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EDGAR ALEXANDER LOPEZ CANTOR 861060
FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT
UIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA
Abstract
The presence of Latin can be perceived almost in any of the major languages of the western
world. In the case of English, it can be said that the influence from Latin has been crucial
for its development towards a lingua franca, and it is logical to see how the vast amount of
loanwords as prefixes, roots for words and other loans have placed English as a universal
language for writing production in the different publications nowadays. English, in one
Nevertheless, there is a topic that hasnt been clear and it comes from the influence of Latin
into English.
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/
PROPOSAL OF A CORPUS-BASED STUDY ON THE USAGE OF LATIN PHRASESIN ACADEMIC WRITING
http://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-
student-should-know
http://testprep.about.com/od/sat/a/SAT_Latin.htm Gmail.
WHAT KIND OF STUDY IS THIS?
LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING
QUESTION Are the Latin phrases more used in Fiction than in academic writing?
If one is dominant over the other, how are the words used in their distribution of use, that
is, mainly as adverbs, adjectives or nouns.
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/http://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://testprep.about.com/od/sat/a/SAT_Latin.htmhttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/http://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://oedb.org/library/beginning-online-learning/50-common-latin-phrases-every-college-student-should-knowhttp://testprep.about.com/od/sat/a/SAT_Latin.htm7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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APPROACH: This is a corpus-based study that aims to explore the extent of usage of some
Latin phrases. Of course, differentiating or specifying what is meant by Latin phrase,
something that, in this context solely means the Latin structures of one or two words
making the function of adverbs, adjectives, nouns, prepositions, or in some cases, the first
three depending on the context.
A search was held on the major source of information that has the world at the moment; the
web. There is a tendency to look for specific and general information online and most of
users consider the resulting data as reliable. Therefore, the keyword of Latin phrase gave
many references.
Besides, searching for complementary data, a search was held on the most reliable online
databases that has a language, this is, the dictionary. Today, there are several online
dictionaries in the English language, however, for the purpose of this study just two of them
were selected as sources, these are: . The criterion for having them as sources are just
two; first, they belong to two different houses of publication and have developed animportant prestige being from the two major linguistic areas of English, namely England
and United States (Oxford and Merriam Webster respectively); the second, as these
dictionaries have among their vast amount of specialized dictionaries for business and
other major areas it was chosen only the dictionary aimed to learners of English.
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (OALD)
- 3000 Key words
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
Merriam-Webster Learners Dictionary (Not true at all)
- 3000 Key words
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/
There is only one book in the search that fits the criteria by which the Latin phrases are
undertaken in a book. In composition. Reading comprehension?
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Currently, everyone can perceive that there are some words or structures from Latin that
havent changed significantly, one can say that they are even used as they were used in
ancient times. This is the case of the following words and structures.
These phrases are to be written in italics and some of them mandatorily as abbreviations,
from here we can have the first problem, for it has never been set clearly why do we have to
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/http://www.learnersdictionary.com/7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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present them as abbreviations and not as separate words. Without a insightful knowledge on
the Latin language it can be analyzed that the majority of these Latin phrases are
constructions of two words, many just one-word and just few cases of three-word
construction.
In the search for Latin phrases it is often found that there is ambiguity in the reference tothem, for anything can be said of being a Latin phrase, as an example we have a quotation
from Horace and this is also considered as a Latin phrase.
As an experiment it was set a search on three major electronic dictionaries, namely,
OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE AND AMERICAN HERITAGE. The results are the following
Of them are used as prepositions
Of them are solely used as adjectives
Of them are solely used as adverbs
Of them are solely used as Nouns
Of them are used as adjectives as well as adverbs.
Of them are used as adjectives as well as adverbs and nouns.
There is a rather ambiguous concept for multiple and uneven influences of Latin that make
presence in the written production of the academy. Several constructions from Latin seem
to be grouped and labeled as Latin phrases; among them one can find.
Frequency of use. What are the 4 or 5 most used Latin Phrases in Fiction as well as in
Academic Writing?
METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING
The items selected to represent the vast list of Latin influences in the written production ofEnglish were chosen intuitively for being considered frequent and proper of academic texts.
From that intuition-based list of Latin phrases were chosen the ones that are one or two or
three word-length and take the function of a noun, a preposition, an adverb or an adjective.
Then it will be shown and compared the figures of its appearances in the corpus. Once the
results of frequency of Latin phrases are done we are ready to establish the most commonly
used by the population.
