Programming Lab IV Class/Branch:TE(comp) · PDF fileProgramming Lab IV Class/Branch:TE ... Menu Driven Image Processing Operations ... uncompressed TIFF Image to perform following

Programming Lab IV Class/Branch:TE(comp)

Department of Computer Engineering ZES’s ZCOER, Pune-411041 Page1

Experiment No:A1

Title: To Implement Packet sniffer.

Aim: Implementation of Packet sniffer. Program should identify header of each

protocol. Use multi-core programming.

Prerequisites:

Student should know Wireshark packet sniffer tool.

Student should know basic concept like Protocol, Packet header format of protocols.

Objective: Study of Packet sniffer tool and understand how to implement packet sniffer tool.

Theory:

Protocol: It is an agreement between the communicating parties show that how communication is

proceed.

Packet Sniffer:

A packet sniffer is a wire-tap devices\SW that plugs into computer networks and eavesdrops on

the network traffic. Like a telephone wiretap. Allows us to listen in on other people's conversations.

A "sniffing" program lets someone listen in on computer conversations.

A packet sniffer can be a computer program or a piece of computer hardware that can intercept

and log traffic passing over a digital network or part of a network. As data streams travel back and

forth over the network, the sniffer captures each packet and eventually decodes and analyzes its

content according with any specifications.

However, computer conversations consist of apparently random binary data. Therefore, network

wiretap programs also come with a feature known as "protocol analysis", which allow them to

"decode" the computer traffic and make sense of it.



Why we use packet snifing?

The versatility of packet sniffers means they can be used to:

Analyze network problems.

Detect network intrusion attempts.

Gain information for effecting a network intrusion.

Gather and report network statistics

Filter suspect content from network traffic.

Debug client/server communications

Malicious use:

Spy on other network users and collect sensitive information such as

passwords (depending on any content encryption methods which may be in

use)

Reverse engineer protocols used over the network.

Example uses:

A packet sniffer for a token ring network could detect that the token has been lost or the

presence of too many tokens (verifying the protocol).



A packet sniffer could detect that messages are being sent to a network adapter; if the

network adapter did not report receiving the messages then this would localize the failure

to the adapter.

A packet sniffer could detect excessive messages being sent by a port, detecting an error

in the implementation.

A packet sniffer could collect statistics on the amount of traffic (number of messages) from

a process detecting the need for more bandwidth or a better method.

To implement Packet sniffer tool using multicore programming we have some goals:

Goal 1:Implement a TCP Protocol Analysis Tool in C.

Tasks:

T1:Creating a Socket to capture packets.

T2:Capturing the Packets from the network.

T3:Extracting headers from the packet.

T4:Printing the extracted header in an arranged format.



So we can successfully implement a TCP Protocol Analysis Tool in C using above tasks.

Goal 2:Implement a Protocol Analysis Tool in Python.

Tasks:

T1:Intercept the Network Interface to capture Packet.

T2:Applying filter to capture IP packets.

T3:Printing the packet.

So we can successfully implement a Protocol Analysis Tool in Python using above tasks.

Goal 3:Implement a Multithreaded Protocol Analysis Tool in Python.

Tasks:

T1:Intercept the Network Interface to capture Packet.

T2:Dividing the work on multiple cores i.emultiprocessing.



T3:Applying filter to capture IP packets.

T4:Printing the packet.

So we can successfully implement a Multithreaded Protocol Analysis Tool in Python using above

tasks.

Conclusion: Thus we have implemented packet sniffer tool.

Questions:

1. What is packet sniffer?

2. What is protocol?

3. Draw Header format of IPv4, TCP, UDP, and ICMP.



Assignment No:A2

Title: Create subnets. Assign subnet mask. Perform following:

a) Ping the machine of same subnet.

b) Ping the machine in subnet A from machine of subnet B.

c) Analyze the output of the above sub assignments.

Aim: Consider the network id 192.168.4.0 or such relevant IP and create four subnets

namely A, B, C, D. Assign the subnet mask. Write a Python program to Perform

the following operations (use overloading if applicable).

a) Ping the machine of same subnet.

b) Ping the machine in subnet A from machine of subnet B.

c) Analyze the output of the above sub assignments.

Prerequisites: Student should know what is LAN, what is Subnet, what is ping command.

Objective:

To study how to design subnet and assign subnet mask.

Theory:

Subnet: A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logical, visible subdivision of an IP network.

Subnetting: The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.

Computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bit-

group in their IP address.

Each IP class is equipped with its own default subnet mask which bounds that IP class to have

prefixed number of Networks and prefixed number of Hosts per network. Classful IP addressing

does not provide any flexibility of having less number of Hosts per Network or more Networks

per IP Class.

Class A Subnets

In Class A, only the first octet is used as Network identifier and rest of three octets are used to be

assigned to Hosts (i.e. 16777214 Hosts per Network). To make more subnet in Class A, bits from

Host part are borrowed and the subnet mask is changed accordingly.

For example, if one MSB (Most Significant Bit) is borrowed from host bits of second octet and

added to Network address, it creates two Subnets (21=2) with (223-2) 8388606 Hosts per Subnet.



The Subnet mask is changed accordingly to reflect subnetting. Given below is a list of all possible

combination of Class A subnets:

Class B Subnets

By default, using Classful Networking, 14 bits are used as Network bits providing (214) 16384

Networks and (216-1) 65534 Hosts. Class B IP Addresses can be subnetted the same way as Class

A addresses, by borrowing bits from Host bits. Below is given all possible combination of Class

B subnetting:



Class C Subnets

Class C IP addresses are normally assigned to a very small size network because it can only have

254 hosts in a network. Given below is a list of all possible combination of subnetted Class B IP

address:

Ping Command:

The ping command is a Command Prompt command used to test the ability of the source computer

to reach a specified destination computer. The ping command is usually used as a simple way

verify that a computer can communicate over the network with another computer or network

device.

http://pcsupport.about.com/od/termsc/g/commands.htm

http://pcsupport.about.com/od/commandlinereference/tp/command-prompt-commands-p1.htm



The ping command operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request

messages to the destination computer and waiting for a response. How many of those responses

are returned, and how long it takes for them to return, are the two major pieces of information that

the ping command provides.

Command is:

ping ip address

EX.ping 172.16.1.10

Conclusion: Thus we have Created subnet, assigned subnet mask and performed ping operation.

Questions:

1. What is subnet?

2. Give the range of class A,B & C.

3. What is the default mask for class A,B & C?

4. What is subnet mask?



Assignment No: A3

Title: Menu Driven Image Processing Operations

Aim: Write C++ Program with GUI to capture using remotely placed camera and read

uncompressed TIFF Image to perform following functions (Menu Driven) Use of Overloading and

Morphism is expected. Image Frame1 is used for displaying Original Image and Image Frame 2 is

used for displaying the action performed.

Sharpen the Image

Blur the Image (Programmable rectangular Seed)

Programmable image Contrast and Brightness

Rotate image by programmable angle

Convolution (overloading: FFT, Other)

Histogram

Mean and Standard Deviation of image

PDF of a Signal acquired through ADC

Prerequisites: Basics of Image processing and types of digital image processing.

Objective:

Know the basic components of an image processing system.

Know the key concepts in image file formats.

Understand the model for an image analysis process.

Theory:

Blurring

In blurring, we simple blur an image. An image looks sharper or more detailed if we are able to

perceive all the objects and their shapes correctly in it. For example. An image with a face looks

clear when we are able to identify eyes, ears, nose, lips, and forehead e.t.c very clear. This shape

of an object is due to its edges. So in blurring, we simple reduce the edge content and make the

transition from one color to the other very smooth.



ORIGINAL IMAGE BLURRED IMAGE

Sharpening

Human perception is highly sensitive to edges and fine details of an image, and since they are

composed primarily by high frequency components, the visual quality of an image can be

enormously degraded if the high frequencies are attenuated or completed removed. In contrast,

enhancing the high-frequency components of an image leads to an improvement in the visual

quality. Image sharpening refers to any enhancement technique that highlights edges and fine

details in an image. Image sharpening is widely used in printing and photographic industries for

increasing the local contrast and sharpening the images.

