Prof. Ir. Bambang Suhendro, M.sc., Ph.D. - Forensic Engineering Kursus Nov 2015 Final

8/18/2019 Prof. Ir. Bambang Suhendro, M.sc., Ph.D. - Forensic Engineering Kursus Nov 2015 Final

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FORENSIC ENGINEERING PRINSIP DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA

DI INDONESIA

Prof.Ir.Bambang Suhendro,M.Sc.,Ph.D.

Department of Civil & Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering

Universitas Gadjah Mada2015


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MATERI

o Pendahuluano Penyebab Degradasi dan Keruntuhan Infrastruktur

o Peralatan Investigasi

o Prinsip Dasar Forensic Engin eer ing o Kurikulum Pendidikan Forensic Eng ineer

o Berbagai Contoh Kasus Forensic Engin eer ing

o Berbagai Contoh Kasus di Indonesia

o Penutup


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PENDAHULUAN

Permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam bidang Teknik Sipil :

perancangan ( design ) suatu struktur barupelaksanaan pembangunannya ( construction ),

pengelolaan, pengoperasian, dan perawatanexisting infrastructures ,evaluasi teknis untuk menilai kelayakan-pakai

suatu infrastruktur selama masa layannya(useful life ), danmetode repair/strengthening apa bila diperlukan


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Desgn Construction Operation (life time > 50years)

Strength, Stiffness, Serviceability, Stability,Durability

m on itor ing , evaluat ion, repair

Infras t ru ctu re Managem ent System Q u a

l i t y o f e x

i s t i n g

s t r u c

t u r e s

time

Minimum requirement

In fras t ru ctu re Man agem en t Sys tem


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Berbagai peristiwa yang "tidak diinginkan" seperti:kecelakaan,

kerusakan,degradasi kekuatan, dankeruntuhan

dapat terjadi pada masa :pelaksanaan, ataupengoperasian suatu infrastruktur,

yang dapat menimbulkan:kerugian-kerugian materi,korban jiwa,terganggunya stabilitas ekonomi, sosial, dan politik.


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Pada kondisi ini berbagai fihak seperti:

a) lembaga pengadilan,b) kepolisian,

c) pemerintah-daerah setempat yangterkait dengan perijinan bangunan,d) asuransi,

e) pemilik bangunan, dan tidak ketinggalanf) konsultan perencana/pengawas sertag) kontraktor pada saat pembangunannya,


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akan dapat dilibatkan untuk menetapkan

siapa yang "bersalah",seberapa besar "ganti-rugi" yangharus dibayarkan kepada fihak yang

dirugikan.


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Situasi yang demikian sangat memerlukanperan Forensic Engineering untuk memban-tu mengungkapkan permasalahan yangsebenarnya secara proporsional, yangsecara umum akan meliputi aspek-aspek:

Investigasi

Evaluasi

Kesaksian ahli di depan pengadilan


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ASCE ( American Society of Civil Engineers ) resmimembentuk Com m it tee on Forensic Eng ineer ing

pada tahun 1982,

Saat ini telah berganti nama menjadi

Tech nical Cou nc i l of Forens ic Engin eer ing (TCFE ).

Konferensi Nasional pertama digelar oleh ASCE di

Seattle, Washington, pada tanggal 7 April 1986,dengan tema:

“ Forensic Engineering: Learning from Failures "


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Jurnal ilmiah Fo ren s ic En g in eer in g J PCF telah

diterbitkan rutin 3 bulanan sejak Februari 1987dan mendapatkan respon yang sangat baik dariberbagai kalangan profesi:

En g in eer in g , law y er , ar ch itec ts , g o v er nm en t,in s u ran c e ex ec u tiv es , d an o w n er s.

Konferensi berikutnya digelar oleh TCFE-ASCEpada tanggal 5~8 Oktober 1997 di Minneapolis,Minnesota,


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Sejak itu beberapa Universitas di USAtelah mulai mengajarkan mata kuliah

Fo ren s ic En g in eer in g dalam kurikulumakademisnya.

