Prof. R. Shanthini 19 Nov 2012 1 How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet? This is the research question of the 21 st century.

Prof. R. Shanthini 19 Nov 2012

1

How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet?

This is the research question of the 21st century.

If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability

will remain elusive.

CP551 Sustainable Development(SD)

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/


2

Module 2:

Concepts of economic development & human development.

Economic development indices & their critique.

Human development index & its critique.

Discussion on sustainable development indices.


3

What is economic development?

Why do we need economic development?

Is there a cost for economic development?

What is human development?

Does economic development helps human development?

If yes, in which way?

Group Assignment 2.1:

Take 10 mins to answer the above.


4

Module 2:






5

Sri Lanka's economy is estimated to grow by 6.0 percent in 2009 - Friday, January 2, 2009, Sri Lanka News Portal, Sri Lanka News Online

Sri Lanka Central Bank predicts 2009 GDP growth to be 6.0 percent - Friday, January 2, 2009, 15:37 GMT, ColomboPage News Desk, Sri Lanka.

Economic growth = GDP growth?


6

• GDP is abbreviation for Gross Domestic Product.

• GDP is a measure of a nation’s total economic activity.

• GDP is simply the addition of annual monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country.

• GDP reflects activities related to production and consumption of goods and services within a country.

What is GDP?


7

exports are added imports are deducted

GDP = Consumer spending + Government spending

+ Investment made by industry+ Net exports

durable goodsfood and clothing

services

DefenseRoads

SchoolsSalaries

Spending on plants and equipmentHomes

Business inventories

Source: http://www.mindtools.net/GlobCourse/formula.shtml


8

Source: www.moneychimp.com


+ Investment made by industry+ Net exports


9

Atoll K is small island nation. Its population total is 400, and it has 100 wage earners who earn an average of $50 per year. Each wage earner spends $40 per year buying local goods and services and $2.50 buying imports. The island exports a total of $800 worth of goods. The Government tax rate is 10% and all government money is spent on building infrastrcuture and supporting schools. There is only one industry (uranium mining) on the island and it employs every wage earner. The industry spends $600 each year on new mining equipment. What is the GDP?


+ Investment made by industry + Net exports

= $40*100 + 0.10*(100*$50)+ $600 + $800 - $2.50*100

= $5650

Source: http://www.mindtools.net/GlobCourse/formula.shtml


10

Economical Status

indicatorshigh GDP per capita

good income

distribution

Source: Montenegro, A., An Economic Development Index, http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0404/0404010.pdf

measured by Gini Index


11

Gini Index is a measure of income distribution in a country

Gini Index = 0 means absolute equality Gini Index = 100 means absolute inequality

Source: HDR2007/08, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/

US Sweden

GDP per capita

(PPP US$)

in 2005

Gini Index

in 2000


12

Gini Index is a measure of income distribution in a country


US Sweden

GDP per capita

(PPP US$)

in 2005

41,890 32,525

Gini Index

in 200040.8% 25%

Gini Index = 0 means absolute equality Gini Index = 100 means absolute inequality


13

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

GDP per capita (PPP US$) 2005

Gin

i In

dex



14

Sweden

Sri LankaSingapore

Hong Kong

Namibia

USA

Norway20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000


Gin

i In

dex



15

GDP per capita is an average measure.

It alone does not represent the economic status of an average citizen in a country.

Gini Index must be incorporated into GDP per capita

to get a good ideaof the economic status

of an average citizen in a country.

How to do that?


16

GDPI =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)

ln(40000) - ln(100)


17

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 10000 20000 30000 40000


GD

PI


ln(40000) - ln(100)



18

Socially responsible GDP per capita index


ln(40000) - ln(100)

EQI = ln(100) - ln(Gini Index)

ln(100) - ln(20)

GDPI_GI = GDPI*EQI


19

US

Norway

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 10000 20000 30000 40000


GDPIGDPI_GI

Source: my calculations


20

GDP growth (even with a very low Gini Index) measures only the economic growth of a nation.

GDP growth does not necessarily reflect the improvement in the well-being of the citizens of a nation.

- Simon Kuznets, the inventor of the concept of the GDP,

noted in his very first report to the US Congress in 1934.


21

• GDP takes no account of income distribution

• GDP treats crime, divorce and natural disasters as economic gain

• GDP ignores the non-market economy of household and community

• GDP treats the depletion of natural capital as income

• GDP increases with polluting activities and then again with clean-ups

• GDP ignores the drawbacks of living on foreign assets


22

What else could be done to improve the measure of economic development which could truly reflect the well-being of an average citizen in a nation?


