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HowShallWeallLiveTogether?
Prof.JohnBerryPsychology,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,CanadaSocioculturalResearch,HigherSchoolofEconomics,Moscow,RussianFederation
Internationalconference „Integration Challenges inaRadicalizing World“29– 30November2016,Tallinn,Estonia
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Outline1.Introduction2.Multiculturalism3.InterculturalStrategies4.MulticulturalismPolicy5.MIRIPSProject6.Implications
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1.IntroductionThetitleofthispresentationisthesameasthequestionthatIposedinapresentationtotheEstonianIntegrationFoundationin2003.Berry,J.W.(2003)Howshallwealllivetogether?InM.Luik (Ed.)MulticulturalEstonia(pp.3-11)Tallinn:EstonianIntegrationFoundation.]Inthispresentation,Ire-visitthisquestionusingtheconceptsandfindingsfromourproject“MutualInterculturalRelationsinPluralSocieties”.http://www.victoria.ac.nz/cacr/research/mutual-intercultural-relations-in-plural-societies-mirips).
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2.MulticulturalismTheconceptofmulticulturalismhastwoequallyimportantcomponents:1. Culturaldiversityisapublicandpersonal‘good’,and
shouldbepromotedsothatculturalcommunitiesmaycontinueovergenerationsinthelargersociety,
2. Interculturalcontactandparticipationtopromoteinclusionofallpeopleinthelargersocietyisalsoapublicandpersonal‘good’.
3. Thesecoreideasareelaboratedinmyinterculturalstrategies/expectationsframework
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3.InterculturalStrategiesandExpectations• Groupsandindividualswhoaremembersofethnocultural groupsusually
holddifferingviewsabouthowtorelatetoandhowtoadapttotheirnewsociety:strategies
• Similarviewsarealsoheldbymembersofthelargersocietyabouthowallculturalgroupsshouldrelatetoeachother:expectations
• Thesedifferingviewsarerootedintwounderlyingissues:1.Towhatextentdoindividualsandgroupsvaluethemaintenanceof
theirheritageculturesandidentitiesinordertosustaintheirculturalcommunities?
2.Towhatextentdoindividualsandgroupsvaluetheirparticipationalongwithothergroupsinthelifeofthenationalsociety?• Theirintersectionproducesfourstrategiesusedbyindividualsandgroups
in interculturalcontact:integration,assimilation,separationandmarginalisation.
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3.InterculturalStrategiesandExpectationsFramework
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4.MulticulturalismPolicy*TheCanadianpolicyofMulticulturalismwasdesignedtoimprovethequalityofinterculturalrelationsamongallculturalcommunitieswithinthepluralCanadiansociety.
*Theclearandfundamentalgoalofthepolicyistoenhancemutualacceptanceamongallethnocultural groups.
*Thisgoalistobeapproachedthroughthreeprogrammecomponents:1. Culturalcomponent2. Interculturalcomponent3. Communicationcomponent
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4.MulticulturalismPolicyFramework
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4.1.CulturalComponent*Ontheupperleftisthefirstprogrammecomponentofthepolicy.
*Thisculturalcomponentisintendedtopromotethesecurityandconfidenceofallethnocultural groups*Ittobeachievedbyprovidingsupporttoandencouragementforculturalmaintenanceanddevelopmentamongallethnoculturalgroups.*Thisprogramme isdesignedtoensurethecontinuingculturaldiversityofthepopulationovergenerations.
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4.2.InterculturalComponent*Thesecondprogrammecomponentistheinterculturalcomponent(onthelowerleft).
*Itseekstofosterthesharingofculturalexpressionsbyprovidingopportunitiesforintergroupcontactandtheremovalofbarrierstofullandequitableparticipationinthedailylifeofthelargersociety.
*Thiscomponentisdesignedtopreventtheisolationofculturalcommunitiesfromothers,andtoensureequitableparticipationamongtheculturalcommunities.
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4.3.CommunicationsComponent*Thethirdprogrammecomponentistheinterculturalcommunicationcomponent(inthelowerrightcorner).
*ThisrepresentsthebilingualrealityofthelargersocietyofCanada,butalsothelinguisticrealityofmanysocieties.
*Theprogrammepromotesthelearningofoneorbothofficiallanguages(EnglishandFrench)asameansforallethnoculturalgroupstointeractwitheachotherandtoparticipateinnationallife.
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4.4.LinksAmongMCPolicyComponents*Thesecomponentsmaybeseenasbeinglinkedtoeachother,givingrisetothreehypotheses:
1. Acrossthetopisthemulticulturalismhypothesis
2.Downtheleftsideistheintegrationhypothesis
3. Diagonallyfromlowerlefttoupperrightisthecontacthypothesis
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4.5.MulticulturalismHypothesis*Themulticulturalismhypothesisproposesthatifindividualsfeelsecureintheirgroup’sandpersonalplaceinsociety(withrespecttotheirculturalidentityandtheireconomicsituation),theywillbemoreacceptingofthosewhodifferfromthemselves.*Thisshouldleadtogreatermutualacceptance*Conversely,iftheyfeelculturally,economicallyorpersonallythreatened,theywillrejectotherswhoaredifferentfromthemselves.
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4.6.IntegrationHypothesis*Theintegrationhypothesisproposesthatindividualswillfeelwell(psychologically)anddowell(socioculturally)iftheyareengagedinboththeirowncultureandthatofthelargersociety.*Thatis,beingintegrated(doubly-engaged;‘bi-cultural’)willprovidethebasisforsuccessfuladaptationtointerculturalliving.*Incontrast,ifindividualsadoptastrategyofbeingengagedinonlyoneortheotherculture(bywayofassimilationorseparation),oriftheyengageinneitherculture(bywayofmarginalization),theywillhavepoorerpsychologicalandsocioculturaladaptationthanwhentheyadopttheintegrationstrategy.
