Page | 1 ‘ School of Architecture, Building and Design Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture [ARC 3413] Building Science 2 Project 2: Lighting and Acoustics Integration with Design Studio 5 Tutor: Dr. Mina Kaboudarahangi AUDREY CHAN CHU SIEN 0300457
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Page | 1
‘
School of Architecture, Building and Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
[ARC 3413] Building Science 2
Project 2:
Lighting and Acoustics Integration with Design Studio 5
Tutor: Dr. Mina Kaboudarahangi
AUDREY CHAN CHU SIEN 0300457
Page | 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL
1.1 Daylighting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
a. Indoor dining area
b. Food court
c. Street view dining area
1.2 Artificial lighting ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
a. Indoor dining area
b. Food court
c. Street view dining area
2.0 ACOUSTICS PROPOSAL
2.1 Reverberation Time --------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
a. Indoor dining area
2.2 External Noise Sound Pressure Level ------------------------------------------------ 11
2.3 Sound Transmission Class ------------------------------------------------------------- 12
a. Street view dining area
2.4 Combined SPL of internal noises ---------------------------------------------------- 13
3.0 References ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14
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1.1 Daylighting
a) Indoor dining area
𝐷𝐹 =𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑜 𝑋 100%
𝐷𝐹 = 300
32000 𝑋 100
= 0.94%
This space has poor daylight factor, hence the use of artificial light to enhance the space.
b) Food court
𝐷𝐹 =𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑜 𝑋 100%
𝐷𝐹 = 1620
32000 𝑋 100
= 5.06%
This space has good daylight factor, hence the use of PSALI to control the use of artificial lightings.
c) Street view dining area
𝐷𝐹 =𝐸𝑖
𝐸𝑜 𝑋 100%
𝐷𝐹 = 2210
32000 𝑋 100
= 6.9%
This space is very bright with glare problem, strategies such as thermal insulation and curtains should be added to overcome glare problems. PSALI is also used to control the use of artificial lightings.
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1.2 Artificial Lighting
a) Indoor dining area According to MS1525, the lighting level required for a dining area is 200 lux. There are
different types of lighting fixtures used for respective purposes. The lighting level is divided
accordingly to the targeted lighting level for each type of light bulb.
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATIONS
Location Second Floor
Activity Dining area
Dimension L= 8.4m ; W= 8.0m
Total Floor Area (m²) 67.2
Standard illuminance required
(lux)
200
Assumption of reflection White plaster ceiling, Red brick wall
= 0.7 , 0.3
Room Index
RI= 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
(𝐿+𝑊)𝑥 𝐻
=8.4 𝑥 8.0
(8.4+8.0) 𝑥 1.6
= 2.56
Utilization Factor 0.69
Maintenance Factor 0.80
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1000lm incandescent light fixture 1300lm wall mounted incandescent
Brand : OSRAM Classic A Brand : Philip standard extra low voltage
A60
𝑁 = 𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
= 90𝑥 67.2
1000 𝑥 0.69 𝑥 0.8
= 10.9 ≈ 11
𝑁 = 𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
= 110𝑥 67.2
1300 𝑥 0.69 𝑥 0.8
= 10.3 ≈ 11
11 units of 1000lm incandescent
pendant light fixture are needed for an
illuminance of 90 lux.
11 units of 1300lm wall mounted
incandescent light fixture are needed for
an illuminance of 110lux.
Conclusion:
11 units of 1000lm incandescent pendant light fixture and 11 units of 1300lm wall mounted
incandescent light fixture can give a total illuminance of 200 lux to the dining area, which
fulfils the requirement of MS1525.
Page | 6
b) Food court According to MS1525, the lighting level required for a dining area is 150-300 lux. There are
different types of lighting fixtures used for respective purposes. The lighting level is divided
accordingly to the targeted lighting level for each type of light bulb.
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATIONS
Location Second Floor
Activity Dining area
Dimension L= 10m ; W= 14m
Total Floor Area (m²) 140
Standard illuminance required
(lux)
150-300
Assumption of reflection White plaster ceiling, exposed concrete
wall
= 0.7 , 0.5
Room Index
RI= 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
(𝐿+𝑊)𝑥 𝐻
=10 𝑥 14
(10+14) 𝑥 1.6
= 3.6
Utilization Factor 0.83
Maintenance Factor 0.80
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1000lm incandescent light fixture 1200lm LED tracklight fixture 12W
Brand : OSRAM Classic A Brand :
𝑁 = 𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
= 50𝑥 140
1000 𝑥 0.83 𝑥 0.8
= 10.5 ≈ 11
𝑁 = 𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
= 200𝑥 140
1200 𝑥 0.83 𝑥 0.8
= 35.1 ≈ 36
11 units of 1000lm incandescent
pendant light fixture are needed for an
illuminance of 50 lux.
36 units of 1200lm LED tracklight are
needed for an illuminance of 250 lux.
Conclusion:
11 units of 1000lm incandescent pendant light fixture and 36 units of 1200lm LED tracklight
can give a total illuminance of 250 lux to the food court, which fulfils the requirement of
MS1525.
Page | 8
c) Street view dining area According to MS1525, the lighting level required for a dining area is 200 lux. There are
different types of lighting fixtures used for respective purposes. The lighting level is divided
accordingly to the targeted lighting level for each type of light bulb.
