, safe water to drink is one of the largest problems in suffering third
world countries. A solution to this are clay water filters, which filter the turbidity, and water
purification tablets. In this experiment, I was testing to see if a water filter made out of clay and
sawdust alone can effectively filter out bacteria from water. I used water from a dirty pond as my
contaminated water. I first tested the water before I passed it through the filter. Once the water
was finished filtering through, I tested the filtered water by inoculating agar Petri dishes.
Project Number: SBI148 Grade: 10
Title: Removal of Cells from a Porcine Kidney to Make a Biological Scaffold
Abstract: Because of the shortage of kidney donors, I want to find a way to provide enough
kidneys to the people who need transplants. One possibility may be to create kidneys from
kidney scaffolding and living cells. Porcine kidneys collected from a packing house will be
decellularized to create a biological scaffold of the kidney as an initial step in addressing this
problem.
Project Number: SBI149 Grade: 9
Title: Addicted
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see the effect of a caffeinated soda beverage on
reaction time. If given a double serving of a caffeinated soda beverage, then reaction time will
decrease. The hypothesis was tested by giving subjects different amounts of a caffeinated soda
beverage and then having them take a reaction time test. The hypothesis was partially supported
because but 1 serving of the caffeinated soda beverage had the greatest impact on reaction time.
Two servings did have an effect, but not as much.
Project Number: SBI150 Grade: 11
Title: Is it possible for C. elegans to detect an electrical current in the environment?
Abstract: Hypothesis: If there is an electrical current in the environment, I think it is possible
for nematodes to detect the current. For a hundred years, scientists have been testing electric
currents on many organisms. Amoebae, paramecia, hydrae, rotifers and shrimp show
galvanotaxis. These other experiments are why I believe it is possible for nematodes to detect an
electrical current.
Method: Create an electrical current. Analyze if the nematodes response to the current.
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Project Number: SBI151 Grade: 9
Title: Effects of Disinfectant Dilution on Bacterial Resistance
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment is to determine whether the amount of bacterial
resistance developed depends on the concentration of disinfectant the bacteria is exposed to. The
bacteria exposed to a higher concentration of a disinfectant will develop more resistance. The
bacterium used was Escherichia Coli strain K-12 and the disinfectant used was household bleach.
10%, 20%, and 40% dilutions were made in 5000μL solutions. The bacterium was exposed
to each dilution. The most resistant bacteria, based on the zone of inhibition, were exposed to the
same dilution again for a total of 4 times. The resistance was measured by the amount of change
in the size of the zone of inhibition. The bacteria became more resistant as it was re-exposed.
The bacteria exposed to the 40% dilution had the largest decrease in its zone of inhibition. My
hypothesis was supported. Bacteria exposed to a higher concentration of a disinfectant will
develop more resistance than bacteria exposed to a lower concentration.
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Project Number: SCH100 Grade: 9
Title: Surface Tension of Water and Lipid Hydrophobic Behavior
Abstract: In this project, we analyzed the effect of various kinds of saturation in cooking oils on
the oil’s hydrophobic nature. This project gave insight on a two of the most important molecules
in biochemistry: lipids and water. We saw how the introduction of different oils causes chaos on
water’s surface causing a transparency to move. Melted butter produces the greatest chaos and
canola oil the least amount of chaos. In the future, experimentation with more oils like Palm, or
sunflower, or tea seed, can allow understanding of these molecules to expand.
Project Number: SCH101 Grade: 9
Title: Does the Type of Fabric Affect Its Flammability?
Abstract: To determine if synthetic fabrics are more flammable than natural fabrics. Synthetic
fabrics will ignite and burn quicker than natural fabrics. Test samples of white natural and
synthetic fabrics which were similar in size, thread count, density and weave pattern were cut. A
horizontal burn test was performed on each fabric test sample and the length of time required for
each test sample to ignite was determined and recorded. All work was done under the direct
supervision of a trained laboratory professional. Experiment still in progress.
Project Number: SCH102 Grade: 12
Title: Green Filters
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to test the effectiveness of natural filters in their
ability to improve urban runoff quality. Urban runoff has gained more attention as water quality
standards have recently raised. The natural filters used included bark, sand, peat moss, charcoal
and stone. I simulated my own urban runoff, filtered it and tested for various pollutants. Each
filter was set up using mesh, beakers and vats in which the pollutant was run through several
times. Samples were taken and tested. Compared to the control, natural filters were effective in
making changes to the quality of the water.
Project Number: SCH103 Grade: 10
Title: A Simple Test for Gases
Abstract: The project aims to answer the question if some acids and bases give off hydrogen
and/or oxygen gases during Electrolysis. Conflicting information is found about what, if any
gases are produced. This experiment aims to answer the question experimentally.
Project Number: SCH104 Grade: 9
Title: Vitamin C and Orange Juice
Abstract: In this experiment, I used the titration method with starch and iodine to dilute several
different types of orange juices. I also used a solution made with a Vitamin C tablet as my
control and as my basis of comparison. The amount of Vitamin C in each orange juice was
determined by the amount of iodine needed to titrate the orange juice. The more iodine needed to
titrate, the more Vitamin C the orange juice contained. In my final results, the freshly squeezed
OJ contained the most Vitamin C.
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Project Number: SCH105 Grade: 11
Title: Analysis of Caffeine in Coffee
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the caffeine content in various coffee
samples on comparison of milligram per liter and milligram per dollar to compare caffeine
values amongst competitors. By "salting out" a coffee sample, caffeine becomes more soluble in
ethyl acetate than the aqueous coffee solution. The ethyl acetate is vaporized from the beaker
with use of heat to recrystallize the caffeine. The beaker is then massed and compared to its
empty mass. Experimentation and data analysis are ongoing.
Project Number: SCH106 Grade: 10
Title: Carpets in Grape Danger?
Abstract: The project name is "Carpets in Grape Danger?", the category is Chemistry and it is
10th Grade level. The purpose of this experiment was to test the effects of different cleaners on
grape juice stains. In this experiment everything was measured and tested fairly and also
accurately. When the experiment was completed, out of the three cleaners Resolve,409 and
Woolite, Resolve cleaned up the stain the nicest and made it less noticeable. Resolve has an
active ingredient in it called hydrogen perioxide which could have contributed to cleaning up the
stain.
Project Number: SCH107 Grade: 12
Title: Clean Water
Abstract: In many areas of the world, clean water is hard to come by. People often only have
access to seawater or to dirty water from ponds, streams, or rain. In this study, different aquatic
plants were tested to determine their effectiveness in filtering pond water. Plants were grown in
separate buckets using the same soil for one week, and measures of water quality were taken at
the beginning and end of the experiment. Extended analysis and results will be available on the
day of presentation.
Project Number: SCH108 Grade: 12
Title: Nitrate Retention Chemistry II
Abstract: This project explored if activated carbon could reduce the loss of manure nitrate into
near-surface groundwater. A one-month outdoor exposure study was performed using five
55x65x10cm soil trays equipped with drains to capture natural drainage water. Equivalent
drainage water volumes were collected from each tray over the test period (rsd = 3.5%). Ion
selective electrode analysis of drainage water samples were employed to demonstrate that
additions of activated carbon (from 10-40% by weight cow manure) were effective at reducing
manure nitrate loss to near-surface ground water by an average of 37%, relative to soil fertilized
with unmodified cow manure.
Project Number: SCH109 Grade: 11
Title: Plop, plop; fizz, fizz; the better antacid is...
Abstract: In this experiement I will be testing the effects of different antacids on the stomach
acid. Through this experiment, I will conclude which antacid is the most effective, whether it is
an OTC or homemade antacid.
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Project Number: SCH110 Grade: 12
Title: Effectiveness of Water Filters
Abstract: Test various types of water filtration systems and their effectiveness at moving
common contaminants. Filtered water samples will be tested for chlorine, copper, lead, and
carbonate using a test strip kit to determine which filters are the best for removing these
elements.
Project Number: SCH111 Grade: 10
Title: See Ya, Vitamin C: Effects of cooking on vitamin C levels in citrus fruit
Abstract: Does cooking affect the vitamin C level of fruit? This question was answered in this
experiment. The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether citrus fruit was healthier
when eaten raw or cooked. The hypothesis was that cooking would lower the vitamin C levels of
the fruit. Different fruits were tested in both raw and cooked forms. The samples were tested for
vitamin C using an iodine indicator. Darker colors indicated less vitamin C was present. The
results showed that cooking lowers the levels of vitamin C in fruits.
Project Number: SCH112 Grade: 9
Title: Laundry Detergent Enzymes
Abstract: Purpose: to see what antioxidant is most effective against free radicals
100 mg of antioxidants will be mixed with 3% hydrogen peroxide. Water works test strips will
be used to observe the remaining amount of peroxide. A control will be done with peroxide only.
The trials will be done 5 times and will be graphed and analyzed.
Project Number: SCH113 Grade: 11
Title: Efficiency of Combustible substances
Abstract: In this experiment, I tested multiple household fuels to see which fuel is most efficient
for light and heat production. The purpose of this experiment was to determine which fuel is
most efficient based on the cost, light production, and heat production. I completed this
experiment by burning 9 different fuels (wax, kerosene, wood, wood charcoal, charcoal, diesel
fuel, rubbing alcohol, and coal) and measuring their efficiency against each other using a light
probe and a thermometer in water to measure output. This experiment is continuing.
Project Number: SCH114 Grade: 10
Title: Bacterial Transformation Efficiency
Abstract: Could bacteria be used as a manufacturing power house for proteins? Could we
manipulate the genetic make-up to utilize bacteria's short duplication time to rapidly make
medically and commercially useful proteins? In this experiment I hope to answer these question
by measuring the bacterial transformation efficiency as a function of plasmid DNA
concentration. I hope to show its practical used in the real world, such as having insulin
producing bacteria control blood glucose in diabetics.
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Project Number: SCH115 Grade: 12
Title: Does cotton content impact burn characteristics of clothing
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the cotton content of sleepwear
pants affected the burn characteristics of the pants. To test this I timed how long it took for a
10cm by 10cm piece of fabric to catch on fire and to extinguish. All four products, 100% cotton,
90% cotton and 10% polyester, 55% cotton and 45% polyester and 100% polyester, ignited
anywhere from 2-4 seconds, but the extinguish time varied. The extinguish times ended up
proving my original hypothesis wrong, the 55% cotton and 45% polyester sleepwear pants took
the longest time to extinguish.
Project Number: SCH116 Grade: 11
Title: Insulin Pump Powered by the Oxidation of Glucose
Abstract: Diabetic patients are disadvantaged by the continuous need to not only monitor their
intake but also pump insulin into the blood stream based on the amount of glucose present in the
body. In this experiment, a battery, operating based on the amount of glucose present, is
designed to eradicate this shortcoming. The battery has an anode Glucose 1-oxidase, cathode of
methylene blue, and separator. Various glucose concentrations are added, producing electricity.
This experiment is designed to test whether insulin therapy tailored to dynamic blood glucose
concentration is effective and specifically tests for the direct correlation between the amount of
energy produced in this reaction and the glucose concentration.
Project Number: SCH117 Grade: 11
Title: The Plausibility of Creating a Biological Battery
Abstract: My goal is to create a battery that generates an electrical charge by harnessing the
electrons relaeased by the mitochondria of yeast cells. I will lyse the cells then introduce them to
an inhibitor of the ATP synthesis reaction. This causes the mitohcondria to release positively
charged electrons which I will harness as a power source for the battery.
Project Number: SCH118 Grade: 9
Title: Hydroponics or Soil?
Abstract: The point of this project was to see if the plants I chose would be able to grow in
hydroponics. On the first day of my project I bought the seeds of the plants that I wanted to grow
(spinach, pea, and pepper), and I put them inside of water to reactivate them. Then on the second
day, I planted the seeds and started my observations inside of a journal. Over the time span of
when I was growing the plants in regular soil, I looked for the changes in number of plants and
health. Then When I transferred the plants into their specific pots (Hydroponic, soil with
nutrients, and soil with no nutrients) I started looking for differences in height, health, and
special details. All of this was recorded in my journal. From my project, I learned so far that all
the plants that I grew are able to grow in hydroponics. The only exception is that the spinach
plants were very thin by the end of my project. The implications of this project are that the plants
I grew are able to grow in hydroponics. Thus, the plants in those genera are also able to grow.
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Project Number: SCH119 Grade: 10
Title: Where Does the Heat Go?
Abstract: The purpose is to determine how the temperature of a mixture of water and
ammonium nitrate changes with the amount of ammonium nitrate dissolved in the water. Test:
10g, 20g, 30g, 40g, and 50g of ammonium nitrate in 100mL of water. Record the starting
temperature of the water every trial. Record the temperature every 15 seconds until it stabilizes.
Calculate the heat energy value using the formula q=cm(T1-T2). 10g had an average
temperature of 18.5°C, 20g- 15.3°C, 30g- 12°C, 40g- 11.3°C, 50g- 11.3°C. As the temperature
decreased the amount of heat lost increased. 10g has the lowest and 50g has the highest.
Project Number: SCH120 Grade: 9
Title: Do Whitening Toothpastes Work?
Abstract: I stained porcelain egg holders with both both blueberry juice and coffee. Then using
six different types of toothpaste, I periodically brushed each stain. I then ranked the effectiveness
of each toothpaste based on how much stain each toothpaste removed.
Project Number: SCH121 Grade: 10
Title: Will different wood species, used to construct residential doors, affect burn time when
subjected to fire?
Abstract: This experiment looks at the time needed to burn through a variety of wood samples
often used for interior doors when constructing residences. The purpose of the experiment was
to find which wood species burns slowest, thus providing a longer time for escape during a house
fire. The types of wood tested included white pine, oak, african mahogany, poplar, and MDF( a
manufactured material). It was hypothesized that the oak would take the longest time since this
wood is most commonly used for interior doors. The results showed that the mahogany took the
longest time to burn while the poplar burned the quickest.
Project Number: SCH122 Grade: 12
Title: Analysis of the BPA content of Water bottles via Fluorometry
Abstract: In this investigation, I investigated the correlation between the disposability of a water
bottle and its BPA content (as measured by percent of mass). Different samples were obtained
from 10 non-disposable and 7 disposable bottles. They were incubated in water, and the resulting
solution underwent fluorometry. Via a chi-squared test, I accepted the alternate hypothesis that
disposability and BPA content are intercorrelated (p = 0.01024). Upon examining the statistical
distribution of BPA content, I concluded that generally disposable water bottles have a higher
BPA content than non-disposable bottles.
