Prof.K.B.R. WATER

Our Natural ResourcesPROF.K.B.REDDY Retd. Professor & head of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Acharya Nagrjuna University Member, State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) Email: [email protected]

What are natural resources? Any form of matter or energy which can be used by humans. Those things that people come in contact with that may be used to perform any useful function. Objects, materials, creatures, or energy found in nature that can be put to use by humans.

Classification of natural resources Renewable and nonrenewable resources Exhaustible and inexhaustible resources Mutable and immutable resources Biotic an abiotic or Living and nonliving resources Conventional and non conventional resources Consumptive and non consumptive resources

Types of Natural Resources Air, water and soil Food, fodder, fuel, fruit, fiber, forests, fisheries vegetable, medicine Metals and minerals Non renewable and exhaustible energy resources of Coal and petroleum products Renewable and inexhaustible energy resources sun, wind, tidal waves, Renewable and maintainable bioenergy resources forests and draught animal power etc.

Soil Resources Soil is defined as the upper weathered surface of the earth where the particles derived from disintegrated rocks get mixed with organic matter, microbes, earthworms and other soil dwelling organisms in which the plants are permanently rooted. Soil acts as the anchorage and substrate plant growth Soil is a complex living environment in which the inorganic substances and organisms area mixed with underground parts of the plants

Soil is a natural ecosystem

Formation of Soil Soil is formed by the weathering or disintegration of rocks. Rocks undergo weathering by the action of the physical factors such as temperature, wind, rainfall or chemical factors such as acids or alkalis or by biological weathering brought about by plants, animals and microbes. Soil formation is a very slow process. For the formation of 6 inches or 15 Cm thick soil by weathering, it may take 1000 years.

Importance of Soil Soil is worshipped by people of all religions because it provides us a place to lives, gives us water, food and takes care of our body after death. It has productive functions, maintenance functions and destructive functions. It is a reservoir for nutrients and water It a sink for different types of waste It anchors the plants, nourishes plant growth More than 90% of all human food is produced on soil Soils are the repositories for precious resources of miners, metals, fossil fuels

Importance of Soil Nearly about 90% of food is produced by mining the soil surface. Agriculture is described as a kind of biological mining where plants selectively absorb nutrients present in the soil solution. Soil is the largest invisible fresh water reservoir. It is the depository for different types of wastes It degrades wastes and releases and recycles nutrients. It provides different types of metals, minerals and fossil fuels It is the place on which we live and carry on all our activites.

Soil is the most valuable economic resource The wealth of most Nations is on account of its land value As a depository of valuable deposits from Coal to Gold and Diamonds, it is the most valuable economic resource. The rapid economic growth attained many countries is on account of real estate business. It is the place on which we carry on all our economic and industrial activity As per capita land surface is decreasing, land is becoming a rare and scarce resource.

Land is a creator, maintainer and destroyer Land is a creator or producer: It produces, food and fresh water Land plays the role of a maintainer Maintenance function: It maintains, water, nutrients, miners, metals, plants, microbes and so on. It is a destroyer: It has the capacity to degrade almost all types of wastes and toxic substances. Thus soil plays the role of Shrusti, Sthiti and Laya or Brahma, Vishnu and Maheswara.

Degradation of Soil ResourcesErosion : Los of top soil on account of wind, water or flood and glaciations is the major problem.1. Since colonial times we have lost 1/3 of our topsoil due to erosion. Nearly about 6 billion tonnes of fertile top soil is lost on account of erosion in India. The total quantity of nutrients lost along with this soil is equivalent to the total quantity of Chemical fertilizers produced in the country. While it takes about 100 years for the formation of 15 Cm thick top soil, the same may be lost in 15 minutes on account of erosion.. Only 1/4 of our cropland is undamaged by erosion. Erosion may render the soil unsuitable for cultivation.

