Dec 26, 2015
Prof.Dr. Aydın Öztü[email protected]://www.ube.ege.edu.tr/~ozturk
Objectives:
The course gives the fundementals of computer graphics. A subset of topics dealing with two-dimensional drawing methods and graphics primitives will be discussed
Course Outline
• Mathematics for Computer Graphics• Overview of Graphics Systems• Graphics Output Primitives• Attributes of Graphics Primitives• Geometric Transformations• Two-dimensional Viewing• Midterm• Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User
Interfaces• Color Models and Color Applicatios• Computer Animation• Final
Rules
Attendance is required at all times. Students are expected to come to class fully prepared to discuss textbook readings and course assignments. Some percentage of your final grade will be based on your attendance and class participation.
Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, 3rd edition/2005, F.S.Hill, Jr. Prentice Hall
OpenGL Programming Guide, Version 2, 5th edition, D. Shreiner,M.Woo, J.Neider, T.Davis, Addison-Wesley, 2005, ISBN: 0321335732
Computer graphics: generating 2D images of a 3D world represented in a computer.Main tasks:
modeling: creating and representing the geometry of objects in the 3D world
rendering: generating 2D images of the objects animation: describing how objects change in
time
Graphics is cool I like to see what I’m doing I like to show people what I’m doing
Graphics is interesting Involves simulation, algorithms,
architecture…I’ll never get an Oscar for my acting
But maybe I’ll get one for my CG special effects
Graphics is fun
Final Fantasy (Square, USA)
Entertainment: CinemaEntertainment: CinemaEntertainment: CinemaEntertainment: Cinema
Everyday Use Microsoft’s Whistler OS will use graphics
seriously Graphics visualizations and debuggers Visualize complex software systems
Number of transistors on GPU doubles each 6 months. Three times Moore’s Law
▪ Good article on Jen-Hsun Huang, Nvidia CEO: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.07/Nvidia_pr.html
$7 Billion Man $5.6 Billion Man
Worldwiderevenues
Retro flashback???Lee Majors
Col. Steve Austin
But… Video game sales is roughly same as
Hollywood box office Americans bought $3.2 billion in VCRs
and DVDs in 2002 Total revenues to movie studios is 5
times total video game revenues
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) Most common display device today Evacuated glass bottle Extremely high voltage
Heating element (filament)
Electrons pulled towards anode focusing cylinder
Vertical and horizontal deflection plates
Beam strikes phosphor coating on front of tube
Contains a filament that, when heated, emits a stream of electronsElectrons are focused with an electromagnet into a sharp beam and directed to a specific point of the face of the picture tubeThe front surface of the picture tube is coated with small phospher dotsWhen the beam hits a phospher dot it glows with a brightness proportional to the strength of the beam and how long it is hit
What’s the largest (diagonal) CRT you’ve seen? Why is that the largest?
▪ Evacuated tube == massive glass▪ Symmetrical electron paths (corners vs. center)
How might one measure CRT capabilities? Size of tube Brightness of phosphers vs. darkness of tube Speed of electron gun Width of electron beam Pixels?
Vector Displays Early computer displays: basically an
oscilloscope Control X,Y with vertical/horizontal plate
voltage Often used intensity as Z
Name two disadvantages Just does wireframe Complex scenes couse visible flicker
Raster Displays Raster: A rectangular array of points
or dots Pixel: One dot or picture element of
the raster Scan line: A row of pixels
Raster Displays Black and white television: an oscilloscope with
a fixed scan pattern: left to right, top to bottom▪ As beam sweeps across entire face of CRT,
beam intensity changes to reflect brightness Analog signal vs. digital display
Can a computer display work like a black and white TV?
Must synchronize▪ Your program makes decisions about the intensity
signal at the pace of the CPU…▪ The screen is “painted” at the pace of the
electron gun scanning the raster Solution: special memory to buffer image with scan-
out synchronous to the raster. We call this the framebuffer.
Digital description to analog signal to digital display
Phosphers Flourescence: Light emitted while the
phospher is being struck by electrons Phospherescence: Light emitted once
the electron beam is removed Persistence: The time from the
removal of the excitation to the moment when phospherescence has decayed to 10% of the initial light output
Refresh Frame must be “refreshed” to draw new images As new pixels are struck by electron beam,
others are decaying Electron beam must hit all pixels frequently to
eliminate flicker Critical fusion frequency
▪ Typically 60 times/sec▪ Varies with intensity, individuals, phospher
persistence, lighting...