In principle, image sharpening consists of adding to the original image a signal that is

proportional to a high-pass filtered version of the original image. Figure No. 1 illustrates this

procedure, often referred to an unsharp masking on a one-dimensional signal. As shown in Fig

No.1, the original image is first filtered by a high-pass filter that extracts the high-frequency

components, and then a scaled version of the high-pass filter output is added to the original image,

thus producing a sharpened image of the original. Note that the homogeneous regions of the signal,

i.e., where the signal is constant, remain unchanged.



Brightness:

Brightness is a relative term. It depends on your visual perception. Since brightness is a relative

term, so brightness can be defined as the amount of energy output by a source of light relative to

the source we are comparing it to. In some cases we can easily say that the image is bright, and

in some cases, its not easy to perceive.

For Example:-

Just have a look at both of these images, and compare which one is brighter.



We can easily see that the image on the right side is brighter as compared to the image on the

left. But if the image on the right is made darker then the first one, then we can say that the

image on the left is brighter then the left.

Contrast:

The range of optical density and tone on a photographic image (or the extent to which adjacent

areas on a CRT differ in brightness.

Contrast stretching (often called normalization) is a simple image enhancement technique that

attempts to improve the contrast in an image by `stretching' the range of intensity values it contains

to span a desired range of values, e.g. the full range of pixel values that the image type concerned

allows. It differs from the more sophisticated histogram equalization in that it can only apply a

linear scaling function to the image pixel values. As a result the `enhancement' is less harsh. (Most

implementations accept a gray level image as input and produce another gray level image as

output.)

http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/value.htm

http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/histeq.htm

http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/gryimage.htm



Rotation of an Image:

The rotation operator performs a geometric transform which maps the position of a picture

element in an input image onto a position in an output image by rotating it through a user-

specified angle about an origin . In most implementations, output locations which are

outside the boundary of the image are ignored. Rotation is most commonly used to improve the

visual appearance of an image, although it can be useful as a preprocessor in applications where

directional operators are involved. Rotation is a special case of affine transformation.

http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/pixel.htm

http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/pixel.htm

http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/affine.htm



Convolution of an image:

Consider this example.

The same image in the frequency domain can be represented as.



Now what’s the relationship between image or spatial domain and frequency domain. This

relationship can be explained by a theorem which is called as Convolution theorem.

Convolution Theorem

The relationship between the spatial domain and the frequency domain can be established by

convolution theorem.

The convolution theorem can be represented as.

It can be stated as the convolution in spatial domain is equal to filtering in frequency domain and

vice versa.

The filtering in frequency domain can be represented as following:

The steps in filtering are given below.

At first step we have to do some pre – processing an image in spatial domain, means

increase its contrast or brightness

Then we will take discrete Fourier transform of the image

Then we will center the discrete Fourier transform , as we will bring the discrete Fourier

transform in center from corners

Then we will apply filtering , means we will multiply the Fourier transform by a filter

function

Then we will again shift the DFT from center to the corners



Last step would be take to inverse discrete Fourier transform , to bring the result back from

frequency domain to spatial domain

And this step of post processing is optional, just like pre processing, in which we just

increase the appearance of image.

Filters

The concept of filter in frequency domain is same as the concept of a mask in convolution.

After converting an image to frequency domain, some filters are applied in filtering process to

perform different kind of processing on an image. The processing include blurring an image ,

sharpening an image e.t.c.

The common type of filters for these purposes is:

Ideal high pass filter

Ideal low pass filter

Gaussian high pass filter

Gaussian low pass filter

Histogram:

We have already seen that contrast can be increased using histogram stretching. In this tutorial we

will see that how histogram equalization can be used to enhance contrast.

Before performing histogram equalization, you must know two important concepts used in

equalizing histograms. These two concepts are known as PMF and CDF.

They are discussed in our tutorial of PMF and CDF. Please visit them in order to successfully grasp

the concept of histogram equalization.

Histogram Equalization:

Histogram equalization is used to enhance contrast. It is not necessary that contrast will always be

increase in this. There may be some cases were histogram equalization can be worse. In those cases

the contrast is decreased.

Let’s start histogram equalization by taking this image below as a simple image.



Histogram of this image:

The histogram of this image has been shown below.

Mean & standard Deviation

Average

The average brightness of a region is defined as the sample mean of the pixel brightnesses within

that region. The average, ma, of the brightnesses over the Λ pixels within a region (ℜ) is given by:



The unbiased estimate of the standard deviation, sa, of the brightnesses within a region (ℜ) with

Λ pixels is called the sample standard deviation and is given by:

Conclusion: Hence we have studied Menu Driven Image Processing Operations on JPG image

and TIFF image.

FAQ:-

1) What is image enhancement in digital image processing? Explain any two gray level

transforms in used for image enhancement.

2) Explain the operation of CCD (Charge Coupled Device) used in electronic cameras.

3) Describe in brief fundamental steps in Digital image processing.



Assignment No:A4

Title: To read the HTTP header and analyze the parameters

Aim: Write a program to read the HTTP header and analyze the parameters.

Prerequisites:

Student should know what Protocol is.

Student should know what HTTP Protocol is.

Objective: Study of HTTP header and Analyze parameter.

Theory:

Hypertext Transport Protocol

This protocol used for communication between web browsers and web servers.It is used

on World Wide Web.

TCP port 80 (443 secure).

RFC 2616 (ver 1.1)

HTTP is based on the client-server architecture model and a stateless request/response

protocol that operates by exchanging messages across a reliable TCP/IP connection.

An HTTP "client" is a program (Web browser or any other client) that establishes a

connection to a server for the purpose of sending one or more HTTP request messages.

An HTTP "server" is a program (Generally a web server like Apache Web Server or

Internet Information Services IIS, etc.) that accepts connections in order to serve HTTP

requests by sending HTTP response messages.

HTTP makes use of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to identify a given resource

and to establish a connection. Once the connection is established, HTTP messages are

passed in a format similar to that used by the Internet mail [RFC5322] and the

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) [RFC2045].

I. Message Format:

These messages include requests from client to server and responses from server to

client which will have the following format:

HTTP-message = <Request> | <Response> ; HTTP/1.1 messages



HTTP requests and HTTP responses use a generic message format of RFC 822 for

transferring the required data. This generic message format consists of the following four

items:

Message Start-Line:

A start-line will have the following generic syntax:

Start-line = Request-Line | Status-Line

o Request Line: - Used in HTTP Request Message.

GET /hello.htm HTTP/1.1 (This is Request-Line sent by the client)

o Status-Line: - Used in HTTP Response Message.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK (This is Status-Line sent by the server)

Header Fields:

HTTP header fields provide required information about the request or response, or about

the object sent in the message body.

There are four types of HTTP message headers:

a. General-header: These header fields have general applicability for both request

and response messages.

b. Request-header: These header fields have applicability only for request

messages.

c. Response-header: These header fields have applicability only for response

messages.

d. Entity-header: These header fields define meta information about the entity-

body or, if no body is present, about the resource identified by the request.

Message Body:

The message body part is optional for an HTTP message but if it is available, then it is

used to carry the entity-body associated with the request or response. If entity body is



associated, then usually Content-Type and Content-Length headers lines specify the

nature of the body associated.

<html>

<body>

<h1>Hello, World!</h1>

</body>

</html>

II. URI-URN-URL

Uniform Resource Identifier: Information about a resource

Uniform Resource Name : The name of the resource with in a namespace

Uniform Resource Locator: How to find the resource, a URI that says how to find the

resource.

