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What is a programming languages?

A programming language is a set associated with rules that provides a way associated with informing the computer what operation to perform

The programming language is a set of rules with regard to communicating an algorithm

It provides a linguistic framework with regard to explaining computations

Additional languages look like English (‘high-level’” i.e, Print ‘Hello’) • Logo• JavaScript• And many more

Why study programming languages?

Be a much better software engineer• Understand how to work with language attributes• Appreciate implementation issues

Much better background with regard to language choice• Familiar with selection of languages• Realize problems or benefits or drawbacks

Much better to learn languages• You will need to need to know a lot



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Much better knowledge of implementation problems• The way is usually “this feature” applied?• How does “this part” run so slowly?

Much better in a position to design languages• People who ignore history tend to be sure in

order to replicate it.



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Why are there so many programming languages?

There are thousands! Evolution

• Structured languages -> OO programming Special purposes

• Lisp with regard to symbols; Snobol with regard to strings; C with regard to systems; Prolog with regard to relationships

Personal preference• Programmers have their own personal tastes

Expressive power• Some features allow you to express your ideas better



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Cont…

Simple to use• Especially for training or understanding tasks

Easy execution• Simple to create the compiler or interpreter with regard

to Good compilers

• Fortran in the 50’s as well as 60’s Economics, patronage

• Cobol as well as Ada, for example



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Some Procedural Languages

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)

COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)

Pascal

C

Ada



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Special Programming Languages

Scripting Languages• JavaScript as well as VBScript• Php and ASP• Perl and Python

Command Languages• sh, csh, bash

Text processing Languages• LaTex, PostScript



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Cont…

HTML• HyperText Markup Language.• Utilized on the web as well as the World Wide Web (WWW).• Web page developer puts brief codes known as tags in the

page to indicate how the page should be formatted.

XML• Extensible Markup Language.• A language with regard to determining additional languages.



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Level of Programming Language

High level program:

Low level program:

Executable machine code:



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class Triangle {....float surface() return b*h/2;}

LOAD r1,bLOAD r2,hMUL r1,r2DIV r2, #2RET

0001001001000101001001001110110010101101001...

Categories of programming languages



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Generations of programming languages

Good feature of various computers developed from time to time, they're classified because generation for computers.



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Cont…

1GL: machine codes 2GL: symbolic assemblers 3GL: (machine independent) imperative languages

(FORTRAN, Pascal, C etc) 4GL: domain specific application generators 5GL: AI languages …

Each generation is at a higher level of abstraction



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LanguageFamily Tree



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Compilers and Interpreters



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Thank You



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