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4.7.ContactHypothesis
*Thecontacthypothesisproposesthatindividualswillbemoreacceptingofothersiftheyengageincontactwiththem.
*However,theseimprovementsinmutualacceptancemaytakeplaceonlyundercertainconditions,suchaswhencontactisvoluntary,isofrelativelyequalstatus,andwhenpromotedbysharednormsorbypublicpolicy.
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4.8.CommunicationsComponent*Thethirdprogrammecomponentistheinterculturalcommunicationcomponent(inthelowerrightcorner).
*ThisrepresentsthebilingualrealityofthelargersocietyofCanada,butalsothelinguisticrealityinEstonia.
*Theprogrammepromotesthelearningofoneorbothofficiallanguages(EnglishandFrench)asameansforallethnoculturalgroupstointeractwitheachotherandtoparticipateinnationallife.
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5.MIRIPSProject*Aprojectthatexaminesthesethreeprinciplesacross16societiesisnearingcompletion.
*Thegoalistodiscovertheconditions(historical,cultural,political)underwhichtheymaybevalid.
*Thisprojectisintendedtoprovideawiderexaminationoftheevidence,acrossmanysocieties,andmanydifferentkindsofethnoculturalgroups.
*Iftheyarefoundtobegenerallyvalid,theymaybeusefultodeveloppoliciesandprogrammes toimproveinterculturalrelationsinmanysocieties.
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5.MIRIPSResearchFindingsInthe16country-studies,therewere38possibleevaluationsofthethreehypotheses.Thesestudiesincludedsamplesofbothdominantandnon-dominantgroupsinallthecountries;insomecountries,therewasmorethanonestudy,andmorethanonenon-dominantsample;inonecountry,onlyonehypothesisevaluated).
Thefindingshavegenerallysupportedthethreehypotheses.
However,therearevariationsinthelevelofsupportaccordingtothesample(nationalorethnic).
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5.MIRIPSResearchFindingsHypothesisNationalSamplesEthnicSamplesTotal
+0- +0- +0-____________________________________________________Multiculturalism163115313162Contact1261117123132Integration123213232555
_____________________________________________________Note+supportive
0norelationship- contrary
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5.MIRIPSinEstonia:MCHypothesis
Theresultsforbothmajority(Estonian-speaking)andminority(Russian-speaking)participantsshowedthatintergroupanxietyasaformofthreatisnegativelyassociatedwithintergroupoutcomes.Highperceptionofintergroupanxietypredictedmorenegativeoutgroup feelings,lessoutgroup trust,andmoreingroup bias.
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5.MIRIPSinEstonia:ContactHypothesisMajorityEstonianparticipants.
Inlinewiththecontacthypothesis,alltheformsofoutgroupcontactsstudiedarenegativelyrelatedtogroupanxietyandpositivelyrelatedtosupportforminorityrightsandpracticalactionspromotingminorityrightsMinorityRussianparticipants.Inlinewiththehypothesis,alltheformsofoutgroup contacts
reducegroupanxietyandarepositivelyrelatedtoself-esteem.Thosewithahighsenseofnationalbelongingdemonstratestrongerpositiverelationsbetweenoutgroup contactsandself-esteemandstrongernegativerelationsbetweenoutgroupcontactsandgroupanxiety,comparedtothosewithalowsenseofnationalbelonging.
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5.MIRIPSinEstonia:IntegrationHypothesisMinorityRussianparticipantsWithrespecttotherelationshipbetweenacculturationstrategiesandpsychologicaladaptation,thoseintheassimilationgrouphavehigherlifesatisfactionthanthoseintheothergroups.Withrespecttoeconomicindicatorsofsocioculturaladaptation(economicsituationandproportion),thoseintheintegrationgrouphavelowerscores.Withrespecttointerculturaladaptation(anxietyandtrust),thoseintheassimilationgrouphavethemostpositivescorescomparedtotheothergroups;andforoutgroup feelings,theintegrationandassimilationgroupsaremorepositivethanthoseintheseparationandmarginalizationgroup.MajorityEstoniansample…notreported
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6.PromotingMulticulturalisminPluralSocietiesWiththeseconcepts,frameworksandfindings,itshouldbepossibletocarryoutpolicy-relevantresearch,andthroughthisresearchtodevelopappropriatepoliciesandprogrammes.Applicationsofsuchresearchtoeducation,health,justiceandlabourmaybeattemptedthroughtheuseoffindingslinkedtothesethreeprinciples:1. Provideasecureplaceforallpeoplesintheregion2. Supportthecontactandengagementofindividualsandgroups
acrosstheregion3. Advocateforthedevelopmentofintegratedidentities
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6.PromotingMulticulturalisminEstoniaWithinthecontextofthegeneralfindings,Estoniahaspresentedauniquehistoryanddemographythatneedstobetakenintoaccountwhendevelopingapolicyandprogrammes toimproveinterculturalrelations.Ibelievethatthegeneralfindings,andtheirimplications,arevalidHowever,thespecificfindingsinEstoniarequirecaution:- intergroupanxietyplaysamajorroleinhowboththe
multiculturalismandcontacthypothesesareworking.- being‘doublyengaged’(integration)maynotservewellthegoal
ofsuccessfulmutualadaptation.
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Presentation given atInternationalconferenceIntegration Challenges inaRadicalisingWorld
29– 30November2016inTallinn,EstoniaFormoreconferencematerialsandpresentations
pleasevisit www.misakonverents.ee