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The criteria to define which Latin phrases used in academic writing is based on the utility
of the results that they can give us of their comparison.
In this study, there is a blend between intuition and the search of a Usage principle that
can give light to a teaching of Latin phrases in academic writing.
REPRESENTATIVENESS
Initially, the study was intended to address the needs of all those students who are Learners
of English as a second language. In order to do so it was necessary to do the sampling from
a corpus that reflected the current use of Latin Phrases in the academic writing of such
population. Unfortunately, these kinds of corpora are not easily accessible to researchers
that are not quite experienced or that do not have plenty of economic support. Then, it was
mandatory for the study to get the information from other free-open access resources such
as The Corpus of Contemporary American English that; on the one hand, has useful data as
well as useful tools, but on the other hand; are representative only to a major linguistic area,
namely American English.
Nevertheless, since this is a corpus-based study and the data comes from authentic
producers of the language, it can be said that it is representative as far as the American
variation is accepted by the population to whom this study was addressed.
BALANCE
Corpus of Contemporary American English (Davies 2008-) COCA
Davies, Mark. (2008-) The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 425 million words,
1990-present. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/.
As entries in the dictionary
Collocations
Dictionaries
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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List of Latin Phrases http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/latin/index.asp
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKG68y2VC0Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gox0p-gRXBw&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNlYWyaEbTQ&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdjYBDD8b2I&feature=related
LATIN ABBREVIATIONS cf., e.g., etc.,vs., viz., i.e. 106 APA.
PLURAL FORMS OF WORDS OF LATIN ORIGIN
ETCETERAS. Unspecified or typical extra items:she began to pack her compact, comb,
and other etceteras
LATIN PHRASES 102.
A search was held with dictionaries, namely, dictionaries
First List
APA Manual.
There is but little control over the widespread knowledge about the Latin phrases on the
net. When searching for Latin phrases, the result will be a wide and rather ambiguous scope
of the term as well as some contradictory Latin phrases. Proof to the previous assertion isthat in the list of Latin phrases from Wikipedia a source appear a two word
construction: a contrario. According to the table showed there, in which this allegedly
Latin phrase was found, its translated form is from the opposite, and the notes pray
Equivalent to "on the contrary" or "au contraire". An argumentum a contrario is an
"argument from the contrary", an argument or proof by contrast or direct opposite.
http://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/latin/index.asphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKG68y2VC0Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gox0p-gRXBw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNlYWyaEbTQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdjYBDD8b2I&feature=relatedhttp://www.mathacademy.com/pr/prime/articles/latin/index.asphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKG68y2VC0Yhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gox0p-gRXBw&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNlYWyaEbTQ&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdjYBDD8b2I&feature=related7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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Nevertheless, the Latin phrase a contrario was not found as lexical item or any other form
by 4 dictionaries online. Namely, the ones involved previously.
Intuitive list
ad lib/ a priori/ a posteriori/ ab integro/ ad hoc/ bona fide/ De facto/ de jure/ ergo/ mutatis
mutandis/ in acto / inter alia/ in toto/ ipso facto/ impromptu/ per se / sine qua non/ vice
versa/ viz.
Entries not found in Lexicographic sources.
A contrario
Dictionaries showing only the definition or meaning of the entry but dont provide any
example. Even showing how it can be an adjective or an adverb.
In the Oxford dictionary for example, one can find but only the definition, not even a vague
example of use. The previous sentence also applies for the Oxford Advanced Learners
Dictionary, lets see the content of each in turn:
- In the Oxford Dictionary the entry a posteriori gives as a result the following
information.
1A posteriori
Pronunciation:/ e, , pstr, pst-/
adjective
relating to or denoting reasoning or knowledge which proceeds from observations orexperiences to the deduction of probable causes.
(in general use) of the nature of an afterthought or subsequent
rationalization.
adverb
in a way based on reasoning from known facts or past events rather than by
making assumptions or predictions.
[sentence adverb] with hindsight; as an afterthought.
1 Source http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/a+posteriori Checked on 21st of 2011.
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/a+posteriorihttp://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/a+posteriori7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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Origin:
early 17th century: Latin, 'from what comes after'
In the Cambridge Dictionaries Online there is no entry fora posteriori2.
In this entry, for instance, there is a somewhat different definition of a posteriori. It comes
from the Merriam Webster dictionary, an interesting fact from the information
provided is that it states the date of the first known use, neither showing the actualcitation nor any example of usage in actual speech.
