Project Delay -Libre

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Volume IV Issue 2(1), May 2013 24 www.scholarshub.net

Introduction:

The main aim of this study is to find out what are themajor causes of delay? Delay in project construction

causes stress to overall team. As we know time is money(Procrastination is the thief of time (Edward Young),

which itself defines delay in project construction means

overrun, loss of capital and revenue, increases market risk,

delay in production, increasing material cost as well as

lack of efficiency. While completing project at right timeleads profit, market growth, increasing customers trust

and increasing self as well as teams confidence.

In previous studies Safety, Equipment & Daily target was

not included in there studies, which also leads to causedelay in project construction.

Similar survey was conducted by Ogunlana in 1996 at

Thailand, Bangkok, and His analysis that there are three

major categories of delay in project construction (a)

Problems of shortages or inadequacies in the industryinfrastructure. (b) Problems caused by clients and

consultants. (c) Problems caused by contractor

incompetence/inadequacy.Chan and Kumaraswamy (1997) conducted a survey to

find delay causes in Hong Kong construction projects and

he found five major factors: delay (a) poor risk of

management and supervision (b) Unfocused sitecondition. (c) Slow decision making. (d) Client- initiated

variation. (e) Work variance.

According to Mansfield, (1994)- They presented that the

causes of delay and cost overrun in Nigerian construction

project were attribute to (a) Poor contract management. (b)

Inaccurate estimations. (c) Over all price fluctuation. (d)

Shortages of materials and equipment. (e) Finance andpayments agreements.

According to Al-Momani (2000) - He identified causes ofdelay in 130 public projects in Jordan. The main cause of

delay where related to design, user changes, weather, site

condition, late deliveries, economic condition and increasein quantity. The study suggested special factors will help

industry practitioners in minimizing contract disputes.

Delay has strong relationship with failure in ineffective

performance of contractors.

Completion time is extremely important in construction.

Execution time is one of the performance measures of

construction projects, which are time, cost, and quality.

Project success is measured by these measures which showthe performance of the construction parties involved,mainly the owner and the contractor. All the parties look

for project completion by a specified time, in the mosteconomical manner, with the required quality.

Research Methodology:

A survey questionnaire was used to carry out the study.The questionnaire was divided into two parts- part one

consist of basic questions & background of the project and

CAUSES OF DELAY IN PROJECT CONSTRUCTION

IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Shubham VYAS,

Engineer,Alstom T&D India Ltd, India.

ABSTRACT

Delay in industrial or project construction is one of the major barriers of developing countries such as India

& China & most of the south east countries. A survey was conducted in different projects such as power plant,

factory construction, multi story building construction etc. across the country.The critical factors need to be identified which causes influencing negatively duration project construction.

Systematical and scientific approach is one of the techniques by which we can identify the root cause. In this

analysis we found some key factors causing the delay problems in construction project such as motivation,

payment, classical technique etc. also we found a technique is adopted.

Keywords: Project construction, delay in construction, delay elements, impact of delay and technique for

avoiding delay.


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second part consist of 80 factors of delay, which were

grouped into ten different categories such as engineering,

material, etc.

We took interviews of Project engineer, mid level

employees, contractors and labours and created a brief idea

of causes of delay. First of all we adopted Ishikawa or fishbone (fig 1) technique to find out major causes of delay and

then we started focusing on each & every elements of delay.

Data calculation method:

This method of calculation was adopted from Chan andKumaraswamy, 1996; Lew et al., 2003) the method is

used to determine the mean of the variance cause and

effect of delay. In our survey respondent provide data as

Yes or No, where Yes denotes 1 & No denoted

0. Numeric data is used to analyze the result

mathematically & correctly.

Where M.S refers mean, f refers frequency which is

constant (f = 1) in our survey, s refers is the score given

to each factor by the respondents and N refers total no.of responders.