Project Number: SCH123 Grade: 12
Title: The Affects of Laundry Detergent on a T-shirts Flammability
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine if laundry detergent changes a t-
shirt’s flammability. I chose this experiment because I wanted to see if different laundry
detergents and laundry softeners have a significant impact on flammability. To perform my
experiment I first had to buy a pack of t-shirts and the different detergents and softeners. I then
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washed the shirts in the different detergents and cut them into equal sized squares. I then burned
the different squares and collected results. The experimentation is continuing.
Project Number: SCH124 Grade: 9
Title: Illuminating the Evidence
Abstract: Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of temperature on luminol. The
hypothesis is if the water temperature is higher than room temperature, then the luminol reaction
will be longer and brighter. The hypothesis was tested by observing luminol reactions with
different water temperatures and comparing the brightness and length. The luminol mixed with
room temperature water was the brightest and lasted the longest. The hypothesis was not
supported because the luminol mixed with hot water did not last the longest and was not the
brightest.
Project Number: SCH125 Grade: 10
Title: Nanotubes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Abstract: Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC’s) utilize dyes to absorb sunlight and convert the
sunlight into electricity. In this study, DSSC’s are constructed utilizing dyes derived from three
plants native to Western Pennsylvania. The three species utilized have never been tested in
DSSC’s. Multiple DSSC’s are made with each native dye, and the efficiency of the dyes is
tested under a variety of light conditions meant to simulate various times of day and levels of
cloudiness. In addition, the study examines the effects of incorporating carbon nanotubes into
the DSSC’s counter electrode, which is hypothesized to increase efficiency. Statistical testing is
utilized to test this hypothesis as well as hypotheses regarding differences in efficiencies of the
three native dyes.
Project Number: SCH126 Grade: 10
Title: Get Ready for Winter: Which type of Salt Melts Ice Faster?
Abstract: Different types of salt are used commercially to melt salt from road surfaces. These
salts include Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and Sodium Chloride. This project was
designed to determine which of these salts was able to melt ice the fastest when tested at room
temperature. The melting rate was determined by measuring the volume of ice collected over
time, including a control sample with no salt. The research demonstrated that Calcium Chloride
was able to melt salt the fastest, with a consistently higher melting rate that Magnesium
Chloride, Sodium Chloride or a mixture of the two salts.
Project Number: SCH127 Grade: 9
Title: Futuristic Fuel of Today
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to determine which type of oil, (Corn, Peanut,
Safflower, Soybean, and Canola) would have the lowest gel point and is most cost efficient when
made into biodiesel. I had to do research before I preformed the experiment. My hypothesis is
that the Corn and Soybean oils will have the lowest gel points and be the most cost efficient. The
procedure itself consisted of titrating, mixing Sodium Hydroxide with Methanol, create the fuel,
remove the glycerol, watch the biodiesel, and then test the cold flow properties. This is done by
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testing for the gel points or the point at which the biodiesel would begin to cloud and possibly
clog filters. Canola oil had the lowest gel point, followed by Corn Oil, then Soybean Oil. Canola
oil was also the least expensive. However, Corn oil was not the second least expensive in fact it
was the most expensive. Therefore soybean, which had the third lowest gel point and was the
second least expensive, would be the second most reasonable oil to buy. After completing the
experiment, I compared all data and concluded that my hypothesis was correct.
Project Number: SCH128 Grade: 12
Title: Effects of Temperature on Batteries
Abstract: This purpose of this experiment was to test whether or not colder temperatures have
an effect on the lifetime of batteries. I hypothesized that the colder the temperature the shorter
the life of the batteries would be. To test this, three temperatures were used; 700 F (210C), 410F
(50C), and 320F (00C). The same flashlights and same batteries were used in each trial for each
temperature so that the only variable would be the temperature. By observing and recording the
effects of the different temperatures in each trial, I was able to confirm my hypothesis. See graph
for specific results.
Project Number: SCH129 Grade: 11
Title: Water Content in Ethanol
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to determine which fuel additive is the most effective in
preventing ethanol from absorbing ethanol. Te hypothesis states if six different fuel additives are
added to ethanol then the ethanol treated with the seafoam brand additive will prevent the most
water absorption in the ethanol. The ethanol fuel additive mix will set in a chemical hood for two
weeks then will be distilled to separate the ethanol from the water. The data will then be used to
determine which fuel additive prevented the most water from being absorbed into the ethanol.
Project Number: SCH130 Grade: 9
Title: Battle btw Sunscreen and UV Radiation
Abstract: Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in United States, and two million
people are diagnosed with it every year. Sunscreens are the most common products used to
protect your skin from ultraviolet radiation. There are several types of sunscreens available in the
market today, making it harder to choose the right sunscreen. The purpose of my project is to
find how the sunscreens’ effectiveness relates to their SPF and their chemical contents. I made a
12.5, 25 and 37.5 µ thickness film of the sunscreens and measured the ultraviolet radiation
using an optometer. Lotions exhibited a better correlation to the SPF and not the sprays. The
sunscreens containing chemical agents blocked more ultraviolet radiation than the ones
containing Ti and Zn oxide.
Project Number: SCH131 Grade: 11
Title: Boldest Tie-Dye
Abstract: Are there certain shirts better for tie-dying the boldest? In this experiment testing
different fabrics, 100% cotton shirts are the boldest! Whatever is the choice of shirt, do not use a
shirt containing a lot of polyester, rayon, spandex or nylon. If a shirt containing too much of that
fabric is used, there will not be much tie-dye, a blob of colors on a shirt (polyester), or not much
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color at all (nylon)! When testing out different shirts for bold tie-dye, make sure colors are
applied the same way on each shirt to get accurate results.
Project Number: SCH132 Grade: 11
Title: Got Vitamin C?
Abstract: The purpose is to measure Vitamin C in various types of orange juices using the
iodine titration method. To find the amount of Vitamin C in a sample, one needs to know how
many drops of iodine solution are needed to react with known amount of Vitamin C. A 1 mg/ml
solution of Vitamin C using water, Vitamin C tablet, and starch will be prepared. The number of
drops of iodine solution needed to change the color of the mixture will be determined. Freshly
squeezed home-made orange juice, store bought not from concentrate, and frozen concentrate
will be used.
Project Number: SCH133 Grade: 10
Title: The Effect Different Ingredients and Baking Methods Have on the Density of a Product
Abstract: The consistency of baked goods is influenced by a number of chemical reactions,
including cross-linking of gluten, the protein in flour, as well as the generation of carbon dioxide
from acid base reactions. There will be three series of experiments to assess the effect of the
variables on density (mass per volume). The first will use 5 types of flour with varying
concentrations of gluten. The second will use bread flour and varying kneading times, keeping
the rest of the recipe constant. The third will involve cupcakes with varying amounts of baking
soda from zero to two teaspoons.
Project Number: SCH134 Grade: 11
Title: Effect of Different Oils on Biodiesel
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine if the usage of varying-Grade base oils
for biodiesel affects the combustion of the resultant biodiesel. To test this, I decided to saturate a
lamp wick with 1mL of each of the biodiesels I prepared with different oils and light it on fire,
recording time until the flame went out. For a control, I used plain lamp wicks. For a
comparison, I used real diesel fuel. Data is still being collected and processed. Safety measures
were put in place.
Project Number: SCH135 Grade: 9
Title: Water Vs. Acid
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to test to see if fruit can conduct electricity. First I
have to test the resistance of the fruit. To do this I just put nails (metal) in to the fruit 3 inches
apart. My data is still being collected but so far it shows that the acid fruit has the least amount of
resistance then the water based fruit. Since my data isn't done i can't give a conclusion
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Project Number: SCH136 Grade: 9
Title: Galvanic Cell's Usage and Effectiveness
Abstract: Every year, people use millions of batteries or some sort of portable energy. The
problem is, some don’t last very long and some do! Why is this? This project is
about which galvanic cell material has the most voltage and provides the most power over a
period of time. In the future, I hope we can replace batteries that don’t work as
well and save some of the natural gasses we are using, and use whichever material proves to be
the best, on a big scale. I thought of this project hoping that it will provide an alternate energy
source.
Project Number: SCH137 Grade: 10
Title: Electrolyte Challenge: Gatorade G series 02 v. Red Bull
Abstract: When athletes sweat they lose electrolytes which need to be replenished for the body
to work properly. This experiment was conducted to determine which sports drink (Gatorade G
series 02 or Red Bull) would have the most electrolytes available for replenishing those lost
during workouts. The amount of electrolytes in each liquid were determined using a
conductance sensor. It was determined that the Gatorade G series 02 contained significantly
more electrolytes that the other liquids.
Project Number: SCH138 Grade: 11
Title: Comparing Small-Scale Renewable Energy Sources
Abstract: In this project I will compare the efficiency and effectiveness of three different types
of renewable energy on a small scale: hydro energy, solar energy, and wind energy. I expect the
wind to produce the most energy, then the solar, then the hydro with the least energy. To test
this, I will build an apparatus testing each out of common materials. Then I will set each under
it's prime conditions (i.e. under a fan, hose, or lamp) and observe how much energy it uses and
how much it produces. I will then graph and compare my data.
Project Number: SCH139 Grade: 11
Title: Energy Synergy
Abstract: This experiment is to determine the optimal conditions of a hydrogen fuel cell. The
fuel cell was solar-powered and battery-powered. The volts produced by the hydrogen fuel cell
and the amount of Hydrogen and Oxygen gas produced determine the efficiency of each method
as well of the cost of each power source.
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Senior – Computer Science & Math (SCM), 9th-12th Grade
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Project Number: SCM100 Grade: 10
Title: Sign Language Translator/Learning Helper
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to create an application for the deaf, utilizing the
Kinect for Windows sensor, that allows the American Sign Language (ASL) user to sign into the
camera, and have this be converted to text. It also allows for a second user (who does not know
ASL) to speak into the microphone, and have their words be converted to text, allowing the two
users to keep up a conversation. I programmed in visual C#. My end product also included
another mode, allowing a user, trying to learn ASL, to get feedback on how they are signing.
Project Number: SCM101 Grade: 11
Title: Finding Optimal Review Spacing
Abstract: I created an algorithm that to help people to learn and remember information as
efficiently as possible. It attempts to determine the best time for a user to review previously
learned information by using past performance to construct a model of the rates at which the user
learns and forgets various kinds of information. I then compared my algorithm to the most
commonly used memory software algorithm, which does not attempt to create a user-specific
model of memory. I tested both algorithms on a group of seminary and English as a second
language (ESL) students.
Project Number: SCM102 Grade: 10
Title: Population Recovery and Evolution
Abstract: My goal is to understand the age and gene distribution as a species grows from a few
organisms and how factors such as food can impact the species over time. I would also like to
recognize the impacts on an ecosystem the growth of the species would cause in a simple
predator prey model. I expect to see a relative lack of genetic variation as a result of the small
number of initial organisms. As a result, I think the species will have a hard time adapting to the
environment.
Project Number: SCM103 Grade: 9
Title: Password Security
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine what type of password is most secure,
when type is
classified by character set and length. The procedure and testing will be done by using a program
to test several different people’s passwords by using the following criteria: 1. The password
should be at least 8 characters long. 2. The password should contain at least one uppercase and at
least one lowercase
letter. 3. The password should have at least one digit.
Project Number: SCM104 Grade: 11
Title: The Use of Finite Automata in Private Key Cryptosystems
Abstract: In today’s cyber-society, the need to have reliably secure connections is at an all time
high . My project will test a new method of encryption that utilizes simplistic finite automata, or
simple machines, to securely encrypt data without the need for processor intensive floating point
operations or matrix manipulation. This project will test an implementation of a finite-automata
Senior – Computer Science & Math (SCM), 9th-12th Grade
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cryptosystem versus an implementation of 256 bit AES, which is the industry standard. The two
cryptosystems will be compared in strength of security, speed, and memory footprint. The
security portion of testing will be based upon time it would take to crack the encryption seed.
The memory and speed portion of testing will be tested upon multiple trials of encrypting, and
decrypting a 1 gb text file by 80 bytes, to simulate packets. During the encryption of the 1 gb the
ram footprint of both cryptosystems will be recorded, and the time of encryption and decryption
will also be recorded. These tests will be done on 3 computers; a 4.1 ghz 8 gb machine, a 2.8
ghz 8 gb machine, and a 1.8 ghz 2gb machine. At time of submission, testing has not been
completed.
Project Number: SCM105 Grade: 9
Title: JAVA-Driven Automated Parking Space Locator
Abstract: Finding parking spaces can be not only challenging and frustrating but also a
tremendous waste of our resources. An increasing number of vehicles can electronically
determine and transmit their location (e.g. OnstarTM system). Utilizing this technology, I
created computer software algorithms to create a more efficient parking space location device.
By creating a parking lot simulation programmed in JAVA, the software measured how quickly
cars could find parking spaces. To determine the fairness and efficiency of the system, amount of
time each car waited for a parking spot and distance each car traveled to find a parking spot were
analyzed.
Project Number: SCM106 Grade: 10
Title: Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in Driving Scenarios
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to implement an OCR, a device which recognizes
characters from given an image, while driving. This was done first by writing code to process the
image to be suitable for the OCR and then giving the processed image to the OCR. Given the
image, the OCR would output the words written on the image. The given images were of
common road signs. Possible future applications include using the OCR in not only driving
scenarios but also in other real-world applications such as handicapped persons.
Project Number: SCM107 Grade: 11
Title: A Statistical Analysis of Human Obesity
Abstract: The task of this project is to use mathematical processes, including the measures of
central tendency and standard deviation, to analyze obesity data. In addition, the project uses
scatter plots, Pearson’s product moment correlation, and the least- squares line to describe the
relationships between obesity rates and life expectancy, gross national income, and literacy rate.
Finally, the project examines whether weight classification (including obesity) is dependent on
race and/or income level with the use of the chi- squared test. If applicable, more advanced tests
will be used to further analyze obesity. Results will be provided at the fair.