3Definition ofA POSTERIORI
1:inductive
2: relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts compare a priori
a posterioriadverb
Origin ofA POSTERIORI
Latin, literally, from the latter
First Known Use: 1588
Antonyms: apriori SEEN AND HEARD
The order in which every entry will be presented is the following:
- When the entry is in both dictionaries they both will appear, and in this order; first, M-W
and ODAL at the second.
- When the entry is only in one of the dictionaries, then that entry will be accompanied of
its respective abbreviated label.
2 In the following link it can be verified that such entry is not in the
list.http://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/american-english/?q=a+posteriori
Checked on the 21st of October 2011.
3Source: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriori Checked on the21st of October 2011.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inductivehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inductivehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+priorihttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/american-english/?q=a+posteriorihttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/american-english/?q=a+posteriorihttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inductivehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+priori7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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1)
A priori
a priori /:priori/ adjective
formal : relating to what can be known through an understanding of how
certain things work rather than by observation
There's no a priori reason to think your expenses will remain the same in a
new city. compare a posteriori
a priori adverb
a priori
adjective
e pra ra e pra ra (from Latin, formal)
using facts or principles that are known to be true in order to decide what the probable
effects or results of something will be, for example saying They haven't eaten anything all
day so they must be hungry.an a priori assumption compare a posteriori
2)
A posteriori
a posteriori /postiriori/ adjective
formal : relating to what can be known by observation rather than through an
understanding of how certain things work
an a posteriori judgment/justification/explanation compare a priori
a posteriori adverb You can't justify what you did a posteriori.
a posteriori
adjective
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20posteriorihttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-posteriorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/A%20posteriorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/A%20priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20posteriorihttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-posteriorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/a%20priori7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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e p steri ra e p steri ra (from Latin, formal)
analysing something by starting from known facts and then thinking about the possiblecauses of the facts, for example saying Look, the streets are wet so it must have been
raining.compare a priori
3)
Ab integro
Ad infinitum
ad infinitum
/dnfnatm/ adverb
: without an end or limit :forever
We don't have to debate the issue ad infinitum, do we? Ad infinitum is a Latin
phrase that means to infinity.
ad infinitum
adverb
d nf na tm d nf na tm(from Latin)
without ever coming to an end; again and again
You cannot stay here ad infinitum without paying rent.The problem would be repeated adinfinitum.
4)
Ad hoc
ad hoc /dh:k/ adjective1 : formed or used for a special purpose
The mayor appointed an ad hoc committee to study the project.2 : made or done without planning because of an immediate need
We had to make some ad hoc changes to the plans. We'll hire more staff on an ad hoc
basis.
ad hoc adverb The decisions were made ad hoc.
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/foreverhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Ad%20hochttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ad%20infinitumhttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/a-priorihttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/forever7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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ad hoc
adjective
d h k d h k(from Latin)
arranged or happening when necessary and not planned in advance
an ad hoc meeting to deal with the problemThe meetings will be held on an ad hoc
basis.ad hoc adverb
5)
Bona fide
bona fide /bonfad, bonfadi/ adjective
1 : real or genuine She has established her position as a bona fide celebrity. His latest record was a bona
fide hit.
2 law : made or done in an honest and sincere way a bona fide offer They have a bona fide claim for the loss.
bona fide
adjective
b n fa di bo n fa di[usually before noun] (from Latin)
genuine, real or legal; not false
a bona fide reasonIs it a bona fide, reputable organization?You're a bona fide member of
the team now.
6)
De facto
de facto /dfkto, Brit defkto/ adjective
always used before a noun
formal used to describe something that exists but that is not officially
accepted or recognized She became the de facto leader of the group. [=she
was the unofficial leader] a de facto state of war de facto government
policies compare de jure
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20jurehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/De%20factohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Bona%20fidehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20jure7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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de facto adverb
She became the leader de facto.
de facto
adjective
de fkt de fkto [usually before noun] (from Latin, formal)
existing as a fact although it may not be legally accepted as existingThe general took de facto control of the country.de facto adverbHe continued to rule the
country de facto. compare de jure
7)
De jure
de jure /diuri/ adjective
always used before a noun
law : based on or according to the law
the end of de jure segregation de jure authority compare de facto
de jure adverb
The UN has recognized the country de jure.
de jure
adjective
de d ri de d ri(from Latin, law)
according to the law
He held power de jure and de facto (= both according to the law and in reality). compare de
facto
8)
Ergo
ergo /ego, go/ adverb
formal :therefore, hence
The products are poorly constructed; ergo, they break easily.