Analysis:

This study was conducted in both private & public

projects, on the basis of study, analysis & calculation;we ranked each elements of delay. 10.3 % of the total

delay was caused due to Daily target, 9.4 % of the total

delay was caused due to Engineering, 11.9 % of thetotal delay was caused due to Equipment, 11.2 % of the

total delay was caused due to material, 7.1 % of the

total delay was caused due to Time management, 10.1

% of the total delay was caused due to Risk

management, 10.3 % of the total delay was caused dueto Safety, 7.2% of the total delay was caused due to

External causes, 7.4 % of the total delay was caused due

to finance & 15.1 % of the total delay was caused due to

Employee (fig 3). Total number of questionnairesdistribution and responses given below (fig 2).

Total number of questionnaires distribution and

responses (fig 2)

Fig 3: Elements of delay and there percentage

Table 1 gives the Mean valve & priority of delay causes

based on all respondent, On that response we identified

first major cause of delay is lack of daily target & review,second major factor is lack of strategic planning which was

also noticed by Odeh AM & Battaineh HT at Nigeria in

2012 his study, Third major factor is decision makingpower which was also noticed by Assaf and Al-Heji at

Saudi Arabia in 1995, forth major factor of delay is

Quality of material get damage due to poor storage area

which was also noticed by Chan and Kumaraswamy in his

study at Hong Kong in 1997, fifth major factor of delay is

Team work & co ordination, sixth major factor of delay is

Payment to vendors & employee which was also noticedby Odeyinka and Yusif in his study at Nigeria in 1997,

seventh and final major cause of delay is Un-preferable of

work condition.

Some photographs are sowing below which proofs thatmaterial get damage & rejected by quality due to poor

storage area, Un-preferable of work condition.


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Fig. 4- Project construction area(Photograph taken at JP Nigri)

Fig. 5 - Poor material storage area

(Photograph taken at HIL Mahan)

Fig. 6 & 7 - No working plate form

(photograph taken at JSPL Angul)


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Technique that used to avoiding delay (fig 7):

Fig. 7- Flow chart should be followed during projectconstruction, it also helps to avoid delay & controlling

project.

Following things can be adopted to avoid delay in project

construction. Understanding need of customer, identifying

goal, Strategic planning, Motivation, Daily target reviewand reinforcement

Impact of delay:

During our study we found some major impacts of delay.

a)Increase in project costs

b)Increases market risk

c)Overall efficiency decreases

d)Increasing man-hours (decreasing safety of individuals)

e)Delay in production

f)Decreasing customers faith & trust

g)Delay in local or region developmenth)Increase in land acquisition costs

i)

Increases material costj)Increases stress to overall team

Result and Conclusion:

Before conducting this survey, we assume that delay can

be created by Rework, Lack of recourses, lack ofmanpower etc, but the result was something unexpected.

We concluded that there are seven main cause of delay in

project construction they are -a) Lack of daily target & review,

b) Lack of Strategic planning,c) Quality of material get damage due to poor storage area,

d) Payment,

e) Decision making power,

f) Un-preferable of work condition

g) Team work and coordination.

While the main causes of delay element are Employee(15.1%) and Equipment (11.9%).

References:

[1] Ogunlana,S O K. Promkuntong, V. Jearkjirm.

Construction delays in a fast growing economy,

comparing Thailand with other economies. .

International journal of project Management Vol. 14-1 (1996), P. 37-45

[2] Chan DW, Kumaraswamy MM. A comparative study

of causes of time overruns in Hong Kong

construction projects. Int J Project Manage

1997;15(1):5563

[3] Al-Momani AH. Construction delay: a quantitative

analysis. Inter- national Journal of ProjectManagement 2000;18(1):519.

[4] Kometa ST, Olomolaye PO, Harris FC, Attribute of

UK construction clients influencing project

consultants performance. Constructions manage econ1994; 12:433-43.

[5]

Mansfield NR, Causes of delay and cost overruninNigerian construction projects. Int j project Manager

1994;12 (4):254-60.

[6] Ramanathan C al., Construction delay causing risks

on time and cost a critical review, Vol 1 37-57

(2012)

[7] Odeh AM ,Battaineh HT, causes of constructionaldelay : traditional contracts. Int J Manage (2002);20;

67-73.