Degradation of Soil Resources contd. Topsoil- uppermost layer of soil from which we get almost all of our food and natural fibers. Today, almost 1/3 of our land area is not suited for farming; 8% covered by cities, factories, homes and highways; 60% is suited for food and fiber production of that only 17% can be used to grow crops.

Degradation of Soil Resources - contdUrban expansion: Fertile lands are laid bare

without any productivity as urban lay outs and urban fallowsLand is converted to business or home usage. Compaction results from concrete or other paving materials severely interfering with percolation of ground water We must establish priorities for land use to balance food an d fiber production and industrial uses of our land.

Degradation of soils Water logging due to lack of proper drainage in most of the command areas Salinity due to frequent flood irrigation coupled with stagnation Alkalinity (high pH) Hardness and compaction leading to loss of porosity Severe grazing leading to loss of protective green cover Mono cultures without crop rotation Intensive cultivation without organic fertilizers

Conservation of soils Prevention of erosion by civil, mechanical and biological methods Improvement of drainage and prevention of wterlogging Construction of check dams, infiltration tanks Forced recharge of ground water through trenches, micro trenches Protection of green cover, organic farming, crop rotation, No tilling agriculture, shelter belts, Wind breaks

Interlinks between soil and water conservation Conservation of soil, water and nutrients are interlinked and interconnected. Rain hater harvesting leads to water conservation, soil moisture conservation and prevention of soil erosion Application of organic fertilizers renders the soils more porous, increases percolation, conserves moisture and reduces run off and erosion.

WATER RESOURCES PROF.K.B.REDDY Retd. Professor & head of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Acharya Nagrjuna University Member, State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) Email: [email protected]

Water is the elixir of life: There are some anaerobic organisms which can live without oxygen but life without water is impossible. 66% of the human body is made up of water. On average, all living organisms contain about 70 to 90% of free water. Apart from free water which is lost on drying, there is fixed water in the form of organic compounds. At just 2% dehydration your performance decreases by around 20%. We should drink at least 1 litres of water a day.

80% of all illness in developing countries is caused by water related diseases. 90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged directly into rivers and streams without treatment.

WATER RESOURCE1.7 0.77 2.5

97.5

ICE Accessible fresh w ater

Fresher w ater

Salt w ater

Two thirds of our planet is covered by water. 97.5% of the water is saltwater. The majority of freshwater is beyond our reach, locked into polar snow and ice.

Distribution of water 97.5% of all water is saline. 2.5% is fresh water with salt content below 0.1% (1000 ppm). only 0.77% is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, ground water, biota, soil etc. 1.7% occurs as solid in polar ice caps and glaciers.

Water quantity 2. Water quality 3. Fresh water ( 3% of salt or 30 ppt) 5. Brackish water (Mixture of fresh & salt water) 6. Hard water (contains Ca, Mg and other minerals) 7. Soft water (free from minerals) 8. Storm water (Run off water from Precipitation)1.

9. Green water (water in soil and in

organisms) 10. Blue water (Renewable surface & ground water - the main source for humans). 11. Polluted water (water containing impurities) 12. Purified water (Treated/Purified water) 13. Potable or Drinking water.

HUMAN USAGE OF WATERThe commission on water delivered two reports. Report I. A WATER SECURE WORLD (A vision Report). Report II. MAKING WATER EVERY BODYS BUSINESS. Both are available on: http://watervision.org/. World wide agriculture accounts for 70% of water consumption. Industry uses 20% and domestic use is 10%. But Industry and domestic sectors account for 80% of water pollution.

TO PRODUCE THE FOOD WE CONSUME IN A DAY DO YOU KNOW HOW MUCH WATER IS REQUIRED? It is about 800 to 1000 litres. The data given below reveals it. Agricultural product Water required in litres

One egg 150 Glass of milk 380 One pound of rice 2120 One pound of grain-fed beef 3030 One pound of cotton 7730

The number of people with access to clean water has doubled in the last 20 years. 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the population.