III. HTTP –URLs

Uniform Resource Locator:

Protocol (http, ftp, news)

Host name (name.domainname)

Port (usually 80)

Directory path to the resource

Resource name

Example:

http://xxx.myplace.com/www/index.html

http://xxx.myplace.com:80/cgi-bin/t.exe

IV. HTTP –methods:



1. GET

Retrieve a URL from the server

Simple page request

Run a CGI program

Run a CGI with arguments attached to the URL

2. POST

Preferred method for forms processing

Run a CGI program

Parameterized data in sysin

More secure and private

3. PUT

Used to transfer a file from the client to the server

4. HEAD

Requests URLs status header only

Used for conditional URL handling for performance enhancement schemes

Retrieve URL only if not in local cache or date is more recent than cached

copy

5. DELETE

Removes all current representations of the target resource given by a URI.

6. CONNECT

Establishes a tunnel to the server identified by a given URI.

7. OPTIONS

Describes the communication options for the target resource.

8. TRACE

Performs a message loop-back test along the path to the target resource.

V. HTTP Request:

The Request-Line begins with a method token, followed by the Request-URI

and the protocol versionThe elements are separated by space SP characters.

Request-Line = Method SP Request-URI SP HTTP-Version

Request Header Fields: The request-header fields allow the client to pass

additional information about the request, and about the client itself, to the

server. Here is a list of some important Request-header fields that can be used

based on the requirement:

o Accept-Charset

o Accept-Encoding

o Accept-Language

o Authorization

o Expect

o From



o Host

o If-Match

o If-Modified-Since

o If-None-Match

o If-Range

o If-Unmodified-Since

o Max-Forwards

o Proxy-Authorization

o Range

o Referer

o TE

o User-Agent

Examples of Request Message:

Now let's put it all together to form an HTTP request to fetch hello.htm page

from the web server .

GET /hello.htm HTTP/1.1

User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE5.01; Windows NT)

Host: www.tutorialspoint.com

Accept-Language: en-us

Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

Connection: Keep-Alive

VI. HTTP Response:

Message Status-Line:

Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase

HTTP Version:A server supporting HTTP version 1.1 will return the

following version information:

HTTP-Version = HTTP/1.1

Status Codes

•200 OK •201 created

•202 accepted •204 no content



•301 moved perm. •302 moved temp

•304 not modified •400 bad request

•401 unauthorized •403 forbidden

•404 not found •500 int. server error

•501 not impl. •502 bad gateway

•503 svc not avail

Examples of Response Message:

Now let's put it all together to form an HTTP response for a request to fetch the

hello.htm page from the web server .

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Date: Mon, 27 Jul 2009 12:28:53 GMT

Server: Apache/2.2.14 (Win32)

Last-Modified: Wed, 22 Jul 2009 19:15:56 GMT

Content-Length: 88

Content-Type: text/html

Connection: Closed

<html>

<body>

<h1>Hello, World!</h1>

</body>

</html>

Conclusion: Thus we have Studied HTTP header and its parameters.

Questions:

1. What is HTTP?

2. Draw message format of HTTP.



Assignment No:A5

Title: Installing and configure DHCP server and install the software on remote machine.

Aim: Installing and configure DHCP server and write a program (Python) to install the

software on remote machine.

Prerequisites: Student should know what is BOOTP Protocol,commands for linux i.e command

to install packages,remove packages etc.

Objective: To study how to assign IP address automatically to DHCP clients.

To learn & understand the basic concepts DHCP and configuration of DHCP

Server.

Theory:

A] Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP):

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a server to

automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a defined range of numbers (i.e., a scope)

configured for a given network. It is an extension of BOOTP protocol.

DHCP message Format:



DHCP States:

DHCP assigns an IP address when a system is started, for example:

1. A user turns on a computer with a DHCP client.

2. The client computer sends a broadcast request (called a DISCOVER or

DHCPDISCOVER), looking for a DHCP server to answer.

3. The router directs the DISCOVER packet to the correct DHCP server.

4. The server receives the DISCOVER packet. Based on availability and usage policies set

on the server, the server determines an appropriate address (if any) to give to the client.

The server then temporarily reserves that address for the client and sends back to the

client an OFFER (or DHCPOFFER) packet, with that address information. The server

also configures the client's DNS servers, WINS servers, NTP servers, and sometimes

other services as well.

5. The client sends a REQUEST (or DHCPREQUEST) packet, letting the server know that

it intends to use the address.



6. The server sends an ACK (or DHCPACK) packet, confirming that the client has a been

given a lease on the address for a server-specified period of time.

When a computer uses a static IP address, it means that the computer is manually

configured to use a specific IP address. One problem with static assignment, which can result from

user error or inattention to detail, occurs when two computers are configured with the same IP

address. This creates a conflict that results in loss of service. Using DHCP to dynamically assign

IP addresses minimizes these conflicts.

The most common settings provided by a DHCP server to DHCP clients include:

IP address and netmask

IP address of the default-gateway to use

IP adresses of the DNS servers to use

However, a DHCP server can also supply configuration properties such as:

Host Name

Domain Name

Time Server

Print Server

The advantage of using DHCP is that changes to the network, for example a change in the

address of the DNS server, need only be changed at the DHCP server, and all network hosts will

be reconfigured the next time their DHCP clients poll the DHCP server. As an added advantage,

it is also easier to integrate new computers into the network, as there is no need to check for the

availability of an IP address. Conflicts in IP address allocation are also reduced.

A DHCP server can provide configuration settings using the following methods:

Manual allocation (MAC address)

This method entails using DHCP to identify the unique hardware address of each network

card connected to the network and then continually supplying a constant configuration

each time the DHCP client makes a request to the DHCP server using that network

device. This ensures that a particular address is assigned automatically to that network

card, based on it's MAC address.

Dynamic allocation (address pool)

In this method, the DHCP server will assign an IP address from a pool of addresses

(sometimes also called a range or scope) for a period of time or lease, that is configured

on the server or until the client informs the server that it doesn't need the address

anymore. This way, the clients will be receiving their configuration properties



dynamically and on a "first come, first served" basis. When a DHCP client is no longer

on the network for a specified period, the configuration is expired and released back to

the address pool for use by other DHCP Clients. This way, an address can be leased or

used for a period of time. After this period, the client has to renegociate the lease with the

server to maintain use of the address.

Automatic allocation

Using this method, the DHCP automatically assigns an IP address permanently to a

device, selecting it from a pool of available addresses. Usually DHCP is used to assign a

temporary address to a client, but a DHCP server can allow an infinite lease time.

The last two methods can be considered "automatic" because in each case the DHCP server

assigns an address with no extra intervention needed. The only difference between them is in

how long the IP address is leased, in other words whether a client's address varies over time.

Ubuntu is shipped with both DHCP server and client. The server is dhcpd (dynamic host

configuration protocol daemon). The client provided with Ubuntu is dhclient and should be

installed on all computers required to be automatically configured. Both programs are easy to

install and configure and will be automatically started at system boot.

Installation of DHCP server in ubuntu

At a terminal prompt, enter the following command to install dhcpd:

sudo apt-get install isc-dhcp-server

This will complete the installation.

Configuring DHCP server

Next you need to make a backup copy of /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf file

Edit /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf file using the following command:

sudo gedit /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

You need to change the following sections in /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf file

default-lease-time 600;

max-lease-time 7200;

option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;

option broadcast-address 192.168.2.255;

option routers 192.168.2.254;

option domain-name-servers 192.168.2.1, 192.168.2.2;

option domain-name "yourdomainname.com";



subnet 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {

range 192.168.2.10 192.168.2.200;

}

save and exit the file

This will result in the DHCP server giving a client an IP address from the range

192.168.2.10-192.168.2.200 . It will lease an IP address for 600 seconds if the client doesn't ask

for a specific time frame. Otherwise the maximum (allowed) lease will be 7200 seconds. The

server will also "advise" the client that it should use 255.255.255.0 as its subnet mask,

192.168.2.255 as its broadcast address, 192.168.2.254 as the router/gateway and 192.168.2.1 and

192.168.2.2 as its DNS servers.