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-jurehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/thereforehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/hencehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ergohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20jurehttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-jurehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/de%20factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/de-factohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/thereforehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/hence7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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Ergo
adverb
r o(from Latin, formal or humorous)
therefore
Change from within will take too long. Ergo change must come from outside.
9)
Mutatis mutandis (Only in OALD)
mutatis mutandis
adverb
mju t t s mju tnd s mju t t s mju tnd s
mu t t s mu tnd s mu t t s mu tnd s(from Latin, formal)
(used when you are comparing two or more things or situations) making the small changesthat are necessary for each individual case, without changing the main points
The same contract, mutatis mutandis, will be given to each employee (= the contract is
basically the same for everybody, but the names, etc. are changed).
Origin: claim the differences in what they call a literal translation
Latin, literally 'things being changed that have to be changed'
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mutatis+mutandis
10)
In acto
In situ (Only in OALD)
in situ
adverb
n s tju n sa tju n sa tu
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mutatis+mutandishttp://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mutatis+mutandis7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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(from Latin)
in the original or correct place
11)
Inter alia
inter alia /ntelij/ adverbformal : among other things
The collection of paintings included, inter alia, several Rembrandts and several Picassos.[=the collection included several Rembrandts, several Picassos, and other things as well]
inter alia
adverb
ntr e li ntr e li(from Latin, formal)
among other things
The report is concerned, inter alia, with the reform of the tax system.
12)
In toto
in toto /ntoto/ adverbformal : as a whole : totally or completely
The judge accepted/rejected the testimony in toto.
in toto
adverb
n t t n to to(from Latin, formal)
completely; including all parts
The proposal was accepted in toto.
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/IN%20TOTOhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Inter%20alia7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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13)
Ipso facto
ipso facto /psofkto/ adverbformal : because of that fact : because of the fact that has just been mentioned
He thinks that anyone wearing a suit and tie is ipso facto a conservative. [=that anyone
wearing a suit and tie must be a conservative]
ipso facto
adverb
ps fkt pso fkto (from Latin, formal)
because of the fact that has been mentionedYou cannot assume that a speaker of English is ipso facto qualified to teach English.
14)
Impromptu
impromptu /mpr:mptu, Brit mprmptju/ adjective: not prepared ahead of time : made or done without preparation
Two of my friends came by unexpectedly, and we had an impromptu little party in my
kitchen. He made an impromptu speech about honor and responsibility. impromptu adverb
speaking impromptu
impromptu
adjective
m pr mptju m pr mptu done without preparation or planning
Synonym
improvisedan impromptu speechThey often held impromptu meetings in their house.
15)
Per se
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvisehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/impromptuhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ipso%20factohttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvise7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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per se /pse/ adverbformal : by, of, or in itself used to indicate that something is being considered by itself
and not along with other things She feels that there is nothing wrong with gambling per
se, but she thinks that it should be done in moderation.
per se
adverb
p se p r se (from Latin)
used meaning by itself to show that you are referring to something on its own, rather thanin connection with other thingsThe drug is not harmful per se, but is dangerous when taken
with alcohol.
16)
Status quo
status quo /- kwo / noun
[singular] : the current situation : the way things are now
He is content with the status quo and does not like change. She wants to maintain the
status quo. [=to keep the situation as it is now]
status quonoun
ste ts kw ste ts kwo [singular] (from Latin)
the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change
to defend/restore the status quo conservatives who want to maintain the status quo
17)
Sine qua non
sine qua non /snkw:n:n/ nounplural nons[count] formal : something that is absolutely needed Patience is a sine qua non for this job.
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/Sine%20qua%20nonhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/status%20quohttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/per%20se7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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sine qua non
noun
s ne kw n n s ne kw no n
[singular] sine qua non (of/for something) (from Latin, formal) something that is essentialbefore you can achieve something elseTV coverage is the sine qua non of a sport if it is to
thrive.Trust is a sine qua non for any counselling.
18)
Vice versa
vice versa /vasvs/ adverb used to say that the opposite of a statement is also true She ended up having a lot ofinfluence on his career, and vice versa. [=and he also ended up having a lot of influence on
her career] The camera can adjust for a light subject on a dark background, or vice versa.
[=or a dark subject on a light background]
vice versa
adverb
va s v s va s v rsva si v s va si v rs
used to say that the opposite of what you have just said is also true You can cruise from
Cairo to Aswan or vice versa (= also from Aswan to Cairo).