Project Number: SCM108 Grade: 10
Title: Development of a World Series Prediction Formula
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to create a formula that can predict the baseball
playoffs. There are several formulas that can be used to predict baseball: Money Ball, Kerry
Senior – Computer Science & Math (SCM), 9th-12th Grade
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Whisnant’s Formula, and the Hack #56 Theory. Kerry Whisnant’s Formula was less than 47.6%
accurate. I created a formula by using major baseball statistics from batting, fielding, and
pitching then assigned a maximum point value for the team with the better statistic. Some
categories were weighted more than others like ERA. This formula was 52.4% accurate. No
formula that can accurately predict baseball playoff games because of the human factor.
Project Number: SCM109 Grade: 10
Title: Improving Internet Password Security
Abstract: My goal was programming Java applications allowing the computer to identify
whether the user was the account owner by adding time as a variable. To accomplish this, I first
programmed an input program to calculate the average time. Then, I created a second program
comparing the average speed of the user to the bounds set, displaying “yes” if in the bounds of
the account owner. The process repeated with time purposefully altered by pausing. After testing
49 students, time was successfully used as a variable, as the program was 100% effective without
the pause, and 92% effective with pause added.
Project Number: SCM110 Grade: 10
Title: Superadditivity and Subadditivity in Fair Division
Abstract: I examine the classic problem of fair division of a piecewise homogeneous good.
Previous work developed algorithms satisfying various combinations of fairness notions (such as
proportionality, envy-freeness, equitability, and Pareto-optimality). However, the previous work
assumed that all utility functions are additive. Recognizing that additive functions accurately
model utility only in certain situations, I investigate superadditive and subadditive utility
functions. Next, I propose and test a new division protocol that utilizes nonlinear programming.
Finally, I prove theoretical results that address (a) relationships between fairness notions, and (b)
the orthogonal issue of division efficiency (i.e., the price of satisfying particular fairness
notions).
Project Number: SCM111 Grade: 12
Title: GPS-Based Automated Texting App for Driver Safety
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to create an iPhone Application that can use GPS to
sense when user is driving. If so, the app should be able to block incoming text messages and
phones and automatically inform the person on the other end that the user is currently driving via
text message. If such a product can be created, this will greatly improve driver safety and
hopefully reduce accidents.
Project Number: SCM112 Grade: 11
Title: March Madness Revisited: Round by Round Prediction Models
Abstract: College basketball culminates in a championship tournament commonly known as
“March Madness”. This project is an extension of a previous project and was designed to
determine if the previous models tested (Simple Linear, Simple Quadratic, Simple Square Root)
behaved similarly when results were analyzed on a round by round basis. An excel spreadsheet
was used to help analyze the data. Results indicated that a simple linear model provided the best
Senior – Computer Science & Math (SCM), 9th-12th Grade
PRSEF Student Abstracts Page 36
fit to historical data in only three of the six rounds, with the sum of squared deviations being
reduced by 3 – 78 % as compared to the All Rounds model.
Project Number: SCM113 Grade: 9
Title: filmmaker's toolbox
Abstract: The goal is to obtain a high quality image while using the camera on an iPhone that is
filming against a green screen. The expected outcome of this project is that the iPhone camera
will be able to use chroma-keying and light sensitivity to identify areas of a solid color screen
that are not quite the same as the rest. These images can then be edited to make the color more
even.
Project Number: SCM114 Grade: 11
Title: Solving the Puzzle of the Stock Market Using Mathematics
Abstract: The stock market has been an asset used to create an additional way for citizens to
acquire more income. The possibility of loss and gain is uncertain. However, if a pattern was
discovered in the value of stocks, methods could be used to benefit those who use the market.
This experiment required 3 different equations to determine whether a pattern was possible or
not. The goal is to determine if applying mathematical theories to sets of numbers can predict
future numbers in the set with an accuracy of 95% or higher.
Project Number: SCM115 Grade: 9
Title: Analysis of the Coupon Collector's Problem
Abstract: My project will analyze the “Coupon Collector’s Problem”. For example, a company
issues a “set” of distinct items and places one of the items in packages of their products. The
customer does not know what item they will get until they purchase the product. The two
questions of interest are: What is the expected number of products that must be purchased before
a complete set of items is obtained? What are the chances of obtaining the complete set for a
given number of purchases? I will demonstrate specific real-world examples and analyze them
using mathematical derivation and a computer simulation.
Project Number: SCM116 Grade: 11
Title: Evolution Simulator
Abstract: In my project I plan to create a simulation of populations of simulated creatures under
various selective pressures, and the resulting changes in the proportions of alleles over time. I
then plan to compare my results with various mathematical models of population dynamics. This
will provide me insight into their applicability to various population conditions. Evolution has
various important applications ranging from preservation of natural diversity to the analysis of
the emergence of drug resistant bacteria. This program will be useful as a means of modeling
these situations and as a teaching tool to better educate future generations about the impact of
their choices on environment and by extension themselves.
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Project Number: SCM117 Grade: 9
Title: Motion Detection
Abstract: Current home security systems utilize infrared technology to detect motion. Webcams
can become more effective than infrared technology for motion detection. For this to occur, good
algorithms are needed to detect and isolate motion. Different prototypes of motion detection
systems will be created and evaluated. After an evaluation of all the prototypes, an accurate and
efficient method for motion detection will be selected. The results will have the potential to
increase the accuracy of home security solutions.efficient method for motion detection will be
selected. The results will have the potential to increase the accuracy of home security solutions.
Project Number: SCM118 Grade: 9
Title: How Quick is a Computer?
Abstract: When executing a standar JavaScript mathematicall function on various computer, at
what speed will said computer be benchmarked at? I will create a mathematical program using
JavaScript and benchmark the speed at which it was completed. I will perform the function on
all computers and compare the speeds at which the computers were benchmarked. This will give
me a comparison of the hardware quality.
Project Number: SCM119 Grade: 9
Title: Programming a Video Game for the Blind
Abstract: Video games nowadays include many graphic elements that are great to watch, but
what about those who are blind or visually impaired? Blind and visually impaired players can
also play video games by relying on sound cues. In this project, the goal is to build a video game
that is engaging and entertaining for both sighted and blind or visually impaired players.
Project Number: SCM120 Grade: 9
Title: Optimizing Resource Allocation for Swim Meet Lineup
Abstract: My project goal is to use computer-based optimization to determine the best possible
swim meet lineup for a specific group of swimmers. Each swimmer can only swim in four
events. By using optimizing resource allocation through Monte Carlo techniques, I hypothesize
that I can maximize the probability of a team winning a swim meet.
Project Number: SCM121 Grade: 11
Title: Analysis of Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
Abstract: This project aims to analyze the effects of a distributed denial of service attack on a
small network. Effects will be recorded and a method for deterring the attacks tested will be
researched further. A small network of 5 computers will be set up for testing, one computer will
act as a server. Another computer will be used to monitor the network and the remaining 3
computers will act as a botnet performing different types of attacks on the server. The network
load will be measured with the program Wireshark, and the servers ping response time will also
be recorded.
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Project Number: SCM122 Grade: 12
Title: Effects of overclocking on a computer
Abstract: Overclocking is raising the clock rate of a computer's CPU. GPU, or RAM above the
manufacturer's specified clock rate. Overclocking is used to give older computers more power.
On newer computers, it is used on lower budget builds to increase computer power and speed.
This experiment overclocked the computer's CPU by raising the front BUS speed. The results
were measured using several benchmarking programs that show the processor's clock rate and
BUS speeds. It was hypothesized that overclocking would significantly increase performance
and speed of the computer. Results confirmed this hypothesis.
Project Number: SCM123 Grade: 10
Title: Order in Chaos: Are there patterns in iterated algorithms?
Abstract: This project involves drawing with iterated algorithms and finding patterns within the
drawings. The iterated algorithm that was used for this experiment was originally used to draw
the Sierpinski triangle. Three points were drawn in the shape of a triangle and one point was
placed in the center as a base. A die was rolled to determine where to draw the new line from the
seed. The endpoint of the new line drawn then became the new seed. The process was repeated
25 times and checked for triangles and patterns within the drawings.
Project Number: SCM124 Grade: 10
Title: Efficiency of HTTP Compression
Abstract: Different types of compression of data sent over the HyperText Transfer Protocol
were analyzed to see if they are able to considerably increase the speed of encoding, transmission
and rendering over different connection speeds. There was a significant difference between the
transmission times for compressed and uncompressed data. While the specific algorithm used did
not have a large impact, compressed data was much faster to send than uncompressed data at
both connection speeds, even taking into account the computation time necessary.
Project Number: SCM125 Grade: 9
Title: Reducing Manufacturing Com Using Karnaugh Mapping
Abstract: The primary goal of this project is to reduce manufacturing complexity by modeling a
smaller situation using a karmaugh map and creating a program to automate the simplification
process.
Project Number: SCM126 Grade: 10
Title: Music Therapy for Lifeskills Students
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to combine two different areas of science which
both relate to music: music therapy and a phenomenon called the Mozart Effect. This
experiment researched music therapy’s effect of Mozart music on lower-functioning students in
an educational environment. Students in lifeskills classes were exposed to Mozart’s music
playing in the background while they completed their normal math assignments. Data was
recorded for both the number of problems each student completed (speed) and the percentage of
problems correctly completes (accuracy). Research is ongoing; results will be available on fair
day.
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Project Number: SES100 Grade: 10
Title: Star light,Star sight
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out if stars twinkle more or less with
varying amounts of atmospheric gas present. Twinkling occurs when atmospheric gases pass
over the light emitted from the stars. This was tested by simulating the night sky by filling a
room with fog representing the earth’s atmospheric gases and a laser beam representing light
emitted from stars. A fog machine was used to make the atmospheric gases that caused the laser
beam to become visible. The amount of twinkling was then determined by standing under the
beam and counting the number of times a swirl of fog was seen going past the laser beam. There
was no fog puffed out for the constant, 25% of the room filled with fog for the small amount, and
75% of the room filled with fog for the large amount. Future tests are still being conducted.
Project Number: SES101 Grade: 12
Title: Building an Affordable and Effective Water Retainment Wall
Abstract: Tropical storms as well as rising water levels threaten coastal cities around the world.
Water retaining walls are becoming more and more vital to compensate and keep coastal city
populations safe. This experiment focused on creating an efficient and portable water retaining
wall. This experiment was conducted via researching current levy and water retaining wall
designs, assessing their overall efficiency, and building a new design for a portable water
retaining wall based off of experimental as well as research information. Another obstacle of
making a water retaining wall is making it affordable to construct. Experimentation is ongoing.
Project Number: SES102 Grade: 10
Title: Radiant Radishes
Abstract: Radiation exposure has a harmful effect on radish seeds. The energy in radish seeds is
destroyed by electromagnetic radiation from the microwave and the heat from the oven. The
reason why the seeds were incapable of germinating was because of heat and electromagnetic
radiation. When this energy is destroyed, germination, the process of sprouting, is halted. Once
the process of germination is destroyed by radiation, the seed is no longer able to develop. No
matter whether the radish seeds were placed in the microwave or oven for a small or large
amount of time, the results stayed constant; no sprouts.
Project Number: SES103 Grade: 9
Title: Acidity and Metal Erosion
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to decide wether or not the acidity of six popular
soft drinks will cause a piece of steel pipe to rust. This experiment verses diet soft drinks against
regular soft drinks. The procedures used are checking the pH of the diet and regular soft drinks
before placing the steel pipe into the soft drink. After starting the experiment, check the progress
of the rusting metal every-other day for two weeks. The scale used to record the amount of rust is
from 0-10, 0 being no rust at all, and 10 being completely rusted. After the first trial is done, a
second trial should be done to confirm your results. Still testing results to fallow soon.
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Project Number: SES104 Grade: 10
Title: Road Salt Effects on Stream Chloride Levels Part 2
Abstract: In my experiment I measured the concentration of chloride ions in three nearby
watersheds before and after the salting of roads resulting from snowfall.
Project Number: SES105 Grade: 11
Title: The Effect of Native Versus Non-native Leaves on Benthic Macroinvertebrate
Communities
Abstract: Leaves are the most important source of energy for benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs)
in small woodland streams. Leaves come from trees that are either native or non-native. The
leaves of non-native trees may have a negative effect on the health of a stream environment.
This experiment examined the effect of native and non-native leaves on BMI communities.
Sixty-three cages were constructed and filled with native and non-native leaves of three different
species pairs. The cages were placed in streams and BMIs occupying them were counted after a
month. This experiment is in process and conclusions have not yet been drawn.
Project Number: SES106 Grade: 11
Title: Counter Action
Abstract: I tested which counter top (Formica, Solid Surface, Quartz, Granite, or Marble) is the
best based on price for a kitchen. I have hypothesized that granite makes the best investment.
The subjection to staining and cleaning elements was tested, which included Red Wine, Butter,
Vinegar, Vegetable Oil, Coffee, Bacon grease, Lemon Juice, water, Clorox bleach, and Windex.
Each sample was treated with a few drops of each, and after time, I attempted to remove the
stains with a paper towel.
I tested a countertop’s durability against scratching from a knife; the process was completed
using a miter box and pressure scale. 20 scratches were done in each area to stimulate the
scratching that would not occur instantly. Heat durability was tested with a hot pan at
500ᵒF and left on the counter top sample for 5 minutes. I determined through a
comparison chart that quartz would be the best counter top based on cost. More thorough results
and description will follow at the competition.
Project Number: SES107 Grade: 11
Title: Frac Water and Wolfia
Abstract: Methanol, Isopropyl, Ethylene, and Propargyl, the four most relevant alcohols in
hydraulic fracturing fluid, are tested on Wolffia arrhiza to determine how chemicals in "fracking"
fluid affects chlorophyll absorption and health of duckweed. Chemicals in fracking fluid may be
biologically hazardous during prolonged exposure. Duckweed is food for smaller organisms, and
is sensitive to changes in toxicology of its environment. Chlorophyll absorbency of three
alcohol-exposed duckweed samples and three duckweed samples are analyzed by a Spectronic
20 after three weeks.
As of now, no finalized quantitative data is available. Preliminary observations show that alcohol
solutions negatively affect duckweeds' health.
Senior – Earth/Space/Environment (SES), 9th-12th Grade
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Project Number: SES108 Grade: 9
Title: Carbaryl and Daphnia
Abstract: What is the effect of carbaryl on stink bugs?In my experament I had eight cups with
two stink bugs in each container.There was four cups in the two groups I had,one group was
treated with carbaryl the other was not. The Halyomorpha halys food was treated with a one and
a half Milameter dose of carbaryl. I waited for four days then I check to see the results and
collect data.I found that half of the variable group was killed and the other half survived.