Do you leave the tap on when you clean your teeth? You waste 5 litres of water. You only need litre!

In developed countries, an average bath uses 80 litres of water. An average shower only uses 35 litres. But tub bath uses 500 to 1000 litres.

The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% of the world population wont have reliable, clean water. Even today, in many of the villages in India, people have to walk more than 2 Km to get a pot of water. Many villagers do not get more than 25 liters of water during summer.

HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE1.0 Land 0.6 Ice caps 167 Run off 0.2 Surface water 0.2 Circulating Ground water 2.5 Lithosphere 250,000 Oceans 13,800 ----------97.5 Atmosphere (0.13) 3.8 3.4 Polar

Every day 1230 km3 of water evaporates. For evaporation of water solar energy is used. Amount of energy required for evaporation of 1230 km3 of water = 24 Billion barrels of oil. 24 Billion barrels = 4000 days of oil consumption. At present rate of consumption crude oil, the cost of evaporation of water in one day = 24X45 Billion U.S. dollars.

Per capita renewable water in cubic meters Countr y China Cyprus Israel India 1955 4800 2000 1400 5200 1990 2500 1400 400 2400 2025 2000 1000 300 1800

Note: Water becomes a problem if it falls below 2000 cubic meters. When it falls below 1000 cubic meters,it becomes a permanent problem.

Annual rate of depiction of aquifers = 160 billion m3. 1000 m3 of water is required to produce 1 tonne of food. Water deficit of 160 billion m3 results in a drop of food harvest by 160 million tonnes i.e. half of U.S.grain harvest Averageper capita grain consumption = 300 Kg. 160 million tonnes of food will feed 480 million people. 70% of water is drawn from ground reservoir.

70% of all water is used in Agriculture in India, 20% in Industries and 10% in domestic sector. Use of 1000 tonnes of water in . Agriculture can yield food worth 1000 rupees but the same amount of water in Industry can generate Rs.5,00,000. Total rainfall of India = 400 million m3. It is adequate to cover the entire surface of India to a depth of 1.25m. But yet over 170 million people in India do not have access for safe drinking water.

80 % of total water used 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

70%

22% 8%

Agriculture

Domestic Water uses

Industry

Per capita water consumption for personal use (LPD) USA: 587LPD; UK=334; Asia = 85 and Africa = 47. Per capita domestic water use in USA in 1900 = 27 LPD : 1.1 Billion do not have access for adequate water ; 2.5 Billion without proper sanitation. Children killed by water-borne diseases = 20,000/day By 2025, 2.8 Billion in 48 countries are going to face severe water crisis. By 2050, 4 Billion in 54 Countries will face water shortage. Today 460 million are suffering from severe water shortage. Every year 5 million are killed by waterborne diseases. It is 10 times the number killed in wars.

Total water use in 1 year (volume) =Average daily demand x 365 days ( time) Units are m3/d, or gallons per day (gpd), or million gallons per day (mgd). It is often convenient to express the rate of demand per person: Average daily demand Average daily demand = -----------------------------------------------

(Per person)

mid year population

In India, 170 million do not have access to safe drinking water. Out of 3119 towns and cities, 217 do not have waste water treatment facilities. In many countries, more than 30% of treated water is lost due to leaky pipes, faulty equipment and improper distribution. By 2050, 4 billion (40% of population) in 54 countries will face severe water stress/scarcity.

Bottled water costs 500 to 1000 times more than tap water i.e. 1 glass of bottled water = 1000 glasses of untreated water. In USA in 2001, 20.4 billion litres of bottled water was consumed creating a market of US$ 6.5 billion. Bottled water is the fastest growing industry which did a business of 22 Billion US $ in 2001. A 500 ml of bottled water in USA costs about Rs.50 to Rs 150 while a litre of petrol costs Rs.20/The plastic used for bottling water more than doubled in USA between 1994 and 1998. Every year, 1.5 million tonnes plastic is used for bottling water.