Bagaimana dengan di Indonesia ?


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Historic Example1847

• One of the earliest in the modern period being the fall of the Dee bridge at Chester , England . It was builtusing cast iron girders , each of which was made of three very large castings dovetailed together. Eachgirder was strengthened by wrought iron bars along the length. It was finished in September 1846, andopened for local traffic after approval by the first Railway Inspector, General Charles Pasley. However, on24 May 1847, a local train to Ruabon fell through the bridge. The accident resulted in five deaths (threepassengers, the train guard, and the locomotive fireman) and nine serious injuries. The bridge had beendesigned by Robert Stephenson , and he was accused of negligence by a local inquest .

• Although strong in compression, cast iron was known to be brittle in tension or bending, yet, on the day ofthe accident, the bridge deck was covered with track ballast to prevent the oak beams supporting the trackfrom catching fire. Stephenson took this precaution because of a recent fire on the Great Western Railwayat Uxbridge, London, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel's bridge caught fire and collapsed. This act imposeda heavy extra load on the girders supporting the bridge, and probably exacerbated the accident.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruabonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephensonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephensonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruabonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_bridge


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Historic Example1847

• One of theOne of the first major inquiries conducted by the newly formed Railway Inspectorate wasconducted by Captain Simmons of the Royal Engineers , and his report suggested that repeated flexing ofthe girder weakened it substantially. He examined the broken parts of the main girder, and confirmed thatthe girder had broken in two places, the first break occurring at the center. He tested the remaining girdersby driving a locomotive across them, and found that they deflected by several inches under the movingload. He concluded that the design was flawed, and that the wrought iron trusses fixed to the girders did notreinforce the girders at all, which was a conclusion also reached by the jury at the inquest. Stephenson'sdesign had depended on the wrought iron trusses to strengthen the final structures, but they were anchoredon the cast iron girders themselves, and so deformed with any load on the bridge. Others (especiallyStephenson) argued that the train had derailed and hit the girder, the impact force causing it to fracture .However, eye witnesses maintained that the girder broke first and the fact that the locomotive remained onthe track showed otherwise.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Inspectoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_witnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_witnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Inspectorate


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Fo ren s ic En g ineer ing


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Forensic Engineer • The forensic engineer applies the art and science of

engineering to the purpose of the law. Most requests forservices involve civil suits. However, the forensicengineer may also assist in the prosecution or defense

of criminal or regulatory matters.• Typical subjects include: failure analysis, accident

reconstruction, causes and origins of fires or explosions,design review, quality evaluation of construction or

manufacturing, maintenance procedures, andenvironment definition.


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Jurisprudence

• Attorneys for the prosecution and the defense,as well as the judge, are lawyers. They are themain players in the drama of the courtroom. Thelawyer who uses expert testimony in criminaland civil cases must be knowledgeable of thelaw that governs the admissibility of forensicevidence, and qualified to apply this law topresent and challenge forensic evidence in

depositions and court proceedings. The judgemust understand all the issues and make sure ofthe legality of the entire process.


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Menurut Webster dictionary , secara umum forensic diartikan sebagai “.. that which is presented in a

public forum” .

Secara khusus , ketika seorang professional engineer memberikan kesaksian sebagai saksi ahli ( expert witness ) di depan pengadilan atas suatu masalah

engineering yang menyangkut kepentinganmasyarakat dan terkait erat dengan keahliannyamaka engineer tersebut sedang bertugas sebagaiforensic engineer .