Project Number: SES109 Grade: 10
Title: Soil pH in the Limelight
Abstract: The purpose was to determine which amount of hydrated lime on soil obtained the
closest pH to 7 after erosion. 30.39g, 83.23g, and 136.08g of hydrated lime were spread on the
top sections of three pans. After applying 250mL water to the pans eight times, the pH of the soil
was taken. This was repeated twice. The average pH of soil in the top and bottom sections of
pans respectively: 30.39g - 6.6 and 6.33; 83.23g - 7.2 and 6.03; 136.08g - 7.07 and 6.53.
Therefore, pans with 136.08g of lime resulted in soil with the closest pH to 7.
Project Number: SES111 Grade: 11
Title: Heavy Metal Horror
Abstract: Lead is often introduced to the environment at shooting ranges, landfills and
junkyards. Terrestrial isopods typically are found in these areas and can come into contact with
lead. Lead might harm the isopods and consequently affect nutrient cycling. Five simulated
environment test units with ten isopods in each were set up. Five units were exposed to 1000ppm
lead in water. The five control units were exposed to an equal volume of water without lead.
Based on early results the units containing the lead had greater average mass loss than the test
units without the lead. A behavioral test is pending.
Project Number: SES112 Grade: 9
Title: Up-Structure vs Down-Structure
Abstract: As our society develops an increasing need for natural gas, we look for newer deposits
of it that can be easily accessed. Natural gas companies have to take in consideration the amount
of time it takes to drill the well, the amount of money it costs to build and maintain the well, and
how efficient the well will be. The recent discovery of natural gas in Marcellus shale is testing
companies everywhere to develop cheaper, more efficient and cleaner ways of extracting it. The
idea of up-structure drilling is a brand new way of extracting natural gas. Up-structure drilling is
when the well is drilled vertically then horizontally uphill at a four to five degree angle. This
allows pockets of natural gas to be accessed that could have never been accessed before. Down-
structure drilling is when a well is drilled away from a ridge or a mountain. Down-structure
drilling is most commonly used when extracting natural gas from the Marcellus shale region.
The question is, is up-structure drilling more productive and more efficient than down-structure
drilling?
Senior – Earth/Space/Environment (SES), 9th-12th Grade
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Project Number: SES113 Grade: 11
Title: Effects of environment on Zebra Fish embryos
Abstract: Since recent oil spills have caused much problem in both economic and environmental
aspects, I wanted to see the effects of oil on zebrafish development. I experimented to see the
effects of oil on zebrafish embryonic development. I placed zebrafish embryos in different oil
concentrations and observed their development daily, identifying their stages in development,
and comparing them to regular embryonic development. The experimentation is ongoing, but
with my results, I hope to determine the impact of oil on zebrafish embryological development
Project Number: SES114 Grade: 10
Title: Do Gas Stations Affect Soil Around Them
Abstract: This is a test.
Project Number: SES115 Grade: 12
Title: Effectively Repelling Stinkbugs
Abstract: Halyomorpha halys are recently invading homes and farmlands and this study
evaluated how to effectively repel stinkbugs. I used orange and lavender oil as environmentally
safe repellants. Stinkbugs were put in containers containing the oils and stinkbug behavior
was observed. An ANOVA test was conducted and it showed that stinkbugs were not repelled
by orange and lavender oil.
Project Number: SES116 Grade: 10
Title: Determination of pollutant leaching from landfills
Abstract: Prepare a container out of bottles in which one can fill with soil and pollutants and be
able to collect runoff water. Plant grass seeds in the soil to determine if pollutants affect plant
growth, mass the pollutants before and after experiment to determine any mass change, and
analyze runoff water to determine if it contains pollutants.
Project Number: SES117 Grade: 12
Title: Toxicity of Iodomethane
Abstract: Iodomethane was used as an insecticide on food-bearing vines. Iodomethane has since
been recalled for further testing. This chemical is readily dissolvable in water. Iodomethane is
found in minute quantities of 10-50 parts per trillion (Journal of Geophysical Research) in the
environment, so tests were conducted to determine the effects of Iodomethane on the population
growth of Daphnia magna in a series of micro-concentrations. Final results have not been
analyzed yet.
Project Number: SES118 Grade: 10
Title: A Cost Efficient Method of Purifying Grey Water Using Seeds
Abstract: Determine if Moringa and grapefruit seeds can be used to purify grey water. Moringa
seeds will be more effective at purifying grey water than grapefruit seeds. Prepare 1L of grey
water and run it through an aquarium filter not containing Moringa or grapefruit seeds (Control).
Every 15min. for 1hr. the % absorption of 20 grey water samples will be determined using a spec
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20. This process will be repeated using 50, 100 and 150mg of crushed Moringa or grapefruit
seeds. Experiment still being conducted.
Project Number: SES120 Grade: 9
Title: From Waste to Fungi
Abstract: The purpose is to study 5 different waste products to grow Pleurotus osreatus (oyster
mushrooms). Using .11, .22, and .33 kg of acorns, floral waste, chestnuts, coffee grounds and
deciduous leaves (nitrogen compounds), mixed with straw (carbon), I hypothesized that .33 kg of
coffee grounds would grow the greatest mass of mushrooms. My preliminary data indicated that
the best producing substrates after three months from greatest to least were chestnuts, acorns,
floral waste, deciduous leaves and coffee grounds. I conclude that .11 kg, .22 kg, .33 kg of
chestnuts are evenly producing the greatest mass of Pleurotus ostreatus.
Project Number: SES121 Grade: 10
Title: Bio-control of Green Leaf Volatiles to Increase Plant Output
Abstract: When plants are distressed, some produce an increased amounts of certain chemicals.
One category of stress chemicals are Green Leaf Volatiles (GLV's). I will investigate whether
GLV's are linked to plant reproduction in terms of bud output. Application of GLV's could
potentially replace harmful pesticides and could potentially increase agricultural yield by
influencing reproduction.
Project Number: SES122 Grade: 9
Title: Minewater and Pond Snails
Abstract: Snails will be exposed to mine water for a period of 3 weeks. 4 snails will
be placed in each cups of six. 3 cups are for the mine water group and 3
cups are for the spring water group. Chara algae with a mass of 0.4 grams
will be placed in each cup. I will find out if mine water will have a
significant effect on pond snails.
Project Number: SES123 Grade: 9
Title: Tornado Simulation!
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation involved attempting to replicate the formation of a
tornado in a laboratory setting. It is known that tornadoes form when a horizontally oriented
rotating column of air spawns due to fast wind speeds colliding with one another. Later, a
massive updraft originating from a thunderstorm tilts the tornado upward and the updraft
strengthens the vortex causing the formation of a tornado. To replicate this event, an apparatus
was designed using a duct fan and polystyrene foam. Slits were placed in the polystyrene foam
and vents were placed in the apparatus to create a horizontally oriented column of air. To create
an updraft, an ordinary house fan was positioned over the duct fan. To make the vortex visible,
a mist humidifier which provides steam was used. With the initial run of the tornado simulation,
no vortex formed. On a secondary run, the fan speeds and postitioning of the fans was altered,
but again, a vortex did not form. To control the conditions, a backdrop was added to cut off any
outside drafts that could disrupt the creation of a vortex. Based on this investigation, it is
concluded that small scale replication of the conditions that create a tornado may not be possible.
Senior – Earth/Space/Environment (SES), 9th-12th Grade
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Further investigation needs to be carried out using more fans and different positioning of the fans
and evaluating other parameters to replicate how a tornado forms in nature.
Project Number: SES124 Grade: 11
Title: Terraforming in a Hypergravity Environment
Abstract: The experiment was done to determine plant sustainability while experiencing
hypergravity. Plants were grown under hypergravity and standard gravity. Hypergravity was
simulated using a centrifuge and measured at 1.4 to 1.8g. The plants were regularly watered and
examined in 5 day increments for fifteen days. Next, a termination study began with no
additional watering. The plants under hypergravity used more water and had a higher tissue
mass. Although increased water use decreases sustainability in a low water environment. During
the termination studies the control plants remained healthier due to their lower water use.
Project Number: SES125 Grade: 12
Title: Reducing CO2 Emissions
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to acknowledge the effects of carbon dioxide on the
environment and use an acid-base reaction to filter the CO2. I think the CO2 emissions can be
reduced by using different hydroxides to react with the gas to enhance the air quality. In the
experiment, the reactions will form carbonates and reduce the amount of CO2 released. Levels of
carbon dioxide and acidity of the reactions will be measured in order to find a way to reduce
CO2 emissions. I think that NaOH, as a strong base and an inexpensive substance, will display
optimum results.
Project Number: SES126 Grade: 9
Title: Algae Bloom & O2 levels: Synthetic vs. Organic Fertilizer
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to test the effect of synthetic fertilizer and organic
fertilizer on algal blooms and oxygen levels in an aquatic environment.
Project Number: SES127 Grade: 12
Title: Sevin and Earthworms
Abstract: Lumbricus terrestris, play a major part in soil fertility. In my experiment I am testing
the affects of the pesticide Sevin on mortality rate and damage to the nervous system of the
earthworm. Sevin was applied at four different concentration levels (one, four, seven, and ten
sprays). A one-way ANOVA test showed the responses to stimuli were significantly different
from the control group. An ANOVA test also indicated there was no significant difference in
mortality among the groups. Further experimentation needs to be done to test for the effects of
exposure to Sevin over a longer period of time.
Project Number: SES128 Grade: 11
Title: Bio Remediation of Ammonia at Fish Hatcheries Through the Use of Nitrogen Fixing
Bacteria?
Abstract: To create the most effective bioremediation system for removing ammonia from water
using commercially available nitrifying bacteria solutions and aquatic plants. The nitrifying
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bacteria solution that contains Nitrospira and the aquatic plant with the greatest root mass will
produce the most effective bioremediation system for removing ammonia from water.Fill 9
containers with 10L of water containing a known concentration of ammonia. Different
combinations of aquatic plants and commercially available nitrifying bacteria solutions were
tested in order to determine which combination produced the most effective bioremediation
system for removing ammonia from water. Experiment still in progress
Project Number: SES129 Grade: 9
Title: Green Roofs' Role in Mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to find out whether green roofs will lower the urban
heat island effect, which refers to a metropolitan area that is much warmer than the surrounding
rural areas. A green roof is a layer of vegetation grown on top of a rooftop which blocks sunlight
from reaching the roof beneath and cools the air through the process of evapotranspiration. In
my experiment, I will construct a model of a city containing normal roofs and one with green
roofs and observe the temperature and water levels in the city.
Project Number: SES130 Grade: 9
Title: Latex Paint and Kentucky Blugrass
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to test the effects of white exterior latex paint on
the growth and health of Kentucky Bluegrass. I hypothesized that the grass exposed to the paint
would not be as tall or as healthy as grass not exposed to the paint. I placed soil and seeds into
twenty container and paint chips in half of them. After a few weeks, I measured the height of
grass in each container and calculated biomass. According to an ANOVA test, there was a
significant difference in height
between my groups but not between the biomass.
Project Number: SES131 Grade: 9
Title: Gamma Radiation Testing in Western PA
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to show the highest gamma radiation levels in
western PA. My procedure was to take 38 radiation samples from western PA in a calculated
spread to maximize the randomness of the samples. All my data has not been analyzed but, so far
I have not seen any spikes in certain areas. Conclusion will follow.
Senior – Earth/Space/Environment (SES), 9th-12th Grade
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Project Number: SER100 Grade: 9
Title: Automatic Air Filtration Replacement Indicator
Abstract: Air filters are an essential part of everyday equipment and residence. As the dirty air
gets filtered by the porous media, it needs replacement at regular intervals to ensure the cleanest
air quality possible. a multitude of air bourne diseases and malfunctioning of equipment is
possible if the filtration media is not replaced at the right time. At present, there is a lack of
automated mechanism to indicate the filter replacement time. This results in either early or late
replacement leading to wastage of filter or poor air quality due to clogged air filters. This project
aims at identifying and building an automated mechanism to indicate the right time to replace the
filters.
Project Number: SER101 Grade: 12
Title: Convertible Wheel Chair
Abstract: The Convertible Wheel Chair is a probject designed to simplify work for Nurses and
Clinical Technicians by reducing the amount of work being done to help a patient from a sitting
to laying position. By using mechanical engineering and electrical wiring I created a wheel chair
that essentially converts from a movable wheel chair to a bed in order to reduce the movement
that sick patients have to endure and to reduce back problems for those who help them between
positions.
Project Number: SER102 Grade: 11
Title: Sensory Assistant Glove
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to create a sensory assistant glove that would
detect temperature and pressure applied to the hand. The goal of the weight and temperature tests
are to help characterize the sensors used and to calculate error. Error for the sensors is used to
determine the thresholds for the warning system. In my pressure applied procedure, I took
different calibrated weights and laid them on each of the four pressure sensors, (a,b,c, and d) and
using an ardunio board, I measured the amount of pressure forced on the sensor based on an
average. For my temperature applied test, I took the sensors and placed them against different
temperature glasses of water and tested to see if they correctly measured the temperature, using
an ardunio board. After each of the sensors were tested five times, they were built onto the glove
to use.
Project Number: SER103 Grade: 11
Title: Visual Interface and Algorithmic Programming of a High-Precision Robotic Laser
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to design an application that allowed a user to
draw a convex path on a computer. This path would then be traced with a robotically-
maneuvered laser. I first constructed a robot with a laser attachment. I then developed the
software component of the application, using OpenGL to allow a user to draw a path onscreen. I
then ran tests and collected data. For the six different convex shapes I tested, the robot
successfully navigated each vertex with an error less than one centimeter in all directions. I
concluded my project was successful.
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Project Number: SER104 Grade: 10
Title: Best Foot Forward
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to design and create a new improved model of the Jaipur
Foot prosthetic that will better address user’s needs of increased mobility, flexibility, and
sturdiness. 3D computer models of the original Jaipur Foot and a new experimental foot were
created in AutoDesk Inventor software and used in simulation tests to compare three commonly
used metrics in the field of prosthetics. The tests arrived at the conclusion that while the original
Jaipur Foot has more mobility, the new model is more flexible and sturdy. Proving that the
enhanced model is a more efficient prosthetic limb.