Every year, 1.5 million tonnes of plastic is used for bottling water. Almost 90 billion litres of water was exported. Consumption of bottled water is growing @ 40% PA. To produce 1 litre of soft drink/aerated drink, 6 to 8 litres of fresh water is used.To produce a litre of beer, 12 to 15 litres of waste water is generated.

Every year 110,000 KM3 of water rains down but it is not uniformly distributed water poverty index (WPI) is a combined measure of water availability and the capacity to access water. Human development Index (HDI) and WPI are very closely related.

WORLD COMMISSION ON WATER for 21st CENTURY WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1998. IT WAS COSPONSORED BY FAO, WORLD BANK, UNEP, U.N. and OTHER MAJOR ORGANIZATIONS. http://www.watervision.org/. Provides information on water resources.

Water use EconomicsDesalination either by reverse osmosis (R.O.) or Distillation (using waste heat) costs at least U.S. $ 3 per 4,000 litres (4m3). Irrigation requires about 2 million litres per acre per crop. At the rate of U.S. $ 3 per 4m3 it costs over U.S.$ 1600 per crop per acre. But a farmer in USA pays 2 cents per 4 m3, it costs over U.S. $ 1,600 per crop per acre. But a farmer in USA pays 2 cents per 4 m3. Citizens pay about $ 1 per 4 m3.

Water shortage Water availability below 1000 m3/person/year (725 U.S.Gallons) results in severe water shortage. 26 countries are importing water. 28 million people in 1998 alone have become environmental refugees.

Waste water treatment systemsAerobic designs Anaerobic Special

Fixed Film Suspended 1.Conventional 1.Filter Beds. growth 2.Anaerobic filters Membrane 2.Rotating 3.Contact Digestion Reactors Biological 4.Upflow Anaerobic contractors (RBC) sludge blanket 3.Fluidized Bed Reactor (USAB) Sequential Batch Reactors (FBR) 5.Anaerobic RBC Reactors (SBR)

ACTIVATED SLUDGE Extended Contact Advanced Aeration Stabilization Activated Sludge, Waste water Sludge, waste-water Sludge (High Mixing and Aeration Mixing and Aeration Purity O2 used) In separate Units In single Unit. Open system 1. Vitox 2. Megox 3.Primox 4. Marox Closed system 1. Unox 2.Simplox 3.Oases. 4. F3O

WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Aerobic Fixed film ANAEROBIC SpecialSuspended designs growth Filter beds RBC, FBR 1.USAB 2.Anaerobic RBC 3.Anaerobic FBR 4.Anaerobic filters

Membrane

Reactors Activated sludge Sequential batch Extended aeration Contact stabilization Reactors Advanced ASP (Pure O2)

SPECIAL TYPE OF BIOREACTORS

1. Sequential Batch Reactors (SBR). 2. Sequential Batch Biofilm Reactors (SBBR). 3. Granular Activated carbon (GAC-SBBR) 4. Soil slurry SBR (SS-SBR) 5. Membrane Bioreactors.

BIOREACTORS (Aerobic)Carrier ASP1. Activated sludge Process Advanced ASP 2. Biological filters - Fixed film systems 3 Trickling filters. 3. Rotating Biological contractors (RBC) 4. Fluidized Bed Reactors (FBR) 5. Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR) 6. Inverse FBBR (IFBBR) 7. Expanded Bed Reactor (EBR) up flow Down flow

BIOREACTORS (Anaerobic)1. Contact Digesters (Similar to ASP except aeration). 2. Packed Bed or Packed Column Reactors (PCR). 3. Anaerobic Baffled Digesters. 4. Upflow Anaerobic sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB).

The value of the services and National resource capital was estimated in 1997 to range from 16 to 54 Trillion U.S. Dollars - with an over age of 33 trillion U.S. dollars per year. During 1997 the GNP of the whole earth was 18 Trillion VS dollars.