19)
Verbatim
verbatim /vbe tm/ adjective
: in exactly the same words
The court reporter recorded a verbatim account of the trial. [=recorded the exact words
that were spoken at the trial]
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/verbatimhttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/vice%20versa7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
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verbatim adverb
She recited the poem verbatim. [=word for word]
verbatim
adjective
v be tm v r be tm
exactly as spoken or written
Synonym
word for word a verbatim report He reported the speech verbatim.
20)
Viz
viz /vz/ adverb used before something that you are giving as an example She limited her suggestions
to the subjects she knows best, viz [=namely], layout and typography.
viz.
adverb
vz vz(formal, especially British English)
used to introduce a list of things that explain something more clearly or are given as
examples
Synonym
namely four major colleges of surgery, viz. London, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dublin
Cite the sources:
MainEntry:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriori
http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?
&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.13191347
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/namelyhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/vizhttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/namelyhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a%20posteriorihttp://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=1328699027/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
18/25
21.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-
&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com|utmccn=
%28referral%29|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-
&__utmk=132869902
References
Search for latin phrases
http://grammar.about.com/sitesearch.htm?q=LATIN+PHRASES&SUName=grammar
IS THERE ANY PRESCRIPTIVISM IN THE ARBITRARINESS OF USE OF LATIN, IN
THIS RESPECT WITH THE APA RULES. THEY DONT ACKNOWLEDGE THE
CRITERIA BY WHICH THE FORM SHOWED IS THE CORRECT WAY OF WRITING
A PAPER. They say that here u use the abbreviation and there u use the complete ordeformed form.
Does it have any grammatical distinction; does it belong to any give category?
CAN BE A TOPIC OF WRITING COMPOSITION AND READING
COMPREHENSION. IS THE POPULATION NECESSARILY EDUCATED? IS IT A
CHAPTER SPECIALLY DEDICATED TO THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF
LATIN IN THE ACTUAL WRITTEN LANGUAGE.
SUBSEQUENT QUESTIONS.
FREQUENCY OF LATIN IN SPOKEN AND ORAL REGISTER.
COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO MAJOR LINGUISTIC AREAS OF ENGLISH,
NAMELY, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN.
DO THE LATIN PHRASES USED IN WRITIG SAMPLES HAVE ANY EQUIVALENT
IN ENGLISH?
Check among the list extracted and determine the frequency if use, then choose the four
most used.
Academy throughout the time or comparing genres.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases
The lack of organization for all latin phrases.
http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://grammar.about.com/sitesearch.htm?q=LATIN+PHRASES&SUName=grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phraseshttp://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://ask.reference.com/related/A+Fortiori?&qsrc=2892&l=dir&o=10601&__utma=1.490377181.1319134721.1319134721.1319134721.1&__utmb=1.3.10.1319134721&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319134721.1.1.utmcsr=dictionary1.classic.reference.com%7Cutmccn=(referral)%7Cutmcmd=referral%7Cutmcct=/help/ahd4.html&__utmv=-&__utmk=132869902http://grammar.about.com/sitesearch.htm?q=LATIN+PHRASES&SUName=grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
19/25
http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej32/ej32r1/?wscr
http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/19/7/485/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsnh21ae6YI&feature=related
The universal mind of Bill evans
Learning page
http://dynamo.dictionary.com/subject/languages/latin?orderby=popular&page=1
http://thesaurus.com/?
__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148
262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=
%28organic%29|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972
http://dictionary.reference.com/?
__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.131914
8262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=
%28organic%29|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138
http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Latinismos
Awesome program of oxford advanced learner
http://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-
Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.html
http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla
%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER
%27S+DICTIONARY+
http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej32/ej32r1/?wscrhttp://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/19/7/485/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsnh21ae6YI&feature=relatedhttp://dynamo.dictionary.com/subject/languages/latin?orderby=popular&page=1http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Latinismoshttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume8/ej32/ej32r1/?wscrhttp://psycnet.apa.org/journals/edu/19/7/485/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKR3rfChkuU&feature=rellist&playnext=1&list=PLE8D1442137A9F39Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsnh21ae6YI&feature=relatedhttp://dynamo.dictionary.com/subject/languages/latin?orderby=popular&page=1http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://thesaurus.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.9.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=212013972http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://dictionary.reference.com/?__utma=1.1993656532.1319148262.1319148262.1319148262.1&__utmb=1.10.10.1319148262&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1319148262.1.1.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=thesaurus&__utmv=-&__utmk=175839138http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Latinismoshttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/9494799/Oxford-Advanced-Learner_s-Dictionary-8th-Edition-_-crack_.htmlhttp://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l07/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
20/25
%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER
%27S+DICTIONARY+
%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l
10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0
Once looked up the items in the three different dictionaries the list widened after beingadded some interesting elements, worth studying.