Raster Displays Interlaced Scanning Assume can only scan 30 times /
second To reduce flicker, divide frame into
two “fields” of odd and even lines1/30 Sec 1/30 Sec
1/60 Sec 1/60 Sec 1/60 Sec 1/60 SecField 1 Field 1Field 2 Field 2
Frame Frame
CRT timing Scanning (left to right, top to bottom)
▪ Vertical Sync Pulse: Signals the start of the next field
▪ Vertical Retrace: Time needed to get from the bottom of the current field to the top of the next field
▪ Horizontal Sync Pulse: Signals the start of the new scan line
▪ Horizontal Retrace: The time needed to get from the end of the current scan line to the start of the next scan line
Wood chips Chrome spheres Trash
Daniel Rozin – NYU: (movies) http://fargo.itp.tsoa.nyu.edu/~danny/art.html
Color CRTs are much more complicated Requires manufacturing very precise geometry Uses a pattern of color phosphors on the screen:
Why red, green, and blue phosphors?Delta electron gun arrangement In-line electron gun arrangement
Raster CRT pros: Allows solids, not just wireframes Leverages low-cost CRT technology (i.e., TVs) Bright! Display emits light
Cons: Requires screen-size memory array Discreet sampling (pixels) Practical limit on size (call it 40 inches) Bulky Finicky (convergence, warp, etc)
CRT technology hasn’t changed much in 50 years
Early television technology▪ high resolution ▪ requires synchronization between video
signal and electron beam vertical sync pulse Early computer displays
▪ avoided synchronization using ‘vector’ algorithm
▪ flicker and refresh were problematic
Raster Displays (early 70s)▪ like television, scan all pixels in regular pattern▪ use frame buffer (video RAM) to eliminate sync
problems RAM
▪ ¼ MB (256 KB) cost $2 million in 1971▪ Do some math…
- 1280 x 1024 screen resolution = 1,310,720 pixels
- Monochrome color (binary) requires 160 KB- High resolution color requires 5.2 MB
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) LCDs: organic molecules, naturally in crystalline
state, that liquefy when excited by heat or E field
Crystalline state twists polarized light 90º
Transmissive & reflective LCDs: LCDs act as light valves, not light emitters, and
thus rely on an external light source. Laptop screen
▪ backlit▪ transmissive display
Palm Pilot/Game Boy▪ reflective display
Plasma display panels Similar in principle to
fluorescent light tubes Small gas-filled capsules
are excited by electric field,emits UV light
UV excites phosphor Phosphor relaxes, emits
some other color
Plasma Display Panel Pros Large viewing angle Good for large-format displays Fairly bright
Cons Expensive Large pixels (~1 mm versus ~0.2 mm) Phosphors gradually deplete Less bright than CRTs, using more
power
Digital Micromirror Devices (projectors) or Digital Light Processing
Microelectromechanical (MEM) devices, fabricated with VLSI techniques
DMDs are truly digital pixelsVary grey levels by modulating pulse lengthColor: multiple chips, or color-wheelGreat resolutionVery brightFlicker problems
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays The display of the future? Many think so. OLEDs function like regular semiconductor LEDs But they emit light
▪ Thin-film deposition of organic, light-emitting molecules through vapor sublimation in a vacuum.
▪ Dope emissive layers with fluorescent molecules to create color.
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/products/specialProducts/OEL/creating.jhtml
OLED pros: Transparent Flexible Light-emitting, and quite bright (daylight
visible) Large viewing angle Fast (< 1 microsecond off-on-off) Can be made large or small Available for cell phones and car stereos
OLED cons: Not very robust, display lifetime a key issue Currently only passive matrix displays
▪ Passive matrix: Pixels are illuminated in scanline order, but the lack of phospherescence causes flicker
▪ Active matrix: A polysilicate layer provides thin film transistors at each pixel, allowing direct pixel access and constant illum.
Graphics Hardware Frame buffer is
anywherein system memory
System Bus
CPU Video Controller
System Memory
Monitor
Frame bufferCartesian
Coordinates
Graphics Hardware Permanent place for
frame buffer Direct connection to
video controller
System Bus
CPU Video Controller
System Memory Monitor
Frame bufferCartesian
Coordinates
FrameBuffer
The need for synchronization
System Bus
CPU Video Controller
System Memory Monitor
FrameBuffer
synchronized
The need for synchronization Double buffering
System Bus
CPU Video Controller
System Memory Monitor
DoubleBuffer
synchronized
previouscurrent
DisplayProcessorDisplay
ProcessorSystemMemorySystemMemory
CPUCPU
FrameBufferFrameBuffer
MonitorVideoController
VideoController
System Bus
I/O Devices
Figure 2.29 from Hearn and Baker
DAC
Store the actual intensities of R, G, and B individually in the framebuffer
24 bits per pixel = 8 bits red, 8 bits green, 8 bits blue 16 bits per pixel = ? bits red, ? bits green, ?
bits blue
Store indices (usually 8 bits) in framebufferDisplay controller looks up the R,G,B values before
triggering the electron guns
Frame Buffer
DACPixel color = 14
Color LookupTable
0
1024
14R G B
Figure. Renderings of spheres based on the measured “blue-metallic-paint” [2] BRDF with the eight models. From left to right; Top row: Measured, Ashikhmin-Shirley, Blinn-Phong, Cook-Torrance, Lafortune, Polynomial model (Ashikhmin-Shirley, p=3). Bottom row: Oren-Nayar, Ward, Ward-Duer, Polynomial model (Lafortune, p=5), Polynomial model (Ward, p=5).