Configure Ubuntu DHCP Client:

If you want to configure your ubuntu desktop as DHCP client following this procedure

You need to open /etc/network/interfaces file

sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces

make sure you have the following lines (eth0 is an example)

auto lo eth0

iface eth0 inet dhcp

iface lo inet loopback

Save and exit the file.

B] Remote installation of software:

There are certain tasks while installing Software on remote machine:

1. Authentication

2. Execution of commands

3. Whatever executed on remote machine that shoul be reflected on client’s machine.

For the connectivity with remote system SSH protocol is used having port no 22.It is secure

share protocol.

OpenSSH is a freely available version of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol family of tools for

remotely controlling, or transferring files between, computers. Traditional tools used to

accomplish these functions, such as telnet or rcp, are insecure and transmit the user's password in



cleartext when used. OpenSSH provides a server daemon and client tools to facilitate secure,

encrypted remote control and file transfer operations, effectively replacing the legacy tools.

Installation of SSH server:

sudo apt-get install openssh-server

Start SSH service using following command:

Service ssh start

Command to Copy File from one computer to remote:

scp filename usrname_of_remot_ machine@hostname_of_remote_machine:/path_where_

we_have_to_copy_file/

Command to copy file from remote to local:

scp usrname_of_remote_machine@hostname_of_remote_machine/path/filename

We will implement a python program to execute a command on remote machine.

Conclusion: Thus we have configured DHCP server and installed the software on remote machine.

Questions:

1. What is DHCP?

2. Explain lease allocation process.

3. Draw DHCP packet format.



Assignment No:A6

Title: Design and Setup LAN with Star topology to access Storage Area Network (SAN).

The SAN must have DSP data, Text Data, Multimedia Data available for the

access.

Aim: To design and setup LAN with star topology to access Storage Area Network.

Prerequisites:

Student should know about IP addressing.

Student should know basic concept like type of network topology, storage types, device.

Student should know basic commands for Ubuntu.

Objective: Implement Storage Area Network on LAN.

Theory:

What is SAN ?

A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block

level data storage. SANs are primarily used to enhance storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape

libraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the devices appear like locally

attached devices to the operating system. A SAN typically has its own network of storage devices

that are generally not accessible through the local area network (LAN) by other devices.



Benefits of SAN?

Sharing storage usually simplifies storage administration and adds flexibility since cables

and storage devices do not have to be physically moved to shift storage from one server to

another.

Other benefits include the ability to allow servers to boot from the SAN itself. This allows

for a quick and easy replacement of faulty servers since the SAN can be reconfigured so

that a replacement server can use the LUN of the faulty server. While this area of

technology is still new, many view it as being the future of the enterprise datacenter

SANs also tend to enable more effective disaster recovery processes. A SAN could span a

distant location containing a secondary storage array. This enables storage replication

either implemented by disk array controllers, by server software, or by specialized SAN

devices. Since IP WANs are often the least costly method of long-distance transport, the

Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) and iSCSI protocols have been developed to allow SAN

extension over IP networks. The traditional physical SCSI layer could only support a few

meters of distance - not nearly enough to ensure business continuance in a disaster.

SAN using iSCSI:



The Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) is a popular family of protocols for

communicating with I/O devices, especially storage devices.

iSCSI= Internet SCSI = SCSI over TCP/IP–send SCSI commands over an IP network

The iSCSI protocol enables universal access to storage devices and storage-area networks

(SANs) over standard Ethernet-based TCP/IP networks.

iSCSI maintains the SCSI notion of an Initiator and Target device

iSCSI removes the traditional bus structure of SCSI and maps SCSI over a network

iSCSISession Types:

iSCSI has two (2) Session types

–Discovery

–Normal

Each Session has two (2) Phases

–Login–Contains Security Negotiation and Operational Parameter Negotiation

–Full Feature Phase

Configuration of iSCSI on Ubuntu:

TARGET CONFIGURATION:

LioTarget

LIOTarget is available in Linux kernels 3.1 and higher.

Install the Liotarget packages:

# apt-get install targetcli

Liotarget is controlled using the targetcli command line utility.

Configuration Commands:

> targetcli



>cd backstores/fileio

/backstores/fileio> help create(for help)

/backstores/fileio> create lun0 /root/iscsilun0 2g (create 2GB file backed LUN)

Now the LUN is created. Next we’ll set up the target so client systems can access the storage.

/backstores/fileio/lun0> cd /iscsi

/iscsi> create(create iqnand target port group)

/iscsi/iqn.20...a672ba1/tpgt1> set attribute authentication=0(turn off chap auth)

/iscsi/iqn.20...a672ba1/tpgt1> cd luns

/iscsi/iqn.20...a1/tpgt1/luns> create /backstores/fileio/lun0(create the target LUN)

/iscsi/iqn.20...gt1/luns/lun0> cd ../../portals

/iscsi/iqn.20...tpgt1/portals> create IP Address of machine (eg 172.16.75.209)

Register initiator —this IQN is the IQN of the initiator —do this for each initiator that will access

the target

/iscsi/iqn.20...102.164:3260> cd../../acls

/iscsi/iqn.20...a1/tpgt1/acls> create iqn.1994-05.com.redhat:f5b312caf756

/> saveconfig (SAVE the configuration!)

/> exit

INITIATOR CONFIGURATION:

iSCSI Initiator Install

To configure Ubuntu Server as an iSCSI initiator

install the open-iscsipackage.

In a terminal enter: sudo apt-get install open-iscsi



iSCSI Initiator Configuration

Once the open-iscsipackage is installed, edit /etc/iscsi/iscsid.conf changing the following: node.startup=

automatic

You can check which targets are available by using the iscsiadmutility. Enter the following in a terminal:

sudo iscsiadm –m discovery –t st -p 172.16.75.209

-m: determines the mode that iscsiadm executes in.

-t: specifies the type of discovery.

-p: option indicates the target IP address.

If the target is available you should see output similar to the following: 172.16.75.209:3260,1 iqn.1992-

05.com.emc:sl7b92030000520000-2

–The iqn number and IP address above will vary depending on your hardware.

Login to the iSCSI node:

sudo iscsiadm –m node –login

Check to make sure that the new disk has been detected using dmesg:

dmesg| grep sd

Formatting disk:

Next, create a partition, format the file system, and mount the new iSCSI disk. In a terminal enter:

sudo fdisk /dev/sdb

n

p



enter

w

Now format the file system and mount it to /srv as an example:

sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1

sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /srv

Finally, add an entry to /etc/fstab to mount the iSCSI drive during boot:

/dev/sdb1 /srvext4 defaults,auto,_netdev 0 0

Reboot Target machine

Conclusion:

Thus we have implemented and configuration SAN in local Area Network using Liotarget (storage

management soft) and iSCSI Protocol.

Questions:

1) What is SAN?

2) Basic Structure of SAN.

3) Packages needed for configuration of SAN.

4) Give steps for configuration of Target/Server Machine.

5) Give steps for configuration of Client/initiator machine.



Assignment No:B1

Title: Edge detection by Sobel operator

Aim: Write a Python program to grab the image from Camera and apply the edge detection

algorithm (overloaded with Sobel variants, Others) to find the edges use BBB / ARM Cortex

A5/A9/M4 Mobile Boards. Store the Images in SAN (for BIGDATA analytics)

Prerequisites:

Objective: To understand & implement edge detection algorithm by sobel operator on an image.

Theory: 1. Edge detection

Edge detection is a basic tool used in image processing, basically for feature detection and

extraction, which aim to identify points in a digital image where brightness of image changes

sharply and find discontinuities. The purpose of edge detection is significantly reducing the

amount of data in an image and preserves the structural properties for further image processing. In

a grey level image the edge is a local feature that, with in a neighborhood separates regions in each

of which the gray level is more or less uniform with in different values on the two sides of the

edge. For a noisy image it is difficult to detect edges as both edge and noise contains high

frequency contents which results in blurred and distorted result.