[8] Kasimu Al Mohammed, Causes of delay in Nigeria

construction Industry (2012) vol 4,No. 2; 785-792.[9] Odeyinka, H.A. and Yusif, A. (1997) The causes

and effects of construction delays on

[10]Completion cost of housing project in Nigeria,

Journal Financial Manage Property Construction, 2

(3), 3144 .


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Table 1: Showing mean & rank; were 1 refers uppermost and 8 refer lowermost important cause of delay.

S.N. Delay elements Delay causes Mean Priority

1

DAILT TARGET

Daily target & review 0.977 1

2 Conflict bt ideas in terms of dail1 target 0.986 4

3 Daily meeting for planning 0.989 5

4 Poor communication system 0.992 6

5 Strategic planning for daily work 0.977 1

6 Ineffective management 0.989 57 Ineffective supervision 0.992 6

8

ENGINEERING

Goal not defined 0.997 8

9 Complex design 0.992 6

10 Design Fault 0.986 4

11 Unskilled man force - Engineering team 0.992 6

12 Insufficient data while designing 0.997 8

13 Team work & co ordination 0.977 1

14 Delay in design approval 0.989 5

15 Customers requirement changes 0.983 3

16

EQUIPMENTS

Installation problem 0.986 4

17 Equipment size 0.992 6

18 Certification of Equipments 0.986 4

19 Calibration of Equipments 0.983 3

20 Unavailability of correct tool for working 0.986 4

21 Unavailability to test of equipment 0.989 5

22 Use of classical tools 0.986 4

23 Insufficient tools 0.989 5

24

MATERIALS

Material lead time 0.983 3

25 Poor storage area 0.98 2

26 Transit Damage 0.992 6

27 Quality of material 0.98 2

28 Wrong supply 0.989 5

29 Short receipt 0.989 5

30 Delay in procurement 0.989 5

31 Supplied material was defective 0.986 432

TIME

MANAGEMENT

Lunch time of labours and Management staff is on same time 0.989 5

33 Leaving work area - labours 0.992 6

34 Rework 0.986 4

35 Daily working Hours 0.995 7

36 Estimated project completion was time too short 0.989 5

37 Confusion 0.995 7

38 Use of classical technique 0.989 5

39

RISK

MANAGEMENT

Change in design 0.989 5

40 Market risk 0.992 6

41 Bureaucracy 0.989 5

42 Future planning 0.989 5

43 Customer reliability 0.983 3

44 Conflict between owners or partners 0.989 545 Dependency - Supplier & Customer 0.98 2

46 Change in scope of work 0.989 5

47Safety

Not following Personal protective equipment 0.992 6

48 Unavailability of work permit 0.989 5


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49 Lack of awareness about safety 0.989 5

50 Unavailability of work condition 0.977 1

51 Effect on environment 0.986 4

52 Casual approach in term of safety 0.989 5

53 Accident at site 0.992 6

54 Risk while working with electrical equipment & working at height 0.986 4

55

EXTERNAL

CAUSES

Natural causes - flood ,earth quack 0.995 7

56 Changes in Govt. law & regulation 0.992 657 Land acquiring problem 0.986 4

58 Local development 0.992 6

59 Social problem - School, temple 0.995 7

60 Unavailability of water, electricity 0.992 6

61 Delay in final inspection - work area 0.992 6

62 Delay in getting work permit from municipal corp. board 0.992 6

63

FINANCE

Return of investment ROI 0.992 6

64 Not using WBS - in all field 0.995 7

65 Wrong estimation 0.992 6

66 Delay in payment - vendors 0.98 2

67 Delay in payment - own employees 0.983 3

68 Inventories 0.995 7

69 Low budget 0.989 570

Employee

Casual approach of employees 0.995 7

71 Unskilled man force - employees 0.986 4

72 Weak feedback 0.989 5

73 Frequent change of manpower 0.986 4

74 Delegation - not in our scope 0.986 4

75 Lack of discussion 0.989 5

76 Motivation 0.986 4

77 Interpersonal relationship 0.989 5

78 Rigidity of employee & labor 0.986 4

79 Understanding portfolio & interest of employee 0.986 4

80 Decision making power employee 0.977 1

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Project Delay -Libre

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