PENGERTIAN FORENSIC


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GAMBARAN UMUM FORENSIC ENGINEERING

Ruang lingkup yang ditangani forensic engineering ,

sangat luas dan berikut ini disajikan beberapa hal yangterkait:

The most prominent elements are:

• investigation,• evaluation and • service as an expert witness

Involving :• court – insurance – owner – contractor –

consultant – police – public – government


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Possible unexpected cases that result in accident or structural collapse:

(1) During design stage

Misinterpretation of codes, design criteria, or

design concept

Misuse of Computer Softwares (input preparation, assumptions, model used, and result interpretation)

Miscalculation


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(2) During construction

Accidents due to inappropriate construction

method Poor quality of resulted worksCollapse

(3) During operation (in service) Accidents, Failure or Collapse due to mis-operation/management, poor maintenance orstructural degradationOverloading.Corrosive or aggressive env.Earthquake , wind loading Fire , high/low temperatureVibration, repetitive load, blast

Fatigue / fractureWeathering Flood & Scouring Function change


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CAUSES OF DEGRADATION

In general there are at least 8 causes thatmakes a bridge experiences degradation:(a) dynamic nature of traffic & wind loadings,

(b) fatigue/fracture,(c) overloads,(d) thermal cyclic loading,

(e) aggressive and/or corrosive environment,(f) earthquake induced forces,(g) ageing, and(h) flood and scouring.


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Overloading & Corrosive/aggressive env.


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Earthquake & Fire Loading


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Repetitive, blast loading,fatigue/fracture


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Weathering & Scouring/flood


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Ageing

Outdoor environment• Wet & dry• Humidity• UV - radiation• Weather

Materialdeterioratesnaturally


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Marine

CORROTION IN MARINE

ENVIRONMENT


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Hasilcore drill


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Corrosion MARINE ORGANISM


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Guidelines for forensic engineers

• Avoid conflict of interest • Only take assignments you are competent to

perform

• Consider the opinions of others before you renderyour own

• Get all the information, don’t rely on assumptions

• Establish the standard of care for the appropriatetime and place


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• Respect the confidentiality of your client

• Be dispassionate and objective at all times

• Terminate the assignment if you are not allowedto conduct the full inquiry

• Terminate the assignment if the fee is being

used to bias your opinion


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Lingkup kasus yang ditangani sangat luas, sejak tinjauanaspek investigasi, evaluasi, dan menjadi saksi-ahli, sampai

tinjauan aspek penyebab accident/failure/collapse yangdapat terjadi pada masa perancangan, masa konstruksi,maupun masa operasi sesuai fungsinya yang mencakup

rentang waktu sangat panjang (selama masa layan renca-na struktur, yang lazimnya diambil lebih dari 50 tahun).

Obyek yang ditangani forensic engineering selalu terkaitdengan infrastruktur yang sudah jadi ( existing infrastructures ) atau yang sedang dalam masa konstruksi.


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Tidak seperti civil engineer pada umumnya, dimana

perencanaan ( planning ), perancangan ( design ) dananalisis struktur-baru berikut metode konstruksi danmanajemen proyek merupakan bekal utama yangharus dikuasainya, pada forensic engineering selain

bekal yang telah disebut sebelumnya juga dituntutuntuk menguasai:

a) penggunaan berbagai instrumentasi danperalatan tes distruktif maupun non-distruktif,

b) teknik-teknik evaluasi kinerja existing structuresdi lapangan,


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c) metode analisis-ulang existing structuresdengan data saat itu (berupa material

properties yang sudah mengalami degradasikarena berbagai sebab),

d) metode perawatan,

e) metode repair/strengthening existing structuresbeserta repair materials yang digunakan, dan

f) pengetahuan yang cukup tentang berbagaiperistiwa penyebab keruntuhan struktur dimasa lalu dan pengalaman dalam menangani

kasus sejenis.


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Dalam lingkup yang lebih sederhana (tidak

terkait dengan pengadilan), seorang forensic engineer juga mampu menangani permasalah-an yang muncul dalam masa pengelolaan,

pengoperasian, dan perawatan existing infra-structures , maupun masalah evaluasi teknis un-tuk menilai kelayakan-pakai suatu infrastruktur

selama masa layannya dan metode perbaikan/perkuatan ( repair/strengthening ) bila perlu.