Different edge detection methodologies

Edge detection makes use of differential operators to detect changes in the gradients of the grey

levels. It is divided into two main categories:



FIRST ORDER EDGE DETECTION OR GRADIENT BASED EDGE OPERATOR:

It is based on the use of a first order derivative, or can say gradient based. If I (i , j) be the input

image, then image gradient is given by following formula

Classical operators

Robert, Sobel , Prewitt are classified as classical operators which are easy to operate but highly

sensitive to noise.



1. Robert operator

It is gradient based operator. It firstly computes the sum of the squares of the difference between

diagonally adjacent pixels through discrete differentiation and then calculate approximate gradient

of the image. The input image is convolved with the default kernels of operator and gradient

magnitude and directions are computed. It uses following 2 x2 two kernels:

Conclusion: Thus we have implemented packet sniffer tool.

The plus factor of this operator is its simplicity but having small kernel it is highly sensitive to

noise not and not much compatible with today’s technology.

2 .Sobel operator

Sobel operator is a discrete differentiation operator used to compute an approximation of the

gradient of image intensity function for edge detection. At each pixel of an image, sobel operator

gives either the corresponding gradient vector or normal to the vector. It convolves the input image

with kernel and computes the gradient magnitude and direction. It uses following 3x3 two kernels:

As compared to Robert operator have slow computation ability but as it has large kernel so it is

less sensitive to noise as compared to Robert operator. As having larger mask, errors due to effects

of noise are reduced by local averaging within the neighborhood of the mask.



3 Prewitt operators

The function of Prewitt edge detector is almost same as of sobel detector but have different kernels:

Prewitt edge operator gives better performance than that of sobel operator.

ARM Cortex Description :

Conceptually the Cortex-M4 is a Cortex-M3 plus DSP Instructions, and optional floating-point

unit (FPU). If a core contains an FPU, it is known as a Cortex-M4F, otherwise it is a Cortex-M4.

Key features of the Cortex-M4 core are:

ARMv7E-M architecture

Instruction sets

o Thumb (entire)

o Thumb-2 (entire)

o 1-cycle 32-bit hardware multiply, 2-12 cycle 32-bit hardware divide, saturated math

support

o DSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-

bit SIMD arithmetic

3-stage pipeline with branch speculation

1 to 240 physical interrupts, plus NMI



12 cycle interrupt latency

Integrated sleep modes

Silicon options:

Optional Floating-Point Unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. This is

called the FPv4-SP extension.

Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions

Chips

The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4 core:

Atmel SAM4L, SAM4N, SAM4S

Freescale Kinetis K

The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4F (M4 + FPU) core:

Atmel SAM4C (dual core), SAM4E, SAMG

Energy Micro EFM32 Wonder

Freescale Kinetis K

Infineon XMC4000

NXP LPC4000, LPC4300(one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0)

STMicroelectronics STM32 F3, F4

Texas Instruments LM4F, TM4C

Spansion FM4F

Toshiba TX04

The following chips have either a Cortex-M4 or M4F as a secondary core:

Freescale Vybrid VF6 (one Cortex-A5 + one Cortex-M4F)

Texas Instruments OMAP 5 (one dual-core Cortex-A15 + two Cortex-M4)



Conclusion:



Hence we have studied edge detection algorithm by Sobel operator on image.

FAQ:-

1) What is edge detection technique? Explain in brief different edge detection techniques.

2) Explain the following terms associated with audio processing.

i) Timbre ii) Loudness iii) Pitch

3) What do you mean by Speech Synthesis and Recognition? Draw and explain Human

Speech Model in brief.



Assignment No:B4

Title: Study and perform Linux networking commands emulation using Python or C++.

Aim: Study and perform Linux networking commands emulation using Python or C++.

Prerequisites: Student should know basic Linux commands.

Objective:

Students should be able to perform Linux networking commands emulation using Python or C++.

Theory:

Linux networking commands emulation:

An emulation is a system that behaves exactly like something else, and abides by all of

the rules of the system being emulated. It is effectively a complete replication of another system,

right down to being binary compatible with the emulated system's inputs and outputs, but

operating in a different environment to the environment of the original emulated system. The

rules are fixed, and cannot be changed or the system fails.

Example of Networking commands in Unix

let's see some example of various networking command in Unix and Linux. Some of them are

quite basic e.g. ping and telnet and some are more powerful e.g. nslookup and netstat. When you

used these commands in combination of find and grep you can get anything you are looking for

e.g. hostname, connection end points, connection status etc.

hostname with no options displays the machines host name

hostname –d displays the domain name the machine belongs to

hostname –f displays the fully qualified host and domain name

hostname –i displays the IP address for the current machine

ping

It sends packets of information to the user-defined source. If the packets are received, the

destination device sends packets back. Ping can be used for two purposes

1. To ensure that a network connection can be established.

2. Timing information as to the speed of the connection.



If you do ping www.yahoo.com it will display its IP address. Use ctrl+C to stop the test.

ifconfig

View network configuration, it displays the current network adapter configuration. It is handy to

determine if you are getting transmit (TX) or receive (RX) errors.

netstat

Most useful and very versatile for finding connection to and from the host. You can find out all

the multicast groups (network) subscribed by this host by issuing "netstat -g"

netstat -nap | grep port will display process id of application which is using that port

netstat -a or netstat –all will display all connections including TCP and UDP

netstat --tcp or netstat –t will display only TCP connection

netstat --udp or netstat –u will display only UDP connection

netstat -g will display all multicast network subscribed by this host.

nslookup

If you know the IP address it will display hostname. To find all the IP addresses for a given

domain name, the command nslookup is used. You must have a connection to the internet for this

utility to be useful.

E.g. nslookup blogger.com

You can also use nslookup to convert hostname to IP Address and from IP Address from

hostname.

traceroute

A handy utility to view the number of hops and response time to get to a remote system or web

site is traceroute. Again you need an internet connection to make use of this tool.

Ex. traceroute 172.16.75.222

port = 33434

max_hops = 30

http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2011/09/find-hostname-from-ip-address-to.html



finger

View user information, displays a user’s login name, real name, terminal name and write status.

this is pretty old unix command and rarely used now days.

Conclusion: Thus we have studied how to perform Linux networking commands emulation.

Questions:

1. What are different Linux networking commands?

2. What is Emulation?

3. finding host/domain name and IP address – hostname

4. test network connection – ping

5. getting network configuration – ifconfig

6. Network connections, routing tables, interface statistics – netstat

7. query DNS lookup name – nslookup

8. checking status of destination host - telnet



Assignment No:B9

Title: Implementation of Concurrent Text Conferencing application using Python or

Java.

Aim: Implementation of Concurrent Text Conferencing application using Python or

Java.

Prerequisites: Student should know what Text conferencing is.

Objective: To study implementation of chat application.

Theory:

Concurrent Text Conferencing:

The Concurrent text conferencing include the LAN Chat Server is a program that functions as

the server side of the chat software for the local area network.

The server side of the program allows all the clients of the software to connect with one to each

other. In order to operate this program correctly, you will need the client side of this program

(different distribution).

Text Messaging

It combines everything necessary for text chat between users: chatting in channels, message exchange,

animated emoticons, and a bulletin board. All text information is transferred in Unicode encoding.

Image Exchange

It allows image exchange that is quick, comfortable and effective. Images inserted into public channels,

private channels or messages are automatically compressed to ensure maximum comfort and minimum

network load.

File Transfer

It enables users to exchange files in the fastest and most comfortable way. Just drag and drop the

necessary files or folders onto the recipient’s image in the list and the program will begin the file transfer.

Advanced buffering mechanisms make the most effective possible use of networks with a bandwidth from

32 Kbit/s to 1 000 Mbit/s. Resumed downloads allow users to finish a file transfer even in cases where the

connection is broken for up to 5 minutes.



What is the difference between the terms concurrent and parallel execution?

What is Thread in java?

1. All Java programs have at least one thread, known as the main thread, which is created by

the JVM at the program’s start, when the main() method is invoked with the main thread.

