Professor John Agard UWI Environment in Development.

Professor John AgardUWI

Environment in Development

Goods

Goods

Pressure

Pressure

Services

Services

EconomyEconomy

EnvironmentEnvironment

Society Society CultureCulture

The 3 pillars have The 3 pillars have to be balanced in to be balanced in order to achieve order to achieve

Sustainable Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment

En

vir

on

me

Se

rvic

es

Go

od

s &

Serv

ice

sacts L

abor

Institu

sNatura l

Resourc es

Impacts

E nvironmentAtm osphereHydrosphere

LandB iota

M inera ls

Soc ietyPopulation

LifestyleCulture

Socia l O rganization

E c onomyAgricu lture

HouseholdsIndustry

TransportServices

How do we manage the impacts of the economy and society on the environment ? • Command and Control

e.g. EM Act 2000 –CEC Rules 2001, Water Pollution Rules 2001, Noise Pollution Rules 2001, ESA Rules 2001, ESS Rules 2001-but Air Rules and Waste Rules not law yet. -No environmental legislation passed in last 5 years.

• Economic Incentives deposit refund legislation, tax credits for environmental improvements

• Corporate Responsibility

-e.g. ISO1401 Environmental Management System, Triple bottom line accounting

How do we manage the impacts of the economy and society on the environment

when all other measures fail? • Consumer Resistance

• Public Pressure

Supporting

Services that maintain the conditions for supporting lifeNutrient cycling

e.g. forest, mangroves, coral reefs, plankton

Provisioning

Goods produced or provided by ecosystems.

Food FreshwaterTimberPharmaceutical's

Regulating

Benefits obtained from regulation of

ecosystem processes

Climate regulationDisease control Detoxification

Cultural

Non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems

RecreationalAestheticInspirationalEducational

• .

POTENTIAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM THE CARIBBEAN SEA

MA Conceptual Framework

Direct Drivers

Indirect Drivers

EcosystemServices

Human Well-being

Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or

removal Technology adaptation and

use External inputs (e.g.,

irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and

biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)

Indirect Drivers of Change Demographic Economic (globalization,

trade, market and policy framework)

Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework)

Science and Technology Cultural and Religious

Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction

Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and

action

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPLEX FEEDBACKS BETWEEN THE

CLIMATE SYSTEM, BIODIVERSITY AND HUMANS

Socio-Economic Development Paths

• Carbon dioxide• Methane• Nitrous oxide

•Main indirect drivers are population, energy

use,economic growth, technology and land use

• Temperature rise• Sea level rise• Precipitation change• Storm intensity increase

• Human wellbeing• Biodiversity and• Ecosystem Services

Climate System Human & Natural Systems

Enhanced greenhouse

effect

Non-climate change stresses

Interacti

ons

Air pollu

tion Environmental

impacts

Atmospheric Concentrations

Anthropogenic emissions

Climate change impacts

Feedbacks

HealthInsect vectors and infectious diseases

AgricultureCrop yieldsIrrigation demands

Watershed ManagementChanges in water supplyWater quality

Coastal AreasErosion of beaches (loss of coral reefs)Inundation of coastal wetlandsCosts to protect coastal communities

ForestsChange in forest compositionShift geographic range of forestsForest health and productivityCarbon sequestration

Species and Natural AreasShift in ecological zonesLoss of habitat and species

Potential Climate Change ImpactsPotential Climate Change Impacts

Climate Changes

Sea Level Rise

TemperaturePrecipitation

Tropical Storms

THE END