23

Measures of human well-being

care of the environment

stable job

well paid job

long life

life free of avoidable morbidity

low inflation

low infant mortality

high GDP per capita

adequate housing

good income

distribution

good education

level

adequate nutrition

free markets

civil liberties

Source: Montenegro, A., An Economic Development Index, http://129.3.20.41/eps/dev/papers/0404/0404010.pdf


24

Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI):

Green/welfare economists have suggested to replace GDP by GPI

as a measure of economic growth.

GPI is an attempt to measure whether a country's growth (increased production of goods and expanding services) have actually resulted in the improvement of the well-being of the people in the country.

Note that GPI = 0 if the financial costs of crime and pollution equal the financial gains in production of goods and services.


25

EconomicEconomic SocialSocial EnvironmentalEnvironmental

• Economic growth• Economic diversity• Trade • Disposable income• Weekly wage rate• Personal expenditure• Transportation expenditure• Taxes• Savings rate• Household debt• Public infrastructure• House hold infrastructure

• Poverty• Income distribution• Unemlpoyment• Underemployment• Paid work• Household work• Parenting and Eldercare• Free time• Volunteerism• Community• Life expectancy• Premature mortality• Infant mortality• Obesity• Suicide• Drug use• Auto crashes• Divorce• Crime• Problem gambling• Voter participation• Education attainment

• Oil, gas reserve life• Oil sands reserve life• Energy use• Agriculture sustainability• Timber sustainability• Forest fragmentation• Fish and Wildlife• Parks and Wilderness• Wetlands• Peatlands• Water quality• Air quality• Greenhouse gas emissions• Carbon budget• Hazardous waste• Landfill waste• Ecological footprint


26


27

http://www.foe.co.uk/community/tools/isew/international.html


28

http://www.foe.co.uk/community/tools/isew/international.html


29

Module 2:






30

Human development Indices:Level of Living Index (Drewnowski and Scott,

1966) includes nutrition, housing, health, education, environment, and others

PQLI: Physical Quality of Life Index (Morris, 1970) includes infant mortality, literacy rates and life expectancy

QLI: Quality of Life Index (Ferrans and

Powers, 1980) includes health and functioning, psychological/spiritual domain, social and economic domain, and family


31

GNH: Gross National Happiness (Bhutan’s former King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, 1972; Med Yones, 2006) includes economic, environmental, physical, mental, workplace, social and political Wellness

GPI: Genuine Progress Indicator (Marilyn Waring, 1980)

HDI: Human Development Index (UNDP, 1990) includes literacy rate, longevity, school enrolment and GDP per capita

and much more……

Human development Indices:


32

Take a close look at the UNDP defined

Human Development Index (HDI)


33

Life Index (LI) = Life Expectancy - 25

85 - 25

GDP Index (GDPI) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)

ln(40000) - ln(100)

HDI = LI

3+

EI

3+

GDPI

3

Education Index (EI)=

2 Adult Literacy

3 100

1 School Enrollment

3 100+


34

In 2006 Spain United States

Life Index 0.928 0.884

Education Index 0.971 0.968

GDP per capita

(PPP US$)

29,208 43,968

HDI Rank 16 15

Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/


35

In 2006 Sri Lanka Turkey



GDP per capita

(PPP US$)

3,896 11,535

HDI Rank 104 76



36

GDP per capita has strong influence on the HDI.

How important is GDP per capita in

Human Development?


37

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000


LI2006

EI2006

GDPI2006



38

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000


HD

I2006


Is there a cost for keep on increasing GDP per capita which gives only a marginal increase in HDI?

HDI > 0.8 gives high HD


39

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000


Ele

ctri

city

Co

nsu

mp

tion

p

er

cap

ita 2

00

4 (

kW-h

rs)

Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm

High the GDP per capita

comes with high per capita

electricity consumption.


40

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000


CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

pe

r ca

pita

20

04

(to

nn

es

of C

eq

uiv

ale

nt)



41

Calculation of Global Sustainable Limiting Rate of Carbon Dioxide Production:

1. Virgin material supply limit: To stabilize the atmospheric CO2 concentration below approximately 550 ppmv by the year 2100, global anthropogenic emissions must be limited to about 7 to 8 x 1015 g (= 7 to 8 giga metric tonnes) of C per year (IPCC, 1996).

2. Allocation of virgin material: Each of the average 7.5 billion people on the planet over the next 50 years is allocated an equal share of carbon emissions. This translates to roughly 1 metric tonne of C equivalents per person per year.

Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9


42

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000


CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

pe

r ca

pita

20

04

(to

nn

es

of C

eq

uiv

ale

nt)


Sustainable limit

High the GDP per capita comes with unsustainable amount of per capita CO2

emissions.


43

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

HDI2005

Ele

ctrici

ty C

onsu

mptio

n

per

capita

2004 (

kW-h

rs)


HDI > 0.8

High per capita electricity consumption

is required to reach super high HDI (>0.9).


44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

HDI2005

CO

2 E

mis

sio

ns

pe

r ca

pita

20

04

(to

nn

es

of C

eq

uiv

ale

nt)


Sustainable limit

HDI > 0.8

Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions are required to reach

super high HDI (> 0.9).


45

Life Index (LI) = Life Expectancy - 25

85 - 25

Education Index (EI) =2 Adult Literacy

3 100

1 School Enrollment

3 100+

GDP Index (GDPI) =ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100)

ln(40000) - ln(100)

Emission free Index (EFI) =1

(E/Es)2 + 1

E = CO2 emissions

Es = sustainable CO2 emissions


46

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0

Principal Component 1

Pri

nci

pa

l Co

mp

on

en

t 2

HDI>0.9

0.899>HDI>0.8

0.799>HDI>0.7

0.699>HDI>0.6

0.599>HDI>0.5

0.499>HDI>0.4

0.399>HDI>0.3

EFI

GDPI

LI & EI

low HDI

'super' high HDI

HDI = LI

3+

EI

3+

GDPI

3

low HDI

‘super’ high HDI


47

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0

Principal Component 1

Prin

cipa

l Com

pone

nt 2

0.899>eHDI>0.8

0.799>eHDI>0.7

0.699>eHDI>0.6

0.599>eHDI>0.5

0.499>eHDI>0.4

EFI

GDPI

LI & EI

high HDI

low HDI

eHDI = LI

4+

EI

4+

GDPI

4

EFI

4+

low HDI

high HDI


48

UNDP defined HDI includes national averages of Life Expectancy, Adult Literacy, School Enrolment and the most criticized GDP per capita as components of human development. It does not include the environmental component

UNDP defined HDI is therefore not a socially or environmentally

responsible index to measure human development.

UNDP defined HDI is therefore not an index to measure sustainable development with.


49

Life expectancy index (LEI) = Life Expectancy at birth - 20

83.2 - 20

Income index (GNII) =ln(GNI per capita) - ln(163)

ln(108,211) - ln(163)

HDI =

Education index (EI) =

Human Development Index (HDI) 2010: New Definition

MYSI x EYSI - 0

0.951 - 0

MYSI (Mean years of schooling index) = MYS - 0

13.2 - 0

EYSI (Expected years of schooling index) = EYS - 0

20.6 - 0

LEI x EI x GNII3


50

Human Development Index (HDI) 2010: Goalposts

Dimension Observed maximum Minimum

Life Expectancy at birth (LE)

83.2

(Japan, 2010)

20.0

Mean years of schooling (MYS)

13.2

(United States, 2000)

0

Expected years of schooling (EYS)

20.6

(Australia, 2002)

0

Combined education index

0.951

(New Zealand, 2010)

0

Gross National Income per capita (PPP $)

108,211

(United Arab Emirates, 1980)

163

(Zimbabwe, 2008)

http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf


51

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

GNI per capita (PPP 2008US$)

LEI

EI

GNII



52

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

GNI per capita (PPP 2008US$)

LEIEIGNIIHDI_2010



53

Indices 2010 Ireland United States



GDP per capita

(PPP US$)

33,078 47,094

HDI Rank 5 4

HDI = LEI x EI x GNII3


54

Indices 2010 Ireland United States



GDP per capita

(PPP US$)

33,078 47,094

HDI Rank 5 4

HDI_noincome Rank 4 7


HDI_noincome = LEI x EI 2


55

Indices 2010 Sri Lanka Turkey


Education Index 0.633 0.558GDP per capita

(PPP US$)4,886 13,359

HDI Rank 91 83

HDI_noincome Rank 75 103


HDI_noincome = LEI x EI 2


56

• EF measures humanity’s demand on nature.

• EF measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology.

• EF does not include an economic indicator.

Ecological Footprint (EF)

- Mathis Wackernagel & William Rees, 1990 University of British Columbia.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org


57

• EF is measured in global hectare (gha)

A global hectare (gha) is a common unit that

encompasses the average productivity of all the

biologically productive land and sea area in the

world in a given year.

Biologically productive areas include cropland,

forest and fishing grounds, and do not include

deserts, glaciers and the open ocean.