Post Hoc, ex post facto, prima facie, quid pro quo,
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ad+hoc
not from latin
Ad Lib
adlib /dlb/ verb
adlibs; adlibbed; adlibbing
: to make up words or music in a performance instead of saying or playing
something that has been planned :improvise [no obj] The actor forgot his
lines, so he ad-libbed. a comedian who is admired for his ability to ad-lib [+
obj] The actor ad-libbed his lines. She ad-libbed the guitar solo. ad-lib a
joke
adlib noun, plural adlibs [count]
Some of the best jokes in the movie were ad-libs.
adlib adjective
an ad-lib joke
adlib adverb
did the whole dialogue ad-lib
ad-lib
verb
d l b d l bad-libbing, ad-libbed [intransitive, transitive]
to say something in a speech or a performance that you have not prepared or practised
Synonym
improviseShe abandoned her script and began ad-libbing.ad-lib something I lost my notes
and had to ad-lib the whole speech.He ad-libbed his way through the meeting.ad lib
d l b d l b
http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ad+hochttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/improvisehttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvisehttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/ad%20libhttp://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://www.google.com.co/search?hl=es-419&client=firefox-a&hs=5jl&rls=org.mozilla%3Aes-ES%3Aofficial&q=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&oq=8TH+EDITION+OXFORD+ADVANCED+LEARNER%27S+DICTIONARY+%2B+colombia&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=168541l171422l0l171797l11l11l0l10l10l0l177l177l0.1l1l0http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ad+hochttp://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/improvisehttp://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/improvise7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
21/25
nounThe speech was full of ad libs. ad lib
d l b d l badjectivean ad lib speech ad lib
d l b d l badverbShe delivered her lines ad lib.
A priori 670 entries Adj 618 Adv 39
Academic 623 adv 35 adj 575
Magazine 24 adv 3 adj 21
A posteriori 38 Adj 25 Adv 12
Academic 31 adv 12 adj 19
Fiction 4 adv 0 adj 3 noun 1
self in time and space. # Blurred naked images showed # Adrian's aposteriori status # was a sham. As she lookinto a
0.109
7/30/2019 Project for Seminar in English Liguistics
22/25
Ad infinitum 154 Adv
Academic 38 adv
Magazine 41 adv
Ad hoc 1044 Adj 851 Adv 189
Academic 595 adv 103 adj 489 noun 3
Magazine 189 adv 33 adj 155 noun 1
Bona fide 730 Adj 724
Newspaper 173 adj 170 noun 3
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Magazine 266 adj 264 noun 2
De facto 1681 Adj 1343 Adv 338
Academic 760 adv 174 adj 586
Magazine 356 adv 64 adj 292
De jure 165 Adj 103 Adv 62
Academic 120 adv 47 adj 73
Magazine 18 adv 5 adj 13
Fiction adv 6
Ergo 233 noun 196
Magazine 90 adv adj noun 70
Fiction 59 adv adj noun 56
Impromptu + 1035 adj 954 adv 9
Magazine 386 adv 2 adj 359
Fiction 219 adv 2 adj 203
Newspaper adv 1 adj 232
Academic adv 3
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In situ 492 Adv
Academic 332 adv 332 adj 0
Magazine 101 adv 100 adj 0 noun 1
Inter alia 168 adv 168
Academic 153 adv 153
Magazine 7 adv 7
In toto 65 Spoken 1 adv 64
Academic 28 adv 28
Magazine 16 adv 16
Ipso facto 106 adv
Academic 57 adv
Magazine 22 adv
Per se 2023 adv 2020 adj 1 noun 1
Academic 1052 adv 1052 adj
Spoken 439 adv 437 adj 1 noun 1
Sine qua non
Academic adv adj
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Fiction adv adj
Spoken adv adj
Status quo
Academic adv adj
Fiction adv adj
Spoken adv adj
Vice versa
Academic adv adj
Fiction adv adj
Spoken adv adj
Verbatim
Academic adv adj
Fiction adv adj
Spoken adv adj
Viz
Academic adv adj
Fiction adv adj
Spoken adv adj