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Elect iv e Cou rses & Pract ica lExperiences


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Table 1 : CE 5806:Syllabus Forensic Analysis & Condition Assessment of Civil &

Mechanical Infrastructure

NO TOPIC

1 Course Overview and Introductions (video)

2 Infrastructure inspections (video) (Chapter 1: NDE)

3 Introduction to investigation of failures due to soilExpansion and Assignment No. 1: Paper on Expansive Soils and/or Structural collapse. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 1

4 NDE Presentaions (video) & Dye Penetrant NDE (Chapter 2: NDE)

5 Expansive soil failure examples and procedures. Read: Failures:Foundation and Building Failures.

6 Dye Penetrant NDE (Chapter 2: NDE)

7 Hyatt Regency, Newport Centre Mall, the promenade, and ethicsQuestions Raised. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 5.

8 Ultrasound (Chapter 5: NDE)


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9 Product failure Investigation

10 Oral and Written Presentations-Structures/Soil Failures

11 Oral and Written Presentations- Structures/Soil Failures

12 Ultrasound

13 Introduction to Vehicular Accident Reconstruction and Assignment No. 2: Paper on VAR. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 3

14 Ultrasound

15 Accident Reconstruction Methods and Examples

16 Ultrasound

17 Magnetic Particle Methods (Chapter 3: NDE)

18 Magnetic Particle Methods

19 Var and Ethics Questions Raised

20 NDE of Timber Structures


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21 Computer Programs in Accident Reconstruction

22 Oral and Written Presentations-VAR

23 Oral and Written Presentations-VAR

24 NDE of Steel Structures

25 Deposition Testimony and Assignment No. 3: Paper EngineeringEtics Read: Guidelines Chapter 6

26 NDE of Masonry Structures

27 Court Testimony. Read: Guidelines: Chapter 7.

28 NDE of Concrete Structures

29 Contruction Law and Building Failures

30 Product Law and Product Failures

31 Ethics in Engineering Practice and Submittal of Paper on Ethics

32 Course wrap up

Table 2: Texts for CE 5806


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Table 2: Texts for CE 5806** Required texts for CE 5806 – other texts optional

Guidelines**: Guidelines for Failure Investigation, Task Committee onGuidelines for Failure Investigation of the Technical Council on ForensicEngineering, 1989, ASCE, 345 East 47 th Street NY, NY 10017-2398

Failures: Failures in Civil Engineering: Structural, Foundation andGeoenvironmental Case Studies, Education Committee of the TechnicalCouncil on Forensic Engineering, 1995, ASCE, 345 East 47 th Street NY,

NY 10017-2398

Forensic: Forensic Engineering: Learning from Failures, SymposiumProceedings, ASCE Technical Council on Forensic Engineering and thePerformance of Structures Research Council of the Technical Council onResearch, ASCE National Convention, Seattle, Washington, April 7, 1986,Street NY, NY 10017-2398

NDE**: NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING, Barry Hull & Vernon John 1988.The MacMillan Press. Reprint 1994.

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS FOR CIVILINFRASTRUCTURES, Edited by Hota V.S. Ganga Rao, Structural

Division, ASCE, 345 East 47 th Street, NY, NY, 1993.


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MA NUA L OF FORENSIC ENGINEERINGPRACTICE - A SYNOPSIS

The practice of Forensic Engineering involves theinvestigation of performance difficulties of buildingsand structures in the broad field of civil engineering.

Investigation of failures usually involves an interfacewith the legal system, most often in the form of expert testimony. The overall purpose of the Manual is tocommit to writing the current state of forensic

engineering practice. As such, this document will not be a standard or code but will address the acceptablebehavior of civil engineers engaged in the analysis of

failures.


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The manual is organized into general

areas of interest.

They are Qualifications, Investigations,

Ethics, Business and Legal.The chapter on Qualifications basicallyaddreses the minimum education and

experience requirements for forensicengineers.


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The term expert will be dicussed asdefined both by the Courts and by the

profession. Various aspects of federal and

state law will be cited as they apply to theengineers offering expert testimony.

Disqualification will also be discussed.The chapter on Ethics in the primary focusof the Manus.


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• Defining ethical behavior of the forensicengineer is the goal of the effort.