2. Every Java thread is created and controlled by the java.lang.Thread class.

3. A Java program can have many threads, and these threads can run concurrently, either

asynchronously or synchronously.

Multitasking:

1. multitasking is a method by which multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common

processing resources such as a CPU

2. Multitasking refers to the ability of the OS to quickly switch between each computing task

to give the impression the different applications are executing multiple actions

simultaneously.

3. As CPU clock speeds have increased steadily over time, not only do applications run faster,

but OSs can switch between applications more quickly. This provides better overall

performance



Multicore:

When running on a multicore system, multitasking OSs can truly execute multiple tasks

concurrently.

the multiple computing engines work independently on different tasks.

For example, on a dual-core system, four applications - such as word processing, e-mail,

Web browsing, and antivirus software - can each access a separate processor core at the

same time. You can multitask by checking e-mail and typing a letter simultaneously, thus

improving overall performance for applications.



Multithreading:

Multithreading is the ability of a program or an operating system to serve more than one

user at a time and to manage multiple simultaneous requests without the need to have

multiple copies of the programs running within the computer.

The main purpose of multithreading is to provide simultaneous execution of two or more

parts of a program to maximum utilize the CPU time. A multithreaded program contains

two or more parts that can run concurrently. Each part of such a program called a thread.

Each thread has a separate path of its execution. So this way a single program can perform

two or more tasks simultaneously.

Threads are lightweight processes; they share the same address space. In Multithreaded

environment, programs make maximum use of CPU so that the idle time can be kept to

minimum.

Difference between Process and Thread?

Process:

1. Program in Execution

2. Heavy Weight

3. Required Separate address space

4. inter process communication is expensive

Thread:

1. separate path of execution,one or more thread is called process

2. light weight

3. share same address space

4. Inter thread communication is less expensive

Conclusion: Thus we have studied Implementation of Concurrent Text Conferencing application.

Questions:

1. What is Text conferencing in LAN?

2. Explain the concept of concurrent Text Conferencing?

3. What are different steps for performing Concurrent text conferencing?



Assignment No: B12

Title: Implement a program for remote print manager to print documents on remote

printer. (IP based printer) using Python

Aim: To implement python program to print document on remote printer.

Prerequisites:

Student should know about printer management in LAN.

Student should know basics of subprocess like os, popen and print command.

Objective: Implement program for print a document on remote printer.

Theory:

Remote Printing:

Remote printing is a function in which a computer is used with a distant printer. Remote printing

programs are available for most computers. It is often possible, however, to set up the feature in

the operating system without the need for a specialized application program.

We are using the following subprocess

subprocess.Popen()

The underlying process creation and management in this module is handled by the Popen class. It

offers a lot of flexibility so that developers are able to handle the less common cases not covered

by the convenience functions. subprocess.Popen() executes a child program in a new process.

subprocess.Popen() – stdin

Writing to a process can be done in a very similar way. If we want to send data to the process's stdin, we

need to create the Popen object with stdin=subprocess.PIPE

subprocess.Popen("/usr/bin/lpr", stdin=subprocess.PIPE)



subprocess.PIPE

Special value that can be used as the stdin, stdout or stderr argument to Popen and indicates that a pipe

to the standard stream should be opened.

subprocess.STDOUT

Special value that can be used as the stderr argument to Popen and indicates that standard error should go

into the same handle as standard output.

To support a wide variety of use cases, the Popen constructor accept a large number of optional arguments.

The arguments that are most commonly needed are:

args is required for all calls and should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. Providing a

sequence of arguments is generally preferred, as it allows the module to take care of any required escaping

and quoting of arguments (e.g. to permit spaces in file names). If passing a single string, either shell must

be True (see below) or else the string must simply name the program to be executed without specifying any

arguments.

stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed program’s standard input, standard output and standard

error file handles, respectively. Valid values are PIPE, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an

existing file object, and None. PIPE indicates that a new pipe to the child should be created. With the

default settings of None, no redirection will occur; the child’s file handles will be inherited from the parent.

Additionally, stderr can be STDOUT, which indicates that the stderr data from the child process should be

captured into the same file handle as for stdout.

Conclusion: Thus we have implement a program for printing a document on remote printer.

Questions:

1) What is meaning of remote printer?

2) What is subprocess?

3) Explain Subprocess.Popen().

https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen



https://docs.python.org/2/library/constants.html#True

https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.PIPE

https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.PIPE

https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html#subprocess.STDOUT



ASSIGNMENT No.B 17

TITLE: Generate sine wave of programmable frequency

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Write a C++/ Python program to generate a Sine wave of Programmable frequency and capture samples at programmable frequency (Max up as per Nyquist Sampling Theorem) and reconstruct the Sign wave using collected Samples using ARM Cortex A5/A9. Use oscilloscope to calculate signal frequency. Write your observations. Store a Data file in SAN (BIGDATA)

OBJECTIVE:

1. To learn the basic concept of sampling.

2. To learn the nyquist sampling criteria.

3. To generate sine wave and observe its sampling frequency and then reconstruct sine wave

using collected samples.

PART-1 Write a C++/ Python program to generate a Sign wave of Programmable frequency and capture samples at programmable frequency. PART-2 Reconstruct the Sign wave using collected Samples using ARM Cortex A5/A9. Use oscilloscope to calculate signal frequency. Write your observations.

Prerequisite:

Software: turbo c/c++, mini com.

Hardware: ARM cortex A5/A9, oscilloscope

THEORY: The simplest method to generate Sine wave is to use Trigonometric Sin function. The Sin function will generate the samples from our specific parameter like sampling frequency, number of samples, input frequency. In this project, generating the correct sample is important. The library function "sin ()" does all of the work. It’s most basic form as a function of time (t) is:



y (t)=A.sinωt

Where:

A, the amplitude ω, the angular frequency, specifies how many oscillations occur in a unit time interval, in radians per second. φ, the phase, specifies where in its cycle the oscillation begins at t = 0.

The definition of proper sampling is quite simple. Suppose you sample a continuous signal in some manner. If you can exactly reconstruct the analog signal from the samples, you must have done the sampling properly. Even if the sampled data appears confusing or incomplete, the key information has been captured if you can reverse the process.

Figure shows several sinusoids before and after digitization. The continuous line represents the analog signal entering the ADC, while the square markers are the digital signal leaving the ADC. In (a), the analog signal is a constant DC value, a cosine wave of zero frequency. Since the analog signal is a series of straight lines between each of the samples, all of the information needed to reconstruct the analog signal is contained in the digital data. According to our definition, this is proper sampling.

The sine wave shown in (b) has a frequency of 0.09 of the sampling rate. This might represent, for example, a 90 cycle/second sine wave being sampled at 1000 samples/second. Expressed in another way, there are 11.1 samples taken over each complete cycle of the sinusoid. This situation is more complicated than the previous case, because the analog signal cannot be reconstructed by simply drawing straight lines between the data points. Do these samples properly represent the analog signal? The answer is yes, because no other sinusoid, or combination of sinusoids, will produce this pattern of samples (within the reasonable constraints listed below). These samples correspond to only one analog signal, and therefore the analog signal can be exactly reconstructed. Again, an instance of proper sampling.

In (c), the situation is made more difficult by increasing the sine wave's frequency to 0.31 of the sampling rate. This results in only 3.2 samples per sine wave cycle. Here the samples are so sparse that they don't even appear to follow the general trend of the analog signal. Do these samples properly represent the analog waveform? Again, the answer is yes, and for exactly the same reason. The samples are a unique representation of the analog signal. All of the information needed to reconstruct the continuous waveform is contained in the digital data. How you go about doing this will be discussed later in this chapter. Obviously, it must be more sophisticated than just drawing straight lines between the data points. As strange as it seems, this is proper sampling according to our definition.