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/frequently_asked_questions/#method1

Ecological Footprint (EF)


58


0 2 4 6 8 10

Asia - Pacific

Middle East & Central Asia

Africa

Europe (EU)

Latin America & the Caribbean

Europe (Non-EU)

North America

EF2005 (gha per capita)


59

• Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans.


Biocapacity


60


0 2 4 6 8 10

Asia - Pacific

Middle East & Central Asia

Africa

Europe (EU)

Latin America & the Caribbean

Europe (Non-EU)

North America

Biocapacity (ghaper capita)

EF2005 (gha percapita)


61


0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Total

Cropland Footprint

Grazing Footprint

Forest Footprint

Fishing Ground Footprint

Carbon Footprint

Built-up Land

Biocapacity(gha per capita)

EF2005 (ghaper capita)

For Sri Lanka


62


Total global biocapacity per capita

= 13.4 gha / 6.8 ≈ 2 gha ≈ 5 acres

Sustainable global EF per capita

= Total global biocapacity per capita

≈ 2 gha per capita

Total global biocapacity

= 13.4 gha


63

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Total EF (billions gha)

Total Biocapacity (billions gha)

For the World

Before 1986, the world consumed resources and produced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the

planet could produce and reabsorb.Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org


64

The day we have consumed resources equivalent to what the planet could produce in that year is known

as the Earth Overshoot Day of that year.


In 2008, Earth Overshoot Day moved forward to 23rd of September because we are now demanding resources at a rate of 40 percent faster than the planet can produce them.

In 1996, Earth Overshoot Day was in November.

In 1986, Earth Overshoot Day was at the end of December.


65


EF is 1.3 times the biocapacity in 2005. That is to say we need 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year.


66


EF will be 2 times the biocapacity by the mid 2030 if current population and consumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to support us.


67

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1HDI2005

EF

20

05

(g

ha

pe

r ca

pita

)

Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008

EF < 2 gha per capita

HDI > 0.8

High HDI (>0.8) is accompanied by

unsustainable levels of Ecological Footprint.

Cuba


68

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1HDI2005

EF

2005

(gh

a pe

r ca

pita

)


good

OK

medium

poor


69

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1HDI2005

EF

20

05

(g

ha

pe

r ca

pita

)


good

OK

medium

poor

Sri

Lank

a to

US

A


70

How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet?

The challenge ahead of us (engineers) is to assist national and global development

to attain HDI > 0.8 while maintaining EF < 2 gha per capita.

HDI has flaws that must rectified. However, the above could be considered

as the first step towards SD


71

• Human Development Index (HDI) • Ecological Footprint (EF)• Living Planet Index (LPI) • City Development Index (CDI) • Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) • Environmental Performance Index (EPI) • Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) • Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) • Well Being Index (WI) • Genuine Savings Index (GS) • Environmental Adjusted Domestic Product (EDP)

Other SD indices:

Refer to ‘Measuring the Immeasurable: A Survey of Sustainability Indices’ by C. Böhringer & P. Jochem

(made available at www.rshanthini.com)


72

Goals of Sustainable Development

Source: What is sustainable development? By R.W. Kates, T.M. Parris & A. Leiserowitz (made available at www.rshanthini.com)

Another way to define SD is in what it specifically seeks to achieve


73

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of the United Nations

SD short-term (2015) Goals:

They are 8 international development goals

192 UN member states have agreed to achieve them by the year 2015

They were developed out of the 8 chapters of the UN Millennium Declaration

Signed in September 2000 at the Millennium Summit in 2000


74

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development


75

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target 1:Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day Target 2:Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people Target 3:Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger



76

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Target 1:Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling


Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Target 1:Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015


77

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

Target 1:Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate


Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Target 1:Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Target 2:Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health


78

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases

Target 1:Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target 2:Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it Target 3:Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases



79

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental SustainabilityTarget 1:Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resourcesTarget 2:Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Target 3:Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Target 4:By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers



80

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Target 1:Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial systemTarget 2:Address the special needs of the least developed countries Target 3:Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing StatesTarget 4:Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term



81

Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development (continued)

Target 5:In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countriesTarget 6:In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications



82

The Great Transition of the Global Scenario Group

SD long-term (beyond 2050) Goals:

Conventional Worlds scenario: capitalist values maintained and only market forces and incremental policy reform trying to curb environmental

degradation.

Barbarization scenario: environmental collapse leads to an overall social collapse.

The Great Transition scenario: humanity changes its relationship with the environment.

….. more in Module 09

Prof. R. Shanthini 19 Nov 2012 1 How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet? This is the research question of the 21 st century.

Documents

economic development

human development index

gdp growth

economic growth

deducted gdp

industry net exports

sri lanka news portal

government money