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATIONS
Location Second Floor
Activity Dining area
Dimension L= 7.5m ; W= 17m
Total Floor Area (m²) 127.5
Standard illuminance required
(lux)
200
Assumption of reflection White plaster ceiling, glass curtain wall
= 0.7 , 0.5
Room Index
RI= 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊
(𝐿+𝑊)𝑥 𝐻
=7.5 𝑥 17
(7.5+17) 𝑥 1.6
= 3.25
Utilization Factor 0.79
Maintenance Factor 0.80
Page | 9
1000lm incandescent light fixture 1400lm globes
Brand : OSRAM Classic A Brand : OSRAM Dulux Superstar Globe
𝑁 = 𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
= 100𝑥 140
1000 𝑥 0.79 𝑥 0.8
= 22.2 ≈ 23
𝑁 = 𝐸𝑥𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
= 100𝑥 140
1400 𝑥 0.79 𝑥 0.8
= 15.8 ≈ 16
23 units of 1000lm incandescent
pendant light fixture are needed for an
illuminance of 100 lux.
16 units of 1400lm globes are needed for
an illuminance of 100 lux.
Conclusion:
23 units of 1000lm incandescent pendant light fixture and 16 units of 1400lm globes can give
a total illuminance of 200 lux to the food court, which fulfils the requirement of MS1525.
Page | 10
2.1 Reverberation Time
Table shows the typical reverberation times according to the room volume.
Zone: Indoor dining area
Material Surface Area (m²) Absorption coefficient
at 1000 Hz
SA
Ceiling plasterboard 10mm thick
backed with 25mm thick bitumen
67.2 0.05 3.36
Brick wall 106.04 0.04 4.24
Timber finish on concrete floor 67.2 0.06 4.03
4mm glass window 2.88 0.03 0.08
glass sliding door 3.78 0.03 0.11
24 x leather covered seats 24 0.61 14.64
6 x timber table 6 0.10 0.6
24 x adults 24 0.46 11.04
Total absorption 38.1
𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑉
𝑆𝐴
= 0.16 (235.2)
38.1
= 0.98 ≈ 1
Conclusion: The reverberation time for the indoor dining area is 0.98s, close to 1s. According to the
standard table, the reverberation time needed for a small room is 1s. This means that this
indoor dining area has a satisfying reverberation time.
Page | 11
2.2 External Noise Sound Pressure Level Combined SPL of External Noises
Traffic noise at Jalan Tun HS Lee, 83db Activity noise at Jalan Tun HS Lee, 80db
83 = 10 log 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 8.3 = 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝑙1 = (1.995 𝑥 108)𝑥 (1 𝑥 10−12)
= 1.995 𝑥 10−4
80 = 10 log 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 8 = 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝑙1 = (1 𝑥 108)𝑥 (1 𝑥 10−12)
= 1 𝑥 10−4
Total intensities = (1.995 𝑥 10−4) + (1 𝑥 10−4)
= 2.995 𝑥 10−4
Combined SPL =
10𝑙𝑜𝑔2.995 𝑥 10−4
1 𝑥 10−12
= 10 x 8.476
= 84.76dB
Conclusion:
The combined SPL of the external noises of Jalan Tun HS Lee is 84.76dB
Page | 12
2.3 Sound Transmission Class
Figure above shows the sound pressure levels of common sound sources.
a) Street view dining area According to the standards table, average sound pressure level produced by a dining area
(cafeteria) is 80dB which is considered as internal noise source.
The street view dining area consist of 41.2m² of concrete bricks wall (42dB) and a total of
59.5 m² of curtain wall (33dB)
TL for concrete brick wall TL for curtain wall (25mm laminated glass)
42 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔1
𝑇
Antilog 4.2 = 1
𝑇
𝑇 = 1
1.585 𝑥 104
Tconcretewall= 6.309 𝑥 10−5
33 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔1
𝑇
Antilog 3.3 = 1
𝑇
𝑇 = 1
1.995 𝑥 103
Twindow= 5.012 𝑥 10−4
Toverall = (41.2 𝑥 6.309 𝑥 10−5)+(59.5 𝑥 5.012 𝑥 10−4)
41.2+59.5
= 3.22 𝑥 10−4
SRI overall = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1
3.22 𝑥 10−4
=10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (3106)
= 34.92dB
84.76dB – 34.92dB = 49.84dB
Conclusion:
Usage of materials has reduced 34.92 of food court’s maximum estimated noise. External
noise (84.76dB) – 34.92db = 49.84dB.
Page | 13
2.4 Power Addition Method – Combined SPL of Internal Noises Noise at street view dining area, 49.84dB Human conversation, 50db
49.84 = 10 log 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 4.98 = 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝑙1 = (9.55 𝑥 104)𝑥 (1 𝑥 10−12)
= 9.55 𝑥 10−8
50 = 10 log 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 = 𝑙1
1 𝑥 10−12
𝑙1 = (1 𝑥 105)𝑥 (1 𝑥 10−12)
= 1 𝑥 10−7
Total intensities = (9.55 𝑥 10−8) + (1 𝑥 10−7)
= 1.955 𝑥 10−7
Combined SPL =
10𝑙𝑜𝑔1.955 𝑥 10−7
1 𝑥 10−12
= 10 x 5.291
= 52.91dB
Conclusion:
The total noise in the street view dining area is 52.91dB.
Page | 14
3.0 References
Long, M. (2006). Architectural acoustics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
LED light colour, CRI and experiments. (n.d.). LED light colour, CRI and
experiments. Retrieved May 13, 2014, from
http://swhs.home.xs4all.nl/fiets/tests/verlichting/experimenten/index_en.html#cri
Tregenza, P., & Wilson, M. (2011). Daylighting: architecture and lighting design.
London: Routledge.
(n.d.). . Retrieved May 13, 2014, from http://www.conrad.com/.../Osram-36W-
25WE14-LED-Warm.
(n.d.). . Retrieved May 13, 2014, from
http://www.lencore.com/.../Popu.../BasicsofSoundMasking.aspx
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