• The ASCE’s Code of Ethics is applied to

the forensic engineer

• Both the conflict of interest and the

appearance of such are defined anddiscussed in detail


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Sanctioning processes by the regilatory bodies and the ASCE are presented.

The Legal Forum chapter gives a brief overview of the court system as it appliesto the construction indust ry.


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Fai lu re Inv es tgat ion (exam ples ) 2015 Failure Investigation at a Collapsed Deep Excavation in Very Sensitive Organic Soft

Clay2014 Pedestrian Bridge Collapse and Failure Analysis in Giles County, Virginia2013 Failure Analysis of a Highway Dip Slope Slide2013 Soil Slope Failure Investigation Management System2012 Failure Case Studies in Civil Engineering, Structures, Foundations, and theGeoenvironment2012 Forensic Engineering 2012, Gateway to a Safer Tomorrow2012 True Cost of Hurricanes: Comprehensive Understanding of Multihazard Building

Damage2011 Investigation and Repair of a Four-Story Building Damaged by Yazoo Clay2011 Investigation of Bridge Expansion Joint Failure Using Field Strain Measurement2008 Collapse of Suspended Portland Cement Plaster Stucco Soffit2006 Collapse of the Quebec Bridge, 19072006 Failure Investigation of a Foamed-Asphalt Highway Project2006 Roof Collapse: Forensic Uplift Failure Analysis2005 Failure Analysis of Modular-Block Reinforced-Soil Walls during Earthquakes2005 Investigation of Flood Induced Pipeline Failures on Lower San Jacinto River 2005 Lessons from the Kinzua2005 Lessons Learned: Failure of a Hydroelectric Power Project Dam2005 Probability-Based Diagnosis of Defective Geotechnical Engineering Structures2003 Anatomy of a Disaster: A Structural Investigation of the World Trade Center Collapses2003 Failure Analysis of 100-Year Old Timber Roof Truss2003 Fatigue Performance of Modular Bridge Expansion Joints

2003 Forensic Evaluation of Premature Failures of Texas Specific Pavement Study-1

Sections2003 Investigation of a Sheffield Structural Tile Floor

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2003 Investigation on Failure Behavior of Mixed-Species Glued Laminated Timber

Beams2003 Lessons from the Collapse of the Schoharie Creek Bridge2003 Lessons from the Failure of the Teton Dam2003 Numerical Evaluation of Load Capacity of Corroded Pipes2003 Service Learning and Forensic Engineering in Soil Mechanics2003 The St. Francis Dam Failure2002 Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shell Structures2002 Failure Analysis of Welded Steel Moment-Resisting Frame Connections2002 American Society of Civil Engineers: A Case Study in Successful Failure

Analysis2002 World Trade Center Collapse —Civil Engineering Considerations2001 Another Look at Hartford Civic Center Coliseum Collaps e2000 Another Look at the L’Ambiance Plaza Collapse2000 Chronology and Context of the Hyatt Regency Collapse2000 Engineering Process Failure —Hyatt Walkway Collapse

2000 Facade Failures: The Second Time2000 Failure Analysis Case Study Information Disseminator 2000 Investigating the Cause of Rotted Wood Piles2000 Investigation of Construction Collapse of Steel Structure of The Post OfficeBuilding in

Chicago, Illinois

http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137901http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137901http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137025http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137027http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?136117http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137037http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137026http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?131644http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?130567http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?133188http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?133188http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?132699http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?132699http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?132699http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121025http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?124339http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121025http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120920http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?122834http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120934http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120940http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120934http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120934http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?122834http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?122834http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120920http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120920http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121022http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121025http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121025http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123615http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123615http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123615http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123615http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123615http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?124339http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?124339http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?132699http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?132699http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?132699http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?132699http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?133188http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?133188http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?133188http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?130567http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?130567http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?130567http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?130567http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?131644http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?131644http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137026http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137026http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137037http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137037http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?136117http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?136117http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137027http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137027http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137025http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137025http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137901http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137901http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137901http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137901http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?137901