In (d), the analog frequency is pushed even higher to 0.95 of the sampling rate, with a mere 1.05 samples per sine wave cycle. Do these samples properly represent the data? No, they don't! The samples represent a different sine wave from the one contained in the analog signal. In particular, the original sine wave of 0.95 frequencies misrepresents itself as a sine wave of 0.05 frequency in the digital signal. This phenomenon of sinusoids changing frequency during sampling is called



aliasing. Just as a criminal might take on an assumed name or identity (an alias), the sinusoid assumes another frequency that is not its own. Since the digital data is no longer uniquely related to a particular analog signal, an unambiguous reconstruction is impossible. There is nothing in the sampled data to suggest that the original analog signal had a frequency of 0.95 rather than 0.05. The sine wave has hidden its true identity completely; the perfect crime has been committed! According to our definition, this is an example of improper sampling.

a) The analog signal is a constant DC value b) frequency of 0.09 of the sampling rate

c) The sine wave's frequency to 0.31 of the sampling rate d) The sine wave's frequency to 0.91 of the sampling rate

Nyquist criteria is the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing, where aliasing is the distortion that results in the signal when reconstructed from samples is different from the original continuous time signal. Given by fs >= 2*f



Part-I

Program to generate a Sign wave of Programmable frequency and capture samples at programmable frequency

Input:-

1. Amplitude(a)

2. Frequency (f) 3. Sampling frequency (fs)

Observation:-

Sr. Amplitude(a) Signal Frequency(f) Sample Frequency(fs) Samples(n)

No.

1 5V 100Hz 200Hz ?

2

3

3

4

5

Output: - Sine wave with its samples (n).



Part-II

Reconstruct the Sign wave using collected Samples using ARM Cortex A5/A9. Use oscilloscope to calculate signal frequency. Write your observations.

Fig.2 Block diagram user interface, ARM Cortex A5/A9 & oscilloscope for to

reconstruct sine wave. Conclusion: Hence we have studied generation of Sine Wave and Cosine Wave

FAQ:-

3) Explain aliasing effect and Sampling theorem in detail.

4) State classification of signals.

5) Explain A/D and D/A converter with block diagram and State advantages of Digital

Signal processing.



ASSIGNMENT No.B 18

TITLE: Generate SQUARE wave of programmable frequency PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Write a C++/ Python program to generate a Square wave of programmable frequency. Write a

function to generate Pole-Zero Diagram using multicore programming.

OBJECTIVE:

1. To learn the basic concept to generate a Square wave.

2. To learn the concept of Pole zero Diagram.

3. To generate sine wave and observe its sampling frequency and then Draw pole zero plot.

Prerequisite:

Software: turbo c/c++

THEORY:

PART-1

Square Wave Generation

A square wave is a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform (which can be represented as an

infinite summation of sinusoidal waves), in which the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency

between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum.

Square waves are often encountered in electronics and signal processing. Square waves are

universally encountered in digital switching circuits and are naturally generated by binary (two-

level) logic devices. They are used as timing references or "clock signals", because their fast

transitions are suitable for triggering synchronous logic circuits at precisely determined intervals.

A square wave having amplitude 'a' is represented as follows:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-sinusoidal_waveform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_logic



If the sampling frequency is '𝑓𝑠 ', then for a wave of amplitude 'a' the number of samples is given

by 2a/𝑓𝑠.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Enter frequency F and Sampling Frequency Fs.

Step 2:

k=0;

do

{

for(n=(k*Fs)/(2*F);n<((k+1)*Fs)/(2*F);n++)

{ // positive half cycle of square wave

x[n]=A;



if(n>MAX)break;

}

for(n=((k+1)*Fs)/(2*F);n<((k+2)*Fs)/(2*F);n++)

{ // negative half cycle of square wave

x[n] = -A;

if(n>MAX) break;

}

k = k+2; // this count is modified for next cycle

} while(n<MAX);

break;

Step 3: Plotting this wave by using Graphics function.

PART-2

Generation of Pole-Zero Diagram

THEORY:

Consider a LTI system with input X(n) and output Y(n).

In terms of z-Transform we can define system transfer function H(z) as the ratio of o/p & i/p

H(Z) = Y(Z)/X(Z)

We can express z-Transform as the ratio of 2 polynomials called as rational z-transform.

X(Z ) = N(Z)/D(Z)

= b0 + b1Z -1 + b2Z -2 + -------- + bnZ-n

a0 + a1Z-1 + a2

-2 + -------- + anZ-n

Poles are the values of Z for which X(Z) is infinity.

Zeros are the values of Z for which X(Z) is 0.



The equation can be written as,

m

X(Z)= ∑ bkZ-k

K=0

n

∑ akZ-k

K=0

Rearranging the equation,

X(Z) = Z-mb0 [Zm + b1/b0 (Z

m-1) + ……………… +bm/b0]

Z-nb0 [Zn + b1/b0 (Z

n-1) + ……………… +bn/b0]

Where Z1, Z2 ………………. Zm are zeros.

&b1, b2 …………….... bn are poles.

EXAMPLE:

Determine pole-zero plot for the system.

X(Z) = 1 + 3Z-1

1 + 3Z-1 + 2Z-2

Multiply &divide by Z^2.

Therefore,

X(Z) = Z2 + 3Z

Z2 + 3Z + 2

= Z(Z + 3)

(Z + 1)(Z + 2)

Here, X(Z) is 0 for Z=0 & Z=-3.

X(Z) is ∞ for Z=-1,-2.

Therefore,

Poles = -1,-2.

Zeros = 0,-3.



Conclusion: Hence pole zero plot and square wave generated . FAQ:-

6) Define system function H (z).Obtain it from Nth order difference equation and express it

for all pole and all zero system.

7) How the system function H(z) describes the properties of DT system? What is pole zero

plot.

8) Draw the pole zero plot for a system described as:

y(n)=x(n)-x(n-1)+3y(n-1)-2y(n-2)



Assignment No: 19B

Title: To capture a signal and perform various operations for analyzing it.

Aim: Write a C++/ Python program to capture signal using ARM Cortex A5/A9/M4

ADC and signal generator, generate/construct a Square/Sine wave of programmable frequency and

voltage Draw Voltage (y-axis) and Time (x-axis) graph. Write a function to emulate simple RC

filter with R being Trim-pot(GUI meter) of 10K and C = 0.1 microFarad. Write a program to

generate a Voltage-Time response curve with reference to change in R. Draw the resultant outcome

graph. Store the data in SAN (BIGDATA)

Objective: To generate a square/sine wave of programmable frequency and emulate a RC filter

and understanding the response curves.

Theory:

ARM

Conceptually the Cortex-M4 is a Cortex-M3 plus DSP Instructions, and optional floating-point

unit (FPU). If a core contains an FPU, it is known as a Cortex-M4F, otherwise it is a Cortex-M4.

Key features of the Cortex-M4 core are:

ARMv7E-M architecture

Instruction sets

o Thumb (entire)

o Thumb-2 (entire)

o 1-cycle 32-bit hardware multiply, 2-12 cycle 32-bit hardware divide, saturated math

support

o DSP extension: Single cycle 16/32-bit MAC, single cycle dual 16-bit MAC, 8/16-

bit SIMD arithmetic

3-stage pipeline with branch speculation

1 to 240 physical interrupts, plus NMI

12 cycle interrupt latency

Integrated sleep modes

Silicon options:



Optional Floating-Point Unit (FPU): single-precision only IEEE-754 compliant. This is

called the FPv4-SP extension.

Optional Memory Protection Unit (MPU): 0 or 8 regions

Chips

The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4 core:

Atmel SAM4L, SAM4N, SAM4S

Freescale Kinetis K

The following microcontrollers are based on the Cortex-M4F (M4 + FPU) core:

Atmel SAM4C (dual core), SAM4E, SAMG

Energy Micro EFM32 Wonder

Freescale Kinetis K

Infineon XMC4000

NXP LPC4000, LPC4300(one Cortex-M4F + one Cortex-M0)

STMicroelectronics STM32 F3, F4

Texas Instruments LM4F, TM4C

Spansion FM4F

Toshiba TX04

The following chips have either a Cortex-M4 or M4F as a secondary core:

Freescale Vybrid VF6 (one Cortex-A5 + one Cortex-M4F)

Texas Instruments OMAP 5 (one dual-core Cortex-A15 + two Cortex-M4)

Square waveA square wave is a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform (which can be represented as

an infinite summation of sinusoidal waves), in which the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency

between fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum.