Project Number: SER105 Grade: 10
Title: Ram Jet Power
Abstract: For my science fair project this year, I decided to make a miniature ram jet engine of
my own design and then compare its power to that of a model car engine. I did this by timing
how fast the car covered under the power of the model engine and then timing how fast it
covered under the power of the ram jet. By comparing those two times, I can tell which is more
powerful. It seems the model car engine is more powerful, but experimentation is continuing. I
will make different versions of the ram jet.
Project Number: SER106 Grade: 11
Title: Does Fly Ash Affect the Adhesive Strength of Mortar?
Abstract: To determine if fly ash mixed in mortar increases its adhesive strength. As the
concentration of the fly ash in mortar increases the adhesive strength of the mortar will also
increase. Make a 0% fly ash/mortar mixture and join the 30 pairs of bricks together with a 1cm
mortar joint. After curing for one week and place one of the mortared pair of bricks onto the
testing apparatus. Determine the adhesive strength of the mortar joint. Repeat the process for the
20%, 30% and 40% fly ash/mortar concentrations being tested. Experiment is still being
conducted.
Project Number: SER107 Grade: 9
Title: Vertical Axis v. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Abstract: This project compared the two types of wind turbines; horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). A model having four blades was built of each
type of turbine. The HAWT has blades that are angled. The VAWT had half pieces of pvc pipe
for blades. The blades and hubs were four inches. They are tested with a small dc motor and a
voltmeter. The tower is pvc pipe, it is placed in front of the fan, five tests are done when the fan
is on the low and high settings, the voltage is recorded. The voltage recorded was then used to
determine which type of turbine was the most efficient.
Project Number: SER108 Grade: 9
Title: Breaking Wind
Abstract: I have been constructing and engineering a wind shield to protect structures from
hurricane forces. This was inspired by Hurricane Sandy this last fall when I realized that housing
could prevent damage to property by placing a light structure over and in front of the structure
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that would "ramp" the wind over head. Result so far have shown the efficient of the shield. With
different materials that have different qualities.
Project Number: SER109 Grade: 9
Title: Improving Automated Plant Care
Abstract: There are many solutions to automate plant care out there, and most of them work
fine. However, my goal is to improve the systems available, mainly on the control side. My plan
is to create an improved version of a current system that is easier to use, more accurate and can
save the user time and money. Once I have plants that are big enough, I will carry out the tests,
and the results will be available on fair day.
Project Number: SER110 Grade: 9
Title: Water from the Sun
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how saltwater evaporates as it loses
volume. I used a simple black container to hold the water and a glass container both under a
plastic sheet to catch the water. I am not done experimenting, results and conclusions will follow.
Project Number: SER111 Grade: 9
Title: Music to my Ears
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see if the frequency of a tuning fork is affected,
when the temperature is changed. The 656hertz tuning fork was frozen, boiled, and left to sit at
room temperature. The temperature was taken with an infrared thermometer. Frequency was
taken by knocking the tines of the tuning fork next to a frequency sensor. The results showed
that the frequency was always 656hertz. In conclusion, the temperature of the tuning fork, did
not change the frequency.
Project Number: SER112 Grade: 11
Title: Breathing Easier
Abstract: The goal of this project was to alter the design of the respirator 6000 to increase air
flow and comfort. Black lung is a disease caused from coal dust inhalation. Miners often do not
wear the masks because they make breathing difficult and are uncomfortable. There is no post
operation once you have black lung. The only defense is a respirator, and the purpose of this
project is to redesign the respirator to encourage miners to wear them and protect themselves. By
adding an air pump the air flow is increased along with the comfort level.
Project Number: SER113 Grade: 10
Title: The Efficiency and Potential of Wireless Electricity
Abstract: This project investigated the theory of operation of long distance wireless electricity
and the practical implications of this theory. To achieve this, a wireless transmission system,
including a transmitter and receiver circuit, had to be constructed and precisely calibrated. An
experiment was conducted on various configurations of this receiver and transmitter. This first
experiment provided evidence for the theory of operation and how it can be applied to a practical
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situation efficiently. This evidence was applied to a proof-of-concept circuit for receiving
wireless electricity, and data is currently being collected. Final results and conclusions will be
available on fair day.
Project Number: SER114 Grade: 10
Title: Pt Optimization of the DMFC
Abstract: Recently, the use of direct methanol fuel cells as power sources for portable electronic
devices has become important area. A DMFC has the potential to generate electrical power
through the oxidation of methanol with little environmental impact. However, a significant issue
in the developing a highly efficient DMFC involves the use of catalytic metals which serve to
improve the electrocatalytic activity. This experiment was designed to use platinum
nanoparticles to assist the DMFC performance. The theory is that when nanoparticles are to be
added, the reaction surface area of the DMFC will increase and therefore make the DMFC more
efficient. It has been found that when added with nanoparticles, the fuel cell was far more
efficient (producing more power) than that without Pt nanoparticales. Therefore, small Pt
nanoparticles can open a new pathway to obtain highly-efficient DMFC.
Project Number: SER115 Grade: 12
Title: Rocket Motor Test System-7000
Abstract: RMTS-7000 is an"all-in-one" test stand for gathering data on the delivered
performance of high power rocket motors. It has the capability of wirelessly communicating
with a computer up to 1000ft away. Great care and thought was put into making the test stand to
make it as simple and effective as possible, so much so that a load cell was custom designed and
built for the stand. Companion software on the computer allows the logging, processing, and
analysis of real0time thrust data for future use.
Project Number: SER116 Grade: 9
Title: Performance of Engine with HHo
Abstract: This experiment determined the performance of an engine on oxyhydrogen (HHo). To
do this make a HHo dry cell from steel circles and Plexiglas for a 7 horse power engine. Run the
engine without the HHo dry cell (just gasoline) for control data. Then run the engine with the
dry cell with HHo and record length of time engine ran. Calculate RPM horse power and torque
for all trial data. Measure exhaust fumes with a metal plate and record ten pictures of the plate.
Compare data to determine the performance of an engine using HHo.
Project Number: SER117 Grade: 11
Title: Refrigeration cooling of Cpus
Abstract: The problem addressed by this project is that of high-power cooling for central
processing units in desktop computers. The system is based around using refrigeration to cool
CPU's to sub-ambient temperatures. This is achieved by a prototype that uses a compressor and
refrigerants in a cooling loop. The sound output was below that of typical case fans, and the
cooling capacity was greater than that of other coolers . The tests showed
that achieving this is feasible using a low-cost system.
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Project Number: SER118 Grade: 10
Title: Study of Thermoelectricity
Abstract: Since we live in a world where alternative forms of energy are greatly sought after I
wanted to conduct an investigation to test different metal pairs and determine the thermocouple
which produces the most voltage in a thermoelectric generator. I used four types of metals and
created six generators all with different metal pairs in series.
By heating one side of the thermocouples and cooling the other I created a current that was
measurable with a voltmeter. At this point data is still being collected and processed. Final
results will be shown on the day of presentation.
Project Number: SER119 Grade: 10
Title: Automated Flying Beacon Locator
Abstract: The automated flying beacon locator is designed to find people sending high
emissions of frequencies or beams of light who are stranded or in distress. The goal of the project
is to build a prototype capable of doing just that.
Project Number: SER120 Grade: 10
Title: Building An Automatic Pet Feeder
Abstract: For my science fair project this year, I decided to create an automatic pet feeder. I
used an old VHS to make my project. Using one of the rotating drums inside of the player, I
powered an apparatus that would help to dispense the food into the pet’s food bowl. I’m looking
too see if my own pets can be fed using my machine. Currently, I am still in the process of
experimenting, but I believe that my project will be successful in feeding my pets.
Project Number: SER121 Grade: 9
Title: Carbon-Based Nanorobotics
Abstract: This project was started with the goal of developing a means of creating Nano-robots
from organic compounds, for use in fields such as medicine and biotechnology. This process was
devised with a theoretical approach, rather than an experimental approach, applying and
modifying current knowledge and technology in the field of biology.Analysis found that the
optimal process would make use of viruses, which would infect bacteria and make then produce
Nano-robots, which will be very similar to proteins. In addition, according to research, most
technology for this exists, and could be adapted for this process in about 5-10 years.
Project Number: SER122 Grade: 9
Title: Get a Grip
Abstract: The point of this project is to create a cheap, useful electronic limb for amputees who
may not be able to afford the more expensive versions. The design of this limb is for a amputee
with either a wrist disarticulation, forearm amputation, or elbow disarticulation. The project must
be: cheap but still useful, noninvasive control such as EMG, EMG, or EKG sensing, lightweight,
require little to no assistance from the working hand, and other goals that can’t be fit in this
document. The electronics are mainly cheap hobby electronics. This is an engineering project
that is still in progress.
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Project Number: SER123 Grade: 9
Title: The (Healthier) Sweet Life
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if the replacement of xylitol, palm sugar, or sugar-
Stevia mix with white sugar in a chocolate-chip cookie recipe made cookies that had the same
appearance, taste, texture, and/or smell as the white sugar recipe did. When it came to taste and
appearance, the palm sugar cookie, overwhelmingly was better than the white sugar cookie. The
xylitol had the worst votes when it came to smell and texture, as the participant said that it
smelled bitter and was grainy. The Stevia-sugar mix was said to have tasted “too sweet”. More
trials are still being done.
Project Number: SER124 Grade: 11
Title: Bellows Style Stirling Engine
Abstract: In the drive to replace fossil fuels, the Sterling engine is a possible solution because it
can convert low temperature heat sources into work. The lowest operating temperature Stirling
engines are displacer type, but tend to be inefficient. I developed a novel design Stirling cycle
engine using bellows. It can harness low temperatures because it has a large surface area to
volume ratio and two separate chambers allowing the use of a regenerator. The design is simple
and inexpensive permitting use in developing areas where both cost and unskilled people can
provide maintenance.
Project Number: SER125 Grade: 10
Title: Does Temperature Affect Electrical Resistance in Different Types of Wire?
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to find which wire has the least amount of
resistance.
Hypothesis: My hypothesis is the copper wire will be the best performing wire in all five of the
environments. Use a multimeter and a 10-foot piece of the selected wire to place in the testing
chamber. Then test the resistance of the wire in the selected temperature. Record the results and
determine the wire with the least amount of resistance. Experiment still being conducted.
Project Number: SER126 Grade: 9
Title: Reducing the Incidents and Severity of Concussions by Improving Helmet Design
Abstract: To determine which insulation in a football helmet absorbs the greatest amount of
force being applied. As the density of the insulating material increases its ability to absorb force
will decrease. After creating the testing apparatus a football helmet containing the standard force
absorbing insulation was installed in the testing apparatus. A force was applied to the helmet 30
different times (Control) and the amount of force the insulation absorbed was determined. The
standard insulation was then replaced with one of the other insulations being tested and the same
procedure was repeated. Experiment still in progress
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Project Number: SMH100 Grade: 9
Title: Hemodynamic Variations with Energy Drinks
Abstract: Energy drinks are known for providing what the name implies – energy. However,
from recent reviews, the product has been known for having incredibly high amounts of caffeine
and other ingredients that are not necessarily good for health. My goal of my project is to test the
effects of these energy drinks, particularly on heart rates and blood pressure.
Project Number: SMH101 Grade: 10
Title: Antacid Effects on Microbial Flora
Abstract: Microbiology has broadened human understanding in the aspect of life. Through
techniques in microbiology, observations have been made on microbial flora under various
conditions, such as sustainability in the presence of variables. Microbiology has been
revolutionary. In this microbiology experiment, Antacid Effects on Microbial Flora, Pepto
Bismol was tested on Escherichia Coli to answer a proposed question, "Does Pepto Bismol
significantly affect Escherichia Coli survivorship?” This experiment could determine if Pepto
Bismol reduced the survivorship of Escherichia Coli in various concentrations. The null
hypothesis stated: Pepto Bismol will not significantly alter the survivorship of Escherichia coli.
The alternative hypothesis stated: Pepto Bismol will significantly reduce the survivorship of
Escherichia coli
This experiment involved cell culturing of Escherichia coli. Pepto Bismol was made in a liquid
phase of 0%, 0.1%, 1%, and 10% concentration (8 tubes in all, 2 replicates per tube). E. coli was
then added to a test tube with sterile fluid and Pepto Bismol. 0.1 mLs of the solutions were
pipetted onto 24 LB Agar plates (3 plates for each tube), then plated. After incubation of plates,
the colonies were counted.
The results gained from a graph expressed a trend that as the concentration of Pepto Bismol
increased, the average number of surviving colonies of E.coli decreased. An ANOVA and a
Dunnett’s test were performed and numerical values that expressed significance were generated.
For the conclusion, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative was accepted. Evidence
suggest that Pepto Bismol significantly reduces the survivorship of Escherichia Coli.
Project Number: SMH102 Grade: 10
Title: Comparing Sedation Usage Between In - and Outpatient Settings
Abstract: In my study, I examined the difference in Propofol usage between a hospital-based lab
and an ambulatory endoscopy center. I used standard statistical methods to compare the last 100
screening colonoscopies from both settings and discovered which variables had an affect on the
amount of Propofol a patient received. In my results, I found that when the patients in the AEC
received additional sedatives, they received less Propofol. In the Hospital, this was not the case-
patients received the same amount of the sedative. This may mean that the Hospital is over-using
Propofol.
Project Number: SMH103 Grade: 11
Title: Genomic Analysis Reveals Variations Specific to Renal Cell Neoplasms
Abstract: Does cancer originate in our genes? The search for diagnostic cancer biomarkers has
grown exponentially with the introduction of high-speed genomic-sequencing. Molecular assays
for Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) are needed for early detection and accurate discrimination
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among various kidney tumor subtypes. In this study, genomic alterations were found common to
Papillary 2 RCC specimens. These data provide evidence for three novel gene deletions,
potential RCC biomarkers. Furthermore, the presence of both copy number and base variations
in the CDC37L1 gene, along with its function in proliferation, suggest that it may play an
underlying role in tumorigenesis of Papillary 2 cancers.
Project Number: SMH104 Grade: 9
Title: The Effects of Pineapple Juice on Microorganisms
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to test the effects of pineapple juice on the
survivorship on Microbial Flora. Pineapple juice is a common beverage throughout the world. It
is ingested, so this experiment was conducted to test how it affects microflora of the body. The
two types of pineapple juice were canned and fresh squeezed pineapple juice. It is high in sugar
content, mainly fructose. Yeast and E. Coli were grown overnight in sterile media. The
microbes were exposed to juice concentrations of 10%, 1%, and 0%, followed by plating onto
YEPD or LB agar. The colonies were then counted visually, each colony is assumed to have
arisen from a single cell. The results were then entered into ANOVA stat analysis tests. The P
value was significant signifying significant variation between at least two of the groups.
Dunnett’s Tests were then conducted to see where this variation occurred. Both juices at 10%
concentration significantly affected both cell models. 1% canned juice also significantly affected
the survivorship of yeast. This was the only 1% variable that was significant.
Project Number: SMH105 Grade: 11
Title: Milk Supplementation Effects on Myoblastic Stem Cells
Abstract: This project attempted to assess the effects of breast milk on the proliferation of 3T3
fibroblast cells. The null hypothesis for this experiment was that breast milk would not have a
significant effect on 3T3 cell proliferation. The 3T3 fibroblast cells were cultured in DMEM
media and were suspended after trypsinization. The desired concentrations of breast milk were
added to the cells. Cell counts were taken on day 1 and day 3. Data analysis suggests that breast
milk had a significant positive effect on the proliferation 3T3 fibroblast cells.
Project Number: SMH106 Grade: 12
Title: Pavlov's Planaria
Abstract: Which types of herbs can affect memory loss? I expect the Gotu Kola, Bacopa
Monnieri, and Dragon’s Blood to have positive effects on the brain. Control: Planaria in their
original water.
Test: I will begin by allowing one group of planaria to go through a simple maze in their natural
water. I will record their times and general behavioral observations. I will do this again. I will
allow the other group of planaria to go through a more challenging maze, recording their times
and behavioral observations. Then, I will dilute the water of Test Group A, which will be two
planaria from the easy maze and two from the difficult maze, with Gotu Kola and allow them to
run through their original maze again. I will record their times and behavioral observations. I will
then take Test Group B and dilute their water with Bacopa Monnieri, allow them to run through
their original mazes, and record their times and behavior. Then, I will take Test Group C, dilute
their water with Dragon’s Blood, allow them to run through their original mazes, and record their
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times and behaviors. resulting times of the natural water compared to the times of the diluted
water. Final Abstract will be available with my exhibit on Fair Day.
Project Number: SMH107 Grade: 11
Title: How Effectively Does Sharklet Inhibit the Proliferation of Various Types of Bacteria?
Abstract: Determine how effective Sharklet plastic is at inhibiting bacteria and viruses on
commonly used surfaces. Commonly used surfaces coated with Sharklet plastic will inhibit
bacteria and viruses better than if they were coated with blank plastic of similar composition.
Similar size Sharklet and blank plastic squares were placed beside each other on commonly used
surfaces for 2 weeks. They were removed and placed in sterile Petri dishes and incubated for
48hrs. The optical density and bacteria colonies present was determined. A test was also
conducted to determine the effect Sharklet plastic on viruses. Experiment still occurring
Project Number: SMH108 Grade: 9
Title: Pronto Pill
Abstract: The purpose was to see what kind of pain reliever would release the medicine fastest. I
created a stomach acid replica, heated it to body temperature, and timed from when the pill was
put in the acid to when the coating dissolved to release the ibuprofen. My data shows that the
generic brand of ibuprofen dissolved the fastest, followed by the generic gel capsule, then Motrin
PM, and finally Advil. In conclusion, the generic brand solid capsule dissolved the fastest and
will therefore enter the bloodstream fastest and begin to relieve pain the fastest.
Project Number: SMH109 Grade: 10
Title: Minimizing Concussion Risk in Hockey Helmets
Abstract: Hockey helmets are not resistant enough to concussive injury. This experiment was
designed to determine if hockey helmets can be designed to better simulate human anatomy and
therefore decrease the risk of concussions. Using a weighted human headform with an implanted
accelerometer in the cranial area, the control and the experimental helmets were both dropped
from specific heights onto the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal areas of the head. The
results were recorded. According to the results it can be concluded that the experimental helmet,
that more closely simulates human anatomy, is more resistant to concussive injury.
Project Number: SMH110 Grade: 11
Title: Battle In Your Mouth
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate different mouth rinses to discover their
efficiency in killing one type of bacteria commonly found in the mouth, Escherichia coli strain
K-12. Everyone has experienced the irritating condition, halitosis. Although many people use
mouthwashes to rid their mouths of bad breath, some mouthwashes may not be eliminating the
root cause of halitosis: bacteria. Through three trials testing the effectiveness of four
mouthwashes, we discovered some expensive mouthwashes are not effective in preventing
bacterial spread and growth. Experiment results may be used to determine if using mouthwashes
is worth the costs for consumers.
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Project Number: SMH111 Grade: 10
Title: DHA Elicits Microglial M2 Polarization
Abstract: Microglial activation exhibits a spectrum of actions from pro-inflammatory (M1) to
anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. This study aimed to determine whether docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA), abundant in fish oil, achieves beneficial biological effects by modulating the
M1/M2 phenotypes in cultured primary microglia. Multiple M1 and M2 markers in
lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. DHA
significantly increased the expression of selective M2 markers while hindering the expression of
M1 markers. The results suggest that DHA shifts microglial polarization toward the healthy M2
phenotype. Ongoing study is investigating the therapeutic relevance of this microglia-modulating
function of DHA in models of neurological disorders.
Project Number: SMH112 Grade: 11
Title: Smokeless tobacco's effects on yeast's mutagenesis rate
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to assess the mutagenicity of Skoal smokeless
tobacco . The null was that the tobacco wold not significantly impact mutagenesis rate. A
variation of the Ames test was employed, utilizing a (-) lysine strain of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. After 0.1% and 1% tobacco exposure, mutagenicity was quantified by the number of
revertant colonies on complete (-) lysine agar. Uv light was also used to mutagenize cells as a
comparison. Statistical analysis revealed significant effects at 1% tobacco exposure and each uv
exposure.
Project Number: SMH113 Grade: 9
Title: Vinegar Antimicrobial Effects
Abstract: As many products attempt to alter bacterial survivorship, some present environmental
concerns. There is a pursuit to determine whether common cleaners possess antimicrobial
properties. This experiment attempts to determine whether vinegar possess antimicrobial
properties. Vinegar possesses properties that create an acidic environment. In order to neutralize
the lower pH, the measure of acidity or basicity, lab Grade sodium bicarbonate was used. Gram
(-) Escherichia coli are gram (-) and Gram (+) Staphylococcus epidermidis were grown and
exposed to concentrations of 0%, 0.1%, 1%, and 10% of the variable. The variable combinations
were vinegar, vinegar neutralized with sodium bicarbonate, to a pH of 7, and sodium bicarbonate
alone. These solutions were plated and incubated at 37°C and the resulting colonies were
counted. Using an ANOVA, the results yielded information suggesting that there was
significance in all variables combinations. The trend for Escherichia coli showed that vinegar
caused almost a linear decrease with the higher amount of the variable. The sodium bicarbonate
treatment yielded an increase in survivorship greatly up to [1%], but significantly reduced
survivorship at [10%]. The vinegar and sodium bicarbonate treatment increased survivorship
throughout. The Staphylococcus epidermidis showed a steady decrease until [10%],
experiencing a sudden increase.
Project Number: SMH114 Grade: 11
Title: Advil Effects on 3T3 Cell Proliferation, Survivorship, and Regeneration
Abstract: Anti-inflammatories, specifically Advil, have interesting cellular effects, specifically
seen with patients with pain. While we know this is helpful in reducing pain, the question
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remains, is it possible that Advil has effects fibroblastic cells in humans in the wound healing
process. 3T3 cells are a fibroblastic cell line derived from mice. They are a common cell line
employed in the field of medicine, allowing scientists to characterize their ability to proliferate
and regenerate. In this study, the 3T3 cells will be exposed to various concentrations of Advil
and the effects of cell proliferation, survivorship, and regeneration will be examined.
Project Number: SMH115 Grade: 9
Title: Fracking Chemical Effects on Microbial Life
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine if fracking chemicals are harmful to
microbial ecosystems. However, due to health regulations, genuine fracking chemicals were not
able to be received, a researcher approved simulation was created and used instead. The first
experiment in this project was a liquid exposure. In this experiment yeast was exposed to
concentrations of 0%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1%, followed by plating onto YEPD agar. An agar
infusion was then performed; 0.2 ml aliquots of fracking chemicals were infused into the YEPD
agar, followed by yeast plating. Statistical analyses were then performed for each experiment to
determine the significance of the outcome. The resulting conclusion was that fracking chemicals
do significantly affect the survivorship of yeast, both in liquid pulse and infusion exposure.
Project Number: SMH116 Grade: 12
Title: Antioxidant Attenuation of a Plasmid Mutagenesis
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to assess the effects of antioxidants on DNA
mutagenesis caused by UV light. The hypothesis was that the antioxidants would mitigate the
effects of mutagenesis. Antioxidants are supposed to protect against indirect DNA damage due to
the nature of free radicals. Plasmid was diluted with sterile water. Zero, low, and high
antioxidant concentrations were made using sterile water and added to plasmid. Plasmid and
antioxidant were exposed to zero, low, and high UV light, totaling nine groups. Exposed plasmid
and antioxidant were added to cells to transform in ice for 45 minutes. Heat shock and add LB to
mixture. Plate on LB-amp-x-gal plates and incubate overnight. If cells grew, they were presumed
to have successfully absorbed and expressed the amp r gene and if they were blue they were
presumed to have properly expressed the lac z gene. If white, they were thought to have absorbed
damaged DNA. As UV exposure increased, fewer colonies grew, as the antioxidant
concentration increased, the colonies increased. Statistical analyses allow for the null hypothesis
to be rejected and say that the antioxidants successfully mitigated the damage done by UV light.
However, other biological molecules must be present for indirect damage to take place; free
radicals are created by other molecules and damage DNA through oxidation, which the
antioxidants protect against by being oxidized themselves.
Project Number: SMH117 Grade: 9
Title: Dopamine Effects on Adult Stem Cells
Abstract: The goal of my research project is to see whether drugs containing dopamine, when
ingested by humans, have adverse effects on the important stem cell lines in their body. My
experiment will test this concept on C2C12 stem cells in 2 ways (proliferation and differentiation
of the cells). In both procedures, the cells will be expanded and seeded into culture flasks,
selected amounts of dopamine will be placed into each flask, images will be taken of the cells on
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selected days (1 and 3), cells will be trypsinized, resuspended, and loaded into hemacytometers,
and cell counts will be performed.
Project Number: SMH118 Grade: 12
Title: Ginseng - Anticancer?
Abstract: Ginseng is an ancient herb that is commonly used today to help the human body
prevent and fight diseases. American and Chinese Panax ginseng are said to have anti-cancer
properties. This experiment used a potato disc bioassay to further test that hypothesis.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens was cultured and overlaid onto .5 cm potato discs in water agar.
Panax Red Ginseng was added to the potatoes with bacteria, and left for seven days. Lugol's
Solution was then used to stain the potatoes and reveal the tumors caused by the bacteria. Results
are pending.
Project Number: SMH119 Grade: 9
Title: Homeade Sports Drink Vs. Gatorade
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see if a high electrolyte drink can be made at
home. This experiment compares electrolyte levels in Gatorade orange juice, sports drinks and
the homemade remedy. The procedure includes finding ingredients to mix together that would
cause electrolytes and a craftsman digital multimeter is used to record the results. The results and
conclusion are still pending at this time.
Project Number: SMH120 Grade: 12
Title: Limiting Concussions in Girls Neck by Neck Strengthening Exercises
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if isometric exercises would increase the strength of
the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in girls' necks to prevent concussions. Thirty- six
girls were broken up into two groups. One group was required to do isometric exercises every
day for three months. All girls were tested for their strengths, once a week, by how many
dumbbell pull-ups and scapular retractions they could do in thirty seconds. An ANOVA test
indicated that there was no increase in muscle strength by the exercises used.
Project Number: SMH121 Grade: 10
Title: Arsenic Inhibits Chondrogensis
Abstract: Arsenic contaminated drinking water is a worldwide environmental health concern
that causes many cancers and diseases including fetal loss and low birth weight. Stem cell
differentiation in cartilage (Chondrogenesis) is important, but the effects of arsenic are not
known. I differntiated human mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes in the presence or
absence of arsenic and compared expression of chondro-specific genes, aggrecan (ACAN) and
collagen type XI alpha 2 (col11a2). Exposure of cells to a non-toxic level of aresenic during the
differentiation program inhibited gene expression and chondrogenesis.
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Project Number: SMH122 Grade: 10
Title: The Effect of Light on Bread Mold
Abstract: Place 100g of bread in 3 petri dishes. Add 10ml of water. Place one dish in a dark
closet, one dish under a 60 watt light source and the last dish in direct sunlight. Monitor bread
for growth of mold daily for 30 days.
Project Number: SMH123 Grade: 10
Title: Comparing Gene Expression on Chromosomes Associated and Not Associated with
Pancreatic Cancer
Abstract: Cancer is a disease that has been claiming lives all over the world. The fourth
deadliest type of cancer in the US is pancreatic cancer. The chromosomes associated with
pancreatic cancer are chromosomes 1, 5, and 13. One of these cancer-associated chromosomes,
chromosome 1, was compared with a chromosome that was not associated with the cancer,
chromosome 22, to explore why one of them is associated with pancreatic cancer and the other is
not. It was found that a gene on chromosome 1 had a mutation, affecting the gene expression and
causing that chromosome to be associated with pancreatic cancer.
Project Number: SMH124 Grade: 9
Title: Does Exercise really make our brains work better?
Abstract: The experiment was performed to see if exercise helps the brain work better as
measured by a test of memory. Participants were initially given a test of twenty-five household
objects which they were allowed to study for one minute. After one minute, the list was
removed and the participants were asked to write down as many of the objects as they
remembered. The participants were then divided into one of two groups: one exercised while
the other played board games for ten minutes. After ten minutes, participants returned and
completed a second test using a different list of objects. It was determined that participants who
exercised maintained or increased their score while those playing board games decreased their
score.
Project Number: SMH125 Grade: 11
Title: Biomarker-based Categorization of Disease
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to determine a reliable method of categorizing diseases
based on commonalities between their biomarkers. The significance of discovering new methods
to categorize similar diseases is to enhance scientific understanding of common underlying
molecular pathways and to design efficient tests for early detection and progression of these
diseases. My hypothesis is that the algorithm developed will likely work only for a specific
subset of data and cannot be applied broadly.
Project Number: SMH126 Grade: 11
Title: Corrosion of Mg in a KER Hydrogel
Abstract: Nerve conduits are a commonly studied solution to peripheral nerve repair in the field
of tissue engineering [1-3]. Most recently, collaborators at the University of Cincinnati have
been using a Keratin Hydrogel and Magnesium to further enhance peripheral nerve repair.
Although, they have experienced rapid corrosion rates of the Magnesium in the Keratin
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Hydrogel. We addressed Magnesium degradation in solutions of PBS (phosphate buffered
saline), Keratin gel, cell media only, and cell media containing a nerve cell line. We found that
after 7 days Magnesium lost the most mass in the media only group. The highest amount of
Magnesium particles was identified in the group containing a nerve cell line after 7 days.
Project Number: SMH127 Grade: 9
Title: Are We Eating Healthy? Tomato Extract Halts Cancer Cell Growth
Abstract:
Tomato Extract Halts the Cancer Cell Growth.
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the body. The purpose of this experiment was to
investigate the ability of genetically modified and organic tomato extracts to induce cell death in
HCT116 colon cancer cells using a micro culture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Curcumin, a known
anticancer agent, along with organic and genetically modified tomato extracts were used in a
dose and time dependent manner on colon cancer cells. The data showed that organic tomato
extracts were active against the cancer cell death suggesting eating organic produce would be
much healthier.
Project Number: SMH128 Grade: 12
Title: The Efficacy of Probiotics
Abstract: The efficiency of probiotic capsules is going to be tested against lactobacillus culture.
Finding if probiotics will grow and produce in the same manner as a living lactobacillus culture.
Control: Using live lactobacillus casei bacteria, begin culturing a colony on a nutrient enriched
agar plate. Use inoculating loop to collect culture and place in specific pH solution.Test: Using
TruBiotic probiotic capsules, freeze dried Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium
anamalis, begin culturing a colony on a nutrient enriched agar plate. Use inoculating loop to
collect culture and place in specific pH solution.
Research is still being conducted. Final Abstract will be available at my exhibit on Fair Day.
Project Number: SMH129 Grade: 10
Title: Is it a Bitter Solution to a Sweet Problem or a Sweet Solution to a Bitter Problem?
Abstract: Diabetes is on the rise! Scientific research has isolated bioactive compounds in the
bitter melon fruit that helps to regulate the metabolism and utilization of glucose. This
experiment will test the efficacy of bitter melon consumption in controlling blood sugar levels.
The participants, who are diabetics, will check their baseline fasting blood sugar level. Next, they
will consume three ounces of the bitter melon juice every other day for twenty days. The
participants will check and record their fasting blood sugar levels everyday using a glucometer.
The data will be studied, and an analysis of the trial will be created.
Project Number: SMH130 Grade: 11
Title: A Bright Idea
Abstract: Nosocomial Infections are a leading cause of death after being in a hospital
environment. In my experiment I hope to find an alternative way of inhibiting the growth of
bacteria in a hospital setting. In my experiment I will treat a few of strains of bacteria with black
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light, and I will also treat the same strains with incandescent light. I hypothesize that if I treat the
strains of bacteria with black light the growth of the bacteria will be inhibited.
Project Number: SMH131 Grade: 10
Title: The Effects of Acid Rain on Microbial Survivorship
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of acid rain on microbial
life. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis were exposed to different concentrations
of sulfuric acid to test this. The null hypotheses for this experiment were sulfuric acid will not
have a significant effect on E. coli survivorship and sulfuric acid will not have a significant
effect on Staph. This experiment was done by diluting sulfuric acid in several test tubes each
containing sterile dilution fluid and one of the bacteria. The solutions were then vortexed and
then plated on LB agar plates. After this, the plates were incubated and allowed to grow. The
resulting colonies were counted. The data seemed to show a decrease in bacterial survivorship as
the concentration of sulfuric acid increased. Then, for the data analysis, an ANOVA was
conducted which showed that for each bacteria at least one of the concentrations varied from
another. Then a Dunnett's test was conducted to determine whether or not each concentration
varied significantly from the control. This showed that all of the concentrations varied
significantly from the control for both bacteria. This data allowed for the rejection of both null
hypotheses. In conclusion, sulfuric acid did seem to have a significant effect on the survivorship
of both kinds of bacteria.
Project Number: SMH132 Grade: 9
Title: Origin of Genomic Changes in Tumor Cells
Abstract: Cancer is a widespread problem in today's world. Most everyone has heard of it and
have known people coping with cancer. Cancer is a disease caused by the over proliferation of
cells in the body. Enhanced growth of cells is the consequences of defects in DNA caused by
DNA damage. Anything from sunburn to smoking can lead to DNA damage. DNA damage can
result in polyploidy. Polyploidy is when a cell has more chromosomes than usual. Cancer cells
are polyploidy which causes a high rate of DNA mutations thus accumulate genomic
abnormalities aa a remarkably rapid rate, as they are unable to maintain their chromosome
structure and number. So how do cells gain extra chromosomes? I hypothesize that DNA
damage causing lingering chromosomes during mitosis leads to failed cytokinesis and
polyploidy. Lingering chromosomes are chromosomes that do not separate correctly during
mitosis. The effect of this is the failure of cell division or cytokinesis, resulting in one cell with
two times the ordinary amount of chromosomes. To observe failed cell division and lingering
chromosomes; I irradiated tumor cells and examined cytokinesis failure and lingering
chromosomes using epifluorescent microscopy. I then reached the conclusion that lingering
chromosomes induced the failure of cytokinesis and the mutational changes associated with too
many chromosomes in the cell.
Project Number: SMH133 Grade: 10
Title: Effects of Music on Muscle Responsiveness and Stamina
Abstract: Many athletes use music during their workouts. Being curious as to whether or not
the type of music mattered, this experiment was designed to determine if a certain type of music
would allow participants to hold their arm extended longer while holding a weight. It was
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determined that subjects who listened to no music had the most muscle control while subjects
who listened to classical music had the least muscle control.
Project Number: SMH134 Grade: 11
Title: Epigenetic Difference in Lung Cancers
Abstract: The purpose of my project was to analyze the epigenetic difference in lung cancers
driven by
Ras and EGFR. Using five different cells, I examined the RNA levels of DNMT1, DNMT3a,
and DNMT3b. The five cells were ML, 3KTG, 3KTGD, 3KTGM, and 3KTGR. My procedure
consisted of to culture human bronchial epithelial cells, lysis cells in TRIzol reagent, extract
RNA, make cDNA, and finally do a real time polymerase chain reaction. The data produced
showed the DNMT3a to be up regulated, DNMT1 to be down regulated, and DNMT3b neither.
Further analysis could include analyzing at protein level.
Project Number: SMH135 Grade: 10
Title: Genetic Mutations and People's Response to Drugsa
Abstract: The question investigated is: Which gene mutations cause people to react differently
when taking the drug Coumadin and what are the reactions that result from the mutations?
Project Number: SMH136 Grade: 10
Title: WuZhuYu, Manuka Honey, Simvastatin on Lifespan & Catalase Activity
Abstract: The proinflammatory MAPK pathway is inhibited by catalase and has been linked to
dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Wu-Zhu-Yu (Evodiamine; a Chinese herb), Manuka honey
(MH) and simvastatin have been used as therapeutic agents. Prior research suggests all three
substances affect catalase and the MAPK pathway. To assess their relative impact on catalase
activity I performed a controlled experiment on paired groups of wild-type and catalase deficient
drosophila. Pairs were fed Evodiamine, Simvastatin or MH. I recorded their lifespans and
assessed catalase activity. Both MH and simvastatin increased catalase activity. Only MH
prolonged lifespan. Further research of MH potential is warranted.
Project Number: SMH138 Grade: 11
Title: Signaling Pathways in Bromelain-Induced Treg Proliferation
Abstract: Asthma is a disease in which the airways are constricted, causing wheezing and
shortness of breath, occurring when the patient’s immune system fails to suppress an exaggerated
immune response to allergens. Bromelain, an enzyme found in pineapples, is a known natural
remedy for asthma, and may work by causing anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells to proliferate.
However, the mechanism by which it causes Treg proliferation remains unknown. My project
will determine whether Bromelain promotes FoxP3 expression, thereby proliferating Tregs, by
using known signaling pathways, specifically MAP kinases and PI3 kinase, or whether it uses its
own novel phosphorylation cascade.
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Project Number: SMH139 Grade: 10
Title: Testing Sunscreen Effectiveness
Abstract: My problem is the effectiveness of the number of SPF in sunscreen. Does the SPF
really matter? What effects does the higher SPF have on skin? If I would apply different amounts
of heat on a product, how much of a difference would it produce?
Project Number: SMH140 Grade: 9
Title: Slime Mold: Frm. Sol. Maz. to Diag. Can.
Abstract: By the end of 2012, approximately 160,000 people died of lung cancer, most of whom
were diagnosed late. Because of this, finding an efficient diagnostic tool that can be used at
earlier stages is imperative. Studies on lung cancer have found that cancer releases a
hydrocarbon that can be found in the breath of those with lung cancer. Dictyostelium
discoideum, more commonly known as slime mold, is an intelligent protist with a highly
developed tracking system. In my work, I hypothesized that the hydrocarbon would have an
affect on the directional growth of the slime mold. I conducted a double blind study, obtaining
lung cancer and non lung cancer breath samples in saline. I placed the sample in a zig zag well
between a slime mold and its food source. Over a four day period I observed its growth, and
found that my hypothesis was proved. Armed with this knowledge, future studies to create a 'dip-
stick' like diagnostic tool with maximum efficiency in diagnosing lung cancer early have now
become a possibility.
Project Number: SMH141 Grade: 11
Title: What's the Effect of Exercise on the Quality of Sleep?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out if exercising can help a person sleep
better. Five participants exercised for 30 minutes a day for a week, then described how they slept
each night. The next week they did not exercise, then reported how they slept that week. The
results showed that on the days that the participants exercised they slept better the most nights.
More of them said that they slept worse when they did not exercise. This shows that people get a
better night sleep when they exercise on a regular basis.
Project Number: SMH142 Grade: 12
Title: Resistance is Futile?
Abstract: The efficacy of the addition of caffeine to ampicillin to kill ampicillin resistant
Escherichia coli was tested. The combination of caffeine and ampicillin was hypothesizes to kill
ampicillin resistant E. coli due to an interaction between the caffeine and ampicillin. To test the
effects of the combination, eight inoculated petri dishes were divided into four parts and Kirby-
Bauer test was used. Four disks were placed in each dish: One treated with 25µL of sterile PBS
buffer one with 25µL of 10µg/mL of ampicillin one with 25l of 10µg/mL caffeine, and
one with caffeine and ampicillin. Data thus far is inconclusive.
Project Number: SMH143 Grade: 11
Title: L-arginine remediation of stressed C2C12 stem cells
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the remediation effects of L-arginine
on the proliferation of stressed 3T3 fibroblast cells. These 3T3 fibroblast cells were cultured in
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DMEM media and were suspended after trypsinization. H2O2 was added in order to stress the
cells. The desired concentrations of L-arginine were then added to these cells. Cell counts were
taken on day 1 and day 3. Data analysis suggests L-arginine did not significantly affect the
proliferation of non-stressed 3T3 fibroblast cells, H2O2 did significantly stress the cells, and L-
arginine significantly aided the survivorship of the 3T3 fibroblast cells at all concentrations.
Project Number: SMH144 Grade: 9
Title: Concussion Risk of Improper Helmet Fitting
Abstract: For protection against serious concussion damage, proper fitting helmets should be a
top priority. This experiment sought to test the damage to a head depending on the helmet's fit.
Several tests were conducted to measure each fit and gauge the amount of damage to each head.
Results of the experiment are not complete and will be available on fair day. This experiment
may contribute to the overall safety of impact sports based on proper size helmet requirements.
Project Number: SMH145 Grade: 11
Title: Phospholipids as Phagcytotic Signals
Abstract: Phagocytosis needs to be signaled, and this study focused on the use of phospholipids
as signals. Liposomes were composed of mixtures of phosphatidylcholine, which is the major
phospholipid form present in cellular membranes, and a certain kind of phospholipid:
phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylgylcerol, phosphatidylserine,
phosphatidylethanolamine. These liposomes were dyed yellow and incubated with dishes of
phagocytes, which were dyed red. After giving ample time for phagocytosis, lipids were washed
off and the phagocytes were put through a flow-cytometry machine, which counted the number
of yellow cells (indicating ingestion of liposome) and red cells (indicating no ingestion of
liposome).
Project Number: SMH146 Grade: 10
Title: qPCR on Rabies-Infected Cells
Abstract: 97% of people whose brains become infected with rabies will die. The rabies virus can
pass through the blood brain barrier, unlike other pathogens, which means it can proliferate in
the brain and not be affected by T-cells and B-cells. If the rabies virus can be stopped before it
reaches the brain, it can prevent these deaths or if a vaccine can be created that can enter the
brain through the blood brain barrier. The purpose of my project was to use the technique of
multiplexing to detect genes in a single experimental sample. The cells that were infected with
the GGG virus and the DRV4 virus displayed a significantly lower copy number of the DRV4
gene in comparison to cells that were only infected with the DRV4 virus. Also, the uninfected
cells displayed a larger amount of the L13 gene.
Project Number: SMH146 Grade: 10
Title: Brain Quest: Cell tracing with CFSE
Abstract: In the United States 97% of rabies patients who have experienced the rabies virus’s
spread to the brain will not survive. This is mainly due to the immune system which will not stop
the movement of the virus and the blood brain barrier which will stop defense cells passage into
the brain. Much research has been conducted in the interest of moving defense cells through or
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around the blood brain barrier. In vitro cell testing for the most ideal cell proliferation conditions
using mitogens were conducted along with in vivo cell proliferation observation. During the in
vitro trials cells were extracted from mice spleens, stained with Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl
Ester (CFSE), and finally plated and read with flow cytometry. During the in vivo trials cultured
test cells were stained with CFSE, injected into mice brains, and later extracted and read with a
flow cytometer to trace growth. It was shown during in vitro testing trial 1 that the most affective
micro molar concentration of CFSE dye was 5 and the most effective cell proliferating mitogens
was Phytohemagglutinin. Second in vitro trial results were not gathered, thus all linking
hypotheses are pending. Cells were successfully extracted from mice brains but not accurately
read in the flow cytometer. Based on the data it was concluded that of the tested conditions
spleen cells proliferate most effectively in a 5micro molar concentration of CFSE with
Phytohemagglutinin. This research can be used in future reference in investigations involving
CFSE staining, in vivo cell proliferation, and investigations involving cell culturing with
mitogens.
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Project Number: SPH101 Grade: 10
Title: Does the Density of the Wood Composing a Baseball Bat Affect the Amount of Kinetic
Energy a Baseball Will Possess When Struck?
Abstract: Determine if the density of the wood composing a bat affects the amount of KE a
baseball possesses when struck by the bat. As the density of the wood composing a bat
increases, the amount of KE a baseball possesses when struck by the bat will increase.Attach a
baseball bat billet to the testing apparatus. Drop a baseball from a height of 85cm, and determine
the amount of KE it possesses after striking the billet. Repeat this process 29 times. Then test
the remaining types of wood billets. Conduct a 2nd trial. Experiment in progress.
Project Number: SPH102 Grade: 10
Title: Which material causes the most static electricity?
Abstract: Finding static electricity interesting lead to the development of this experiment and the
search for the material that produced the most static electricity. The hypothesis was that hair
would create the most static electricity. The results of the experiment support the hypothesis.
Project Number: SPH103 Grade: 9
Title: Bend or Break
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine how soaking samples of different
species of wood would affect their pliability. The hypothesis was that if the samples were all
soaked under the same conditions, then the hardwoods would have a greater percent increase in
pliability than softwoods. The hypothesis was tested by making two groups of wood samples,
measuring the pliability of the samples in one group dry, and measuring the samples in the other
group after soaking in water. The two groups were then compared and the change of pliability in
degrees for each species of wood was calculated. The hardwoods had a greater percent increase
in pliability than the softwoods, so the hypothesis was proven.
Project Number: SPH104 Grade: 9
Title: Circular Wheel vs Reuleaux Triangle
Abstract: Construct Reuleaux triangles and circular wheels of 8cm diameter or side
measurement out of clay. Measure distance traveled for each shape on a ramp.
Project Number: SPH105 Grade: 9
Title: Drink Content Analysis with a DIY Spectrometer
Abstract: The goal of this project is to detect the contents in drinks available in supermarkets
and to measure them with a DIY spectrometer. My procedure includes: collecting samples from
drinks, building a DIY spectrometer, testing with samples, and writing analytical results. The
DIY spectrometer will be built using the frame of a VHS tape box, webcam, light diffraction
film, and black construction paper. Testing samples include a number of popular drinks found in
local supermarkets. I will use a light spectrum analysis software on a computer to analyze my
results and compare them to similar materials from online datasets from sources such as the
Public Lab Databases. The outcomes will contain the spectrometer curves and component
analysis results. Here, I hypothesize that I will be able to get the characteristics of contents from
the light diffraction properties from my DIY spectrometer.
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Project Number: SPH106 Grade: 11
Title: Focusing Wireless Signals
Abstract: Several wireless reflectors were built and tested for a wireless router and laptop
computer. Different sizes of reflectors were used in trials to determine what impact would be
seen on signal strength and area. It was believed that a large parabolic shape would work best
and as the parabola became smaller the signal would be decreased in strength and limited as to
the area it covers. It was found that the signal strength was significantly increased with any size
reflector. The size of the reflector did not greatly impact this increase in signal strength.
Project Number: SPH107 Grade: 9
Title: Pseudo Migratory Magnetic Monopoles
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if it was possible to create pseudo migratory
magnetic monopoles using a honeycomb (hexagonal) pattern of free moving neodymium bar
magnets. It attempted to make the pseudo magnetic monopole mimic the behavior of quasi
particles. After a multiple formations were exhausted, it was concluded that the honeycomb
pattern was insufficient to create the correct quantity of magnetic frustration to allow the
equation to succeed.
Project Number: SPH108 Grade: 10
Title: Domino Theory
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to better understand the physics behind falling
dominoes. My hypothesis is If the dominoes are tested at 0.5 cm intervals apart (0.5 cm – 4.0
cm) from each other, then the ones set closer together will have faster speeds. To test this, first
line up 28 standard dominoes and time how long it takes for them to all fall down at the different
distances between each. Then just analyse the results and draw conclusions. The results will be
shown at the fair.
Project Number: SPH109 Grade: 10
Title: Cymbal Sound
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to see how the size of a cymbal effects the sound's
intensity in decibels. It was hypothesized that a larger cymbal would be more intense. A ball
was dropped on a cymbal from a height in intervals of two inches until a maximum height of
twelve inches was reached. Although there was variation in the data, the smallest cymbal was
the loudest.
Project Number: SPH110 Grade: 9
Title: The Effects of Temperature on Blood Spatters
Abstract: The goal of this blood pattern analysis experiment is to determine if the temperature of
the blood itself, or the environment it is in contact with, affects the way blood spatters. To
conduct these experiments a number of trials were conducted using a stagnant one drop blood
spatter method. The results of the one drop test may predict how actual blood spatters occur
when temperatures of the body or environment change. The exact results of the experiment will
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be available on fair day. The findings of this experiment may have a real world application to
further understanding blood spatter analysis.
Project Number: SPH111 Grade: 10
Title: Impact of Shape on the Radar Detectability of Aircraft
Abstract: This project is about how shape affects the way E.M. radiation - especially radio,
light, and infrared – can sense an aircraft. I hypothesized that a jagged W- or V-shape would
cause the least scatter of light while a curved, flat, or crumpled shape would cause the greatest
scatter of light. Ti perform this experiment, I took a box covered totally with black paper on the
inside and attached a flashlight and lux meter to it. I then inserted test shapes and recorded the
amount of deflected light. As per my hypothesis, the V- and W- shapes scattered the least light.
Project Number: SPH112 Grade: 12
Title: RF Antenna Gain vs Distance
Abstract: This project was to test the antenna gain of several different common antennas at three
different frequencies. Each antenna (expect for the antenna of known gain) was homemade. Two
measurements were needed to determine the gain of the antenna under test. In each
measurement, one antenna was connected to the signal generator, and the other one is connected
to an oscilloscope. The antennas were mounted over tripods at fixed positions. The reference
gain and the reference level were determined by the antenna of known gain. The antenna of
known gain was connected to the signal generator and a third antenna (not the antenna under
test) was connected to the oscilloscope. After arranging the two antennas to read the maximum
value for the received signal, this value was recorded as the reference level. Without changing
the conditions of the experiment, I exchanged the antenna of known gain with the antenna under
test. The value of the received signal was recorded as the measured level. The equation I used
was Gain = Reference Gain + (Measured Level -Reference Level).
Project Number: SPH113 Grade: 11
Title: Using Ultracapacitors to Store Wind Generated Power
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to determine whether the incorporation of an
anemometer and ultracapacitor in a wind driven generator could increase the electricity being
generated and how the electricity would be utilized on the electrical grid. If an adjustable speed
drive is used to optimize the speed of a wind driven generator and the energy generated is sorted
in an ultracapacitor, then more energy could be captured from a wind driven generator over a
wider range of wind speeds. The results of the experiment showed that an increase in the energy
generated by a wind driven generator.
Project Number: SPH114 Grade: 9
Title: Keep You in Suspens(ion)
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to see which of two types of bridges (beam and
suspension bridges) are stronger. The question posed was how does the structure of a bridge
affect the amount of weight the bridge is able to hold?
The investigator conducted research about suspension bridges and beam bridges and found that
beam bridges are less costly to build and are used for pedestrian bridges and highway overpasses.
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Suspension bridges are generally considered to be a stronger type of bridge and are used over
bodies of water.
Both types of bridges were constructed using household materials. Several trials were performed
to test the strength of the two types of bridges. Pennies were used as a mass to determine which
type of bridge could hold the most pennies. The results showed that the suspension-type bridge
was able to carry a greater mass than the beam bridge. In conclusion, suspension bridges,
because of their structural design, are stronger than beam bridges.
Project Number: SPH115 Grade: 10
Title: Breaking Point
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of alterations on the
strength of balsa wood. In order to do so, I carved various patterns into samples of balsa wood
and caused them to fail. I gathered data using Logger Pro software and a dual-range force senor.
I found that there is an inverse relationship between the amount of alteration on a sample of balsa
wood and the amount of force that it withstands.
Project Number: SPH118 Grade: 11
Title: Is More Expensive .22 Caliber Ammunition More Accurate Than Less Expensive
Ammunition?
Abstract: Determine if more expensive .22bullets will penetrate and be more accurate than less
expensive ones. More expensive bullets will penetrate a greater depth and be more accurate than
less expensive ones. Obtain 50 bullets similar in mass for each brand being tested. Attach the
rifle to a gun vise. Setup a target for testing penetration and a different target for determining
accuracy. Fire 25 rounds of one of the brands of bullet being tested. Determine each bullets
depth of penetration and accuracy. Repeat this process for each brand of bullet being tested.
Experiment still occurring
Project Number: SPH119 Grade: 11
Title: Cell Phone Radiation
Abstract: One of the popular topics on the news and internet is the debate about cell phone
usage and if cell phones give off harmful radiation that can harm humans. The purpose of this
investigation is to determine which type of cell phone emits the highest levels of radiation.
Three different types of cell phones were collected, the apple iPhone 4S, LG ENV3 and the
Samsung Galaxy III. Each phone was tested four times in four different modes. The off mode,
on mode, text message mode and call mode. After each phone was tested, three separate data
tables were constructed to display the results from each phone. The LG ENV3 was found to
emit the highest level of radiation.
Project Number: SPH120 Grade: 9
Title: Heat's Effect on Bouncy Balls
Abstract: In my experiment, I wanted to test out how higher or lower temperatures affect a
bouncy ball’s rebound height. I thought of this experiment when I was playing basketball, when
the ball just mysteriously gets more inflated when it is in the hot environment of our car, and
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how it shrinks a little bit when we get outside. For this experiment, my hypothesis was that since
heat expands the air inside a confined space such as a bouncy ball, it will act as if the ball had
been inflated, which will make it bounce higher, and thus higher temperature will make balls
bounce higher, and lower temperatures will make the ball do the opposite. I only needed 2
temperatures to decide on which one is greater, so I chose one a little below room temperature
and one below 0 degrees Celsius. I investigated this by recording the motion of a bouncy ball in
2 environments, outside and inside, for cold and hot, respectively. I did 20 trials of dropping the
ball, and found that the hotter temperature indeed had the higher mean rebound height. From
this conclusion, I can say that I have successfully proved my hypothesis. This experiment also
connects to why objects bounce higher when inflated, because of higher air pressure, and using
the nature of heated objects and the fact that they expand, this also ties to my prediction that heat
acts as an inflator to these balls.
Project Number: SPH122 Grade: 10
Title: Energy Storage by lifting Water
Abstract: Is there an alternate form of energy storage using the method of pumping water and
using it to power an electric generator? Can this method be efficient enough to provide an
alternative for batteries?
Project Number: SPH123 Grade: 9
Title: Effects of Impurities on Water Cooling
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine how impurities present in water affect
the Mpemba Effect, which states that hot water can sometimes freeze at a faster
rate than cold water. I hypothesize that the addition of impurities will increase
the speed at which the water will freeze. Water will be heated immediately prior
to testing, and placed in a freezing, icy slurry. The temperature will be recorded
at regular intervals, the time to freeze identified, and the data analyzed. Room
temperature water will be the control. Different impurities will be tested, as
will different temperatures.
Project Number: SPH124 Grade: 11
Title: What material blocks radio waves the best?
Abstract: This experiment tested the effect of a variety of materials on the transmittance of radio
waves. The radio waves were generated between two cell phones. One phone was used to call
another phone that was placed within a box constructed of one of the test materials. The length
of time until the second phone received the call was measured. The materials tested included
aluminum foil, wood, concrete, plastic, and rubber. Aluminum foil was hypothesized to block
radio waves the best.
Project Number: SPH125 Grade: 9
Title: A Journey into Effects of Sound Waves on Processors
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether sound waves can influence
Java-generated random numbers. Java uses a pseudo-random number generator, which means
that it gives results which appear to be random but are not. Through experience,the investigator
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knew that at a certain frequency a processor will stop working. The investigator questioned
whether sound waves could have an effect on random number generation. This was measured in
the output of a random number generator.As previously stated, Java uses a pseudo-random
number generator, and as such, instead of directly adding the decibel level of the room to a
certain number (such as 1 or 0) the seed was set to the current decibel level of the room. Several
different sound wave patterns were tested multiple times. Two generators were set up: One as a
control without the seed of the generator being set, and the second generator with the seed set at
the current decibel level of the room. These generators generated 0's and 1's for approximately
10 seconds each. The final result showed that the Java-random number generator can indeed be
affected by certain sound waves.
Project Number: SPH127 Grade: 9
Title: Effect of Angle of Wings on Flight
Abstract: This project was used to determine the effect of the angle of wings on flight. The three
wing angles I chose were -15 degrees, 0 degrees, and 15 degrees. I tested each glider for distance
10 times and recorded results. I am interested in Aerospace Engineering and hope to pursue a
career in this field. However, to accomplish this, i have to start by conducting simple
experiments such as this.
Project Number: SPH129 Grade: 10
Title: Effect of Temperature on Conductivity & resistance
Abstract: This experiment will investigate how temperature affects the conductivity and
resistance of a relatively thin diameter copper wire. The expected outcome is that when the
temperature of a wire increases, the resistance value of the wire will also increase and the
conductivity will decrease.
Project Number: SPH130 Grade: 9
Title: Fractography: The Way Things Break
Abstract: The problem is, "To study and investigate whether various materials fracture in
similar patterns when subjected to impact forces." It is hypothesized that, "If various materials
are subject to the same impact force, then each pattern will be unique. If variables like
temperaure,the supporting surface under the material, and weight are changed, the fracture
pattern will change.
The results do support the hypothesis.
Project Number: SPH131 Grade: 11
Title: Long Range Bullet Tips
Abstract: In this experiment, different bullet tips were tested for accuracy. The idea for the
project came from the need for a very accurate ammunition to control the coyote population on
the farm. The three different ammunitions were tested at 100 yards. The full metal jacket bullet
out performed the other two tips.