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2000 Stone Cladding Failure: The Cause and Consequences2000 Temporary Bracing Failures during Construction (Fact or Fiction): Case Studies2000 ―The Hyatt Horror‖: Failure and Responsibility in American Engineering1999 Investigation into Cause of Failure of Lift Control Panel1998 A 1995 Bank Erosion Survey Along the Illinois Waterway1998 Civil Engineering Education Through Case Studies of Failures1998 Effects of Lateral Ground Movements on Failure Patterns of Piles in the 1995

Hyogoken-NambuEarthquake

1998 Lessons from the Failure of the LS Hydroelectric Power Project Dam1998 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Large Diameter Pile Foundations for the Bay Bridge1998 The Oklahoma City Bombing: Structure and Mechanisms of the Murrah Building1998 Shaking Table Tests on Seismic Behavior of Quay Walls Subjected to BackfillLiquefaction1997 Education Begins Responding to the Needs of our Deteriorating and FailingInfrastructure1997 Failure Mechanisms in Building Construction1997 Glossary of Forensic Engineering Practice1997 The Hartford Coliseum Space Truss Failure — A Retrospective

2000 The John Hancock Tower Glass Failure: Debunking the Myths2000 Preventing Failures of Precast Concrete Facade Panels and Their Connections2000 Slope Failure in Weathered Claystone and Siltstone

http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120921http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120942http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121024http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?118276http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112386http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?110698http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?113695http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112770http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?108841http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?330064http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121351http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120928http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120928http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120928http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121351http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121351http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?330064http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?330064http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?108841http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?108841http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112770http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112770http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?113695http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?113695http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?110698http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?110698http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112386http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112386http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?118276http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?118276http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121024http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121024http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120942http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120942http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120921http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120921


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2000 Stone Cladding Failure: The Cause and Consequences2000 Temporary Bracing Failures during Construction (Fact or Fiction): Case Studies2000 ―The Hyatt Horror‖: Failure and Responsibility in American Engineering1999 Investigation into Cause of Failure of Lift Control Panel1998 A 1995 Bank Erosion Survey Along the Illinois Waterway1998 Civil Engineering Education Through Case Studies of Failures1998 Effects of Lateral Ground Movements on Failure Patterns of Piles in the 1995Hyogoken-Nambu

Earthquake1998 Lessons from the Failure of the LS Hydroelectric Power Project Dam1998 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Large Diameter Pile Foundations for the Bay Bridge1998 The Oklahoma City Bombing: Structure and Mechanisms of the Murrah Building1998 Shaking Table Tests on Seismic Behavior of Quay Walls Subjected to BackfillLiquefaction1997 Education Begins Responding to the Needs of our Deteriorating and FailingInfrastructure1997 Failure Mechanisms in Building Construction1997 Glossary of Forensic Engineering Practice1997 The Hartford Coliseum Space Truss Failure — A Retrospective

2000 The John Hancock Tower Glass Failure: Debunking the Myths2000 Preventing Failures of Precast Concrete Facade Panels and Their Connections2000 Slope Failure in Weathered Claystone and Siltstone

http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120921http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120942http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121024http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?118276http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112386http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?110698http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?113695http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112770http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?108841http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?330064http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121351http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120928http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?123202http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120928http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120928http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121351http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121351http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?104328http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?330064http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?330064http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?108841http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?108841http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?106631http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112759http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112821http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112770http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112770http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?113695http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?113695http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112766http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?110698http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?110698http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112386http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?112386http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?118276http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?118276http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121024http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?121024http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120942http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120942http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120921http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?120921


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Contoh : Forens ic Eng ineer ing Con su l tant PAUL ZAMROWSKI ASSOCIATES, INC.

FORENSIC ENGINEERING CONSULTANTSEngineering Investigation & AnalysisFailure Reconstruction

Civil * Structural * Mechanical * Electrical * Chemical * MetallurgicalGENERAL INFORMATION

Forensic Engineering: Engineering applied to matters of losses, claims and law.