The transition between minimum to maximum is instantaneous for an ideal square wave; this is



not realizable in physical systems. Square waves are often encountered in electronics and signal

processing. Its stochastic counterpart is a two-state trajectory. A similar but not necessarily

symmetrical wave, with arbitrary durations at minimum and maximum, is called a rectangular

wave (of which the square wave is a special case).

Square waves are universally encountered in digital switching circuits and are naturally generated

by binary (two-level) logic devices. They are used as timing references or "clock signals", because

their fast transitions are suitable for triggering synchronous logic circuits at precisely determined

intervals. However, as the frequency-domain graph shows, square waves contain a wide range of

harmonics; these can generate electromagnetic radiation or pulses of current that interfere with

other nearby circuits, causing noise or errors. To avoid this problem in very sensitive circuits such

as precision analog-to-digital converters, sine waves are used instead of square waves as timing

references.

In musical terms, they are often described as sounding hollow, and are therefore used as the basis

for wind instrument sounds created using subtractive synthesis. Additionally, the distortion effect

used on electric guitars clips the outermost regions of the waveform, causing it to increasingly

resemble a square wave as more distortion is applied.

The sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation.

It is named after the function sine, of which it is the graph. It occurs often in pure and applied

mathematics, as well as physics, engineering, signal processing and many other fields. Its most

basic form as a function of time (t) is:

The sine wave is important in physics because it retains its wave shape when added to another sine

wave of the same frequency and arbitrary phase and magnitude. It is the only periodic waveform

that has this property. This property leads to its importance in Fourier analysis and makes it

acoustically unique.



A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated network that provides access to consolidated, block

level data storage. SANs are primarily used to enhance storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape

libraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the devices appear like locally

attached devices to the operating system. A SAN typically has its own network of storage devices

that are generally not accessible through the local area network (LAN) by other devices. The cost

and complexity of SANs dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both

enterprise and small to medium sized business environments.

A SAN does not provide file abstraction, only block-level operations. However, file systems built

on top of SANs do provide file-level access, and are known as SAN filesystems or shared disk file

systems.

Sharing storage usually simplifies storage administration and adds flexibility since cables and

storage devices do not have to be physically moved to shift storage from one server to another.

Other benefits include the ability to allow servers to boot from the SAN itself. This allows for a

quick and easy replacement of faulty servers since the SAN can be reconfigured so that a

replacement server can use the LUN of the faulty server. While this area of technology is still new,

many view it as being the future of the enterprise datacenter.

SANs also tend to enable more effective disaster recovery processes. A SAN could span a distant

location containing a secondary storage array. This enables storage replication either implemented

by disk array controllers, by server software, or by specialized SAN devices. Since IP WANs are

often the least costly method of long-distance transport, the Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) and

iSCSI protocols have been developed to allow SAN extension over IP networks. The traditional

physical SCSI layer could only support a few meters of distance - not nearly enough to ensure

business continuance in a disaster.

The economic consolidation of disk arrays has accelerated the advancement of several features

including I/O caching, snap shotting, and volume cloning (Business Continuance Volumes or

BCVs).



Fig: VT curve before RC filter Fig: VT curve after RC filte



Conclusion:

Hence we have observed voltage to time response curve with respect to resistor.

FAQ:-

9) Discuss the form of an Nth order difference equation used to describe a DT system. How

can it be expressed as an FIR and IIR system?

10) What are filter structures? Explain how the Direct and cascade form of FIR filters are

obtained and realized from the system function H(z).

11) Derive the Direct form II IIR filter structure from system function H(z) and represent it

using multipliers, adders and delay elements.



Assignment No: C5

Title: Installation and setup to control the remote machine.

Aim: Install setup and access remote machine.

Prerequisites:

Student should know about remote machine

Objective: To install, setup and access remote machine by using Remote Desktop Connection

windows XP.

Theory:

Connect to another computer using Remote Desktop Connection Windows XP:

With Remote Desktop Connection, you can connect to a computer running Windows from another

computer running Windows that's connected to the same network or to the Internet. For example,

you can use all of your work computer's programs, files, and network resources from your home

computer, and it's just like you're sitting in front of your computer at work.

To connect to a remote computer, that computer must be turned on, it must have a network

connection, Remote Desktop must be enabled, you must have network access to the remote

computer (this could be through the Internet), and you must have permission to connect. For

permission to connect, you must be on the list of users. Before you start a connection, it's a good

idea to look up the name of the computer you're connecting to and to make sure Remote Desktop

connections are allowed through its firewall.

If you're user account doesn't require a password to sign in, you'll need to add a password before

you're allowed to start a connection with a remote computer.

Step 1:



Secondly, you need to make sure that you are logged in as a computer administrator on the machine

in order to set it up for remote access. If you brought a computer from a store or got it straight

from the manufacturer, the first user name you create is always an Administrator account.

An easy way to check whether or not you are an Administrator is to go to Start, Control Panel and

then click on User Accounts. You’ll see your user name and it should have “Administrators” or

“Computer Administrator” written next to it.

Step:2

Thirdly, the administrator account on your machine must have a password. If you do not have to

type in a password in order to access Windows when you start up your computer, then you do not

have a password set up and Remote Desktop will not work. Remote desktop does not allow you to

connect to a computer with a user account that does not have a password.

When you go to User Accounts and click on the Administrator account, you will see an option to

create a password for the account. Go ahead and do that before moving on.



Step:3

Next, if the computer you are connecting to is running Windows XP SP3, then you need to open the

firewall to allow remote desktop connections. To do this, go to Start, Control Panel, Windows

Firewall and click on the Exceptions tab.

Step:4

Make sure that the Remote Desktop check box is checked. The last thing that needs to be done in

order for Remote Desktop to work correctly is to tell Windows that we want to allow users to connect

remotely. So far we’ve just fulfilled the requirements, but now we have to actually allow remote

desktop connections to this computer.



Go to Start, Control Panel, and click on System. Click on the Remote tab and make sure that the

“Allows users to connect remotely to this computer” box is checked. Don’t worry about clicking the

Select Remote Users button because Administrators have access by default. If you want to give an

non-administrator account remote desktop access, then click that button and add the user.

Step:5

And that’s it! Your computer is now setup for remote desktop! First try connecting to the XP machine

from another computer on your home network. In order to connect, go to the other computer and

click on Start, All programs, Accessories, Communications, and Remote Desktop Connection. If you

want to connect to the XP machine from Windows Vista, Windows 7 or Windows 8, just click on

Start and perform a search for remote desktop connection.



Step:6

In the dialog box, you can type in the IP address or the name of the computer. The best way to connect

is to type in the IP address of the computer. In order to get the IP address of the computer you want

to connect to, go to the computer and click on Start, Run and type in CMD.



Step:7

Using “ipconfig” command in cmd you can find IP ADDRESS of your machine.

Step:8

Click Connect and you should get a login screen pop up, which means you have successfully connected

to the other computer. You can now enter the Computer Administrator user name and password.

If you get an error saying that computer cannot accept new connections, etc. that means something

was not configured correctly. Remember you need to give the administrator account a password,

open the port in the firewall, and check the allow remote connections check box in the System

properties. All three items need to be performed on computer you want to connect TO.

Once you are able to connect from within the same network, now you can try to connect from outside.

So if you want to connect to your home computer from the office, you can do that, but you’ll have to

do a few extra things.

Conclusion: Thus we have install, configure and connect to a machine by remotely.

Questions:

4) What is mean by remote access machine?

5) What are steps used to connect remotely?

6) List of the software/tools which are used for remote connection?

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