Professor Bill Mullarkey Managing Director dB Research Limited and Research Fellow Denbridge Marine Limited.

Professor Bill Professor Bill MullarkeyMullarkey

Managing DirectordB Research Limited

andResearch Fellow

Denbridge Marine Limited

SeaHawkSeaHawk

A patented, applied-mathematical

technique for improving target detection and

resolution.

Some Radar BasicsSome Radar Basics

The first task is to illuminate the target scene with energy and store the resulting echo returns on a B

PlaneAntenna

Signalprocessing

Radio Txand Rx

Scan Converter

r

B Plane Display

B PlaneB Plane

Bearing

Range

amplitude

treturn

Pulse Repetition Period

Tx

Rx (not to scale)

time

Pulse Radar

treturn

Pulse RadarPulse Radar

Radar Radar performanceperformance

The quality of a radar is defined by two metrics:

The ability to resolve as separate, targets that are close together in range and bearing; and

The ability to detect weak targets.

The first is determined by receiver bandwidth and pulse length for

range; and the antenna characteristics for

bearing

The second is by the ratio of the echo’s energy to the receiver’s inherent

noise.

It is expensive to reduce receiver noise so the only practical way to improve target detection is to illuminate the target scene with as much energy as possible.

EnergyNot Peak Power

Think in terms of Joules not Watts

DeconvolutionMany will be familiar with blind and other forms of deconvolution that attempt to remove the sensor’s influence on the collection of data.It has been long established that all introduce artefacts.SeaHawk is a deconvolution process that does not do so.

Introduces false positive peaks

Decovulution requires a kernel and can either be done in one go with a long kernel or a shorter one can be applied iteratively.

The next slide has a changed y axis to show how those peaks get worse at each convolution

Note the false targets

Again, we can change the y axis

SeaHawkdetermines where the artifacts at each iteration must lie and clips them before they can cause trouble.

It loses about 5% of the signal energy but does not introduce artifacts.

The Buoys are plastic and it was a dry day, so the only reflections have to come from the small holes the buoys make in the water.

The next two slides show images from a first generation SeaHawk enabled Raymarine radar, which used a 6ft open array antenna.

The first is with SH switched off . The second with it on.

Seahawk doubles the effective antenna size, to12ft .

So how does So how does SeaHawk work?SeaHawk work?

To understand how we need to think in the frequency domain not the time one.

The polar diagram of an antenna is the impulse response of a low pass filter.

Importantly, whilst that filter attenuates some frequencies beyond its -3dB, so called “cut off”, it does not eliminate them.

Imagine a HiFi system that has a graphic equalizer.

It is that easy.It is that easy.SeaHawk enhances the azimuthal frequencies to give the response of an antenna twice the size of the original.

The next slide shows the frequency response of a 6ft and what would be that of a 12ft antenna, if a leisure –marine vessel could carry such a thing.

That slide showed:That slide showed:• the natural azimuthal bandwidth of a

6 ft antenna (Blue Trace);

• the natural azimuthal bandwidth of a 12 ft antenna (Red Trace) ;

• the SeaHawk filter (Green Trace) ; and

• the overall SeaHawk-enhanced frequency response (Black Trace) .

Notice how the SeaHawk enhanced bandwidth matches

that of the 12 ft antenna, with a little

gain.

A long devolution kernel can be factorized into smaller ones that are used iteratively.

If those kernels share the property of having only one positive region, then all artifacts must be negative going.

The SeaHawk Kernel

The key is to discard the negative regions at each iteration.

Five iterations of the SeaHawk kernel

It gets betterIt gets better• Target detection depends upon the energy that illuminates the scene.

• The broad beamwidth antenna illuminates every target with twice as many pulses as would an antenna of twice the size.

• That corresponds to twice the energy less a 5% loss from the SeaHawk algorithm.

So what next?So what next?The first generation Seahawk was designed against tight timescales with the need to get a Raymarine SeaHawk enabled Digital Radar to market as quickly as possible.

Since then there has been the opportunity to revisit the design and make some significant improvements.

The next two slides are a taster.