* * * * *Experience and integrity are the keys to our success in this esoteric field. Since 1972, forensicengineering has been our sole practice.

* * * * *Paul Zamrowski Associates, Inc. is an association of engineers specializing in technical

investigation of accidents, failures and disasters.We determine how and why an accident or damage occurred, explore the extent of damage,

and ascertain whether a design, manufacturing, construction or service defect was at fault.Plaintiff or defendant, our findings are impartial.

Each investigation involves compiling background information, gathering physical evidence,and reconstructing the incident based on sound scientific and engineering principles.

Conclusive, supportable opinions focus on theory of liability.Results are presented in clear, concise reports, fully illustrated with diagrams and

photographs.All of our associates are courtroom qualified.

We pride ourselves in being able to respond to emergencies immediately.As of January of 2009, our experience exceeds 26,000 cases.


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Contoh kasus : Civil Engineering

Structu ra l Eng ineer ing

• Structu ra l fa i lures and analys is ; extent of d amage; s t ructu ra l in tegr i ty • Set tlement , def lec t ion and creep • Earthquake, f i re and to rnado d amage • Corros ion • Hydros ta t i c so i l p ressure ; f ros t heave • L i g h t n i n g d a m a g e • Roof fa i lures • Sink ho les • Collapses • Temp orary suppor t s t ruc tu res • Evaluat ion of pre-eng ineered m etal bui ld in gs • Blas t ing and v ib ra t ions • Weather damage: sn ow , ice , ra in , win d and f lood

Contoh kasus : Civil


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Contoh kasus : CivilEngineering

Hydrology & Hydraulics• Floods , wel ls , groun dw ater, su rface water runo ff • Sewerage and dra inage sys tem s • Storm water detent ion

Highway Design, Construction and MaintenanceIndustrial Engineering and Accidents

Metallurgical and Material Analysis :

Metals , t imber, p las t ics , maso nry , conc re te, com pos i tes , ear th ,asph al t , roc k and soi l

Berbagai kasus Civil


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Berbagai kasus CivilEngineering

• Accident Reconstruction• Bridge Design, Construction,

Rehabilitation and Maintenance• Building Codes and Standards

Conformance• Chemical Engineering

• Environmental Control Systems• Explosions• Temporary Support Structures:• Scaffolding , p la t form s, sh or ing ,

b rac ing , underp inn ing , ho i s t sand cranes

• Welding Engineering

• Civil Engineering• Computers• Construction• Construction Equipment

Accidents:• Corrosion

• Cost Evaluation• Crane Accidents• Electrical Engineering:• Fires - All Types:• Fuel Tank Ruptures• Glass Failures• Human Factors - Investigation

and Analysis• Hydrology & Hydraulics

The Ass oc iat ion of Con su l ting Forens ic


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gEngineers

• The Association of Consulting Forensic Engineers (then Association of Litigation Engineers) wasfounded in December 1982 by a group of seven Consulting Engineers who practiced as ExpertWitnesses in Ireland. The Memorandum of Association defines the role of a Consulting ForensicEngineer as a person who undertakes evidential engineering investigations.

• Members of the Association are Chartered Engineers (or equivalent status) who practise asConsulting Engineers either individually or as Partner in a Practice of Consulting Engineers.

• The Association of Consulting Forensic Engineers (ACFE) is a company limited by guarantee.It is registered in Dublin No 93152

• There are currently about 50 Members throughout the island of Ireland who practise in a wide rangeof areas. The common thread is that they prepare Expert Engineering Reports and give ExpertEngineering Evidence to the Courts and similar tribunals. Most members work in Personal Injury

litigation. Some work in the Criminal Courts and some are Professional Arbitrators. Some membersspecialise in narrow areas whilst others cover a wide range of work.• The Association of Consulting Forensic Engineers fulfils an educational role in that it organises an

annual seminar on a topical subject or area of Practice. Some of these seminars are restricted tomembers whilst others are open and are attended by Practitioners in Law, Insurance and relateddisciplines.

• In 2006 the Association introduced the 2006 ACFE Bursary Scheme as part of the commitment ofits members to promoting the profession of Engineering to school leavers from less advantagedbackgrounds. This is an exciting and unique development in the National STEPS Programme toencourage school leavers to study engineering and science of which the ACFE is justifiably proud.

SEMINA RS/SHORTCOURSES


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SEMINA RS / SHORT COURSES • Sudden Damage vs. Maintenance Issues in Buildings• Sudden Damage vs. Maintenance Issues in Buildings helps students distinguish between distress

caused by "sudden" movements of a structure (settlement, strong wind, earthquakes, etc.) vs. normalmaterial deterioration or shrinkage. This course specifically discusses hurricane/tornado suddendamage. Case studies illustrate field inspections and ultimate classification of distress. This courseaddresses residential and light commercial structures.

• CE Credit: 4 Hours

• Wind vs. Wave Damage Assessment

• Wind vs. Wave Damage Assessment course expands on our "Sudden Damage" and "Wind Effects"courses, but focuses on hurricanes. We discuss the hurricane formation, types of hurricane-causeddamage, and how to differentiate between damage caused by hurricane-induced waves and wind. Weuse recent case studies like Hurricane Katrina to illustrate inspection techniques and challenges. Thisis an invaluable educational tool for those working in hurricane affected areas, or seeking to preparefor next hurricane season.


• Commercial Roofs Damage Assessment• Commercial Roofs Damage Assessment provides students with a comprehensive look at the most

common types of commercial roofing materials. We take a detailed look at weathering, specifically hailand wind, as applied to commercial roofs. We examine manufacturing, installation, and naturalweathering for the primary commercial roofing types: Built-up, Modified bitumen, EPDM, and Othermajor flat roof systems.

• Learn how to differentiate between aging and hail, wind, or mechanical damage. Color photos depictthe various types of commercial roofing systems and common damage/problems.



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Non Distructive Tests


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Pulse Ultrasonic Non Destructive Test(PUNDIT)


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Vibration measurement


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Core Case


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Env iron m enta lTes t ing


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Env iron m enta l Tes t ing

• Provides a wide variety of equipment and structures designed to duplicate and test in-useconditions.

• Unlike typical materials testing laboratories, ours often incorporates special test methods andprocedures to replicate operational situations, after which our engineers compile and analyzetest data to evaluate causes of failure or potential problems.

• Much of our test equipment is portable, permitting accurate tests in the field.• Environmental Test Chamber. This 27 cubic foot temperature/humidity test chamber is

designed specifically for product development, quality assurance, research and otherapplications to determine product resistance to various temperatures from -20 ° to + 100 ° C andhumidity exposure from 20% to 98%.

• QUV Testing. Haag can simulate the effects of temperature, moisture and UV exposure onvarious building elements.• Moisture Detection Testing. Used primarily in roof assembly studies, portable equipment is

available to determine the presence and extent of moisture.• High-Pressure Hydrostatic Testing. Pressures up to 10,000 psi can be generated for hydrostatic

testing of pressure vessels, valves and hose assemblies.• High-Current Electrical Testing. Equipment is available to test circuit breaker functions and to

load-test electrical cables at ratings of up to 1000 amperes.

• Mechanical Testing. Tensile testing up to 5,000 lbs. for small specimens is available. Haag alsois equipped with portable laboratory equipment for metal hardness field testing.• Fire and Explosion Testing. Haag utilizes flammable gas detectors, carbon monoxide monitors

and pipe leak test equipment for fire and explosion analyses.

KONTROL KUALITAS BETON


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KONTROL KUALITAS BETON

1. Bahan susun (air, agregat halus, agregatkasar, semen, aditif, tulangan) pengujianbahan

2. Proses pelaksanaan (sebelum mengeras)campuran beton, proses pencampuran,bekisting, pengecoran, pemadatan, perawatan

3. Hasil akhir (setelah beton mengeras)sampel benda uji, finishing, defect (retak,keropos), repair.


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Homogeneity of the concrete

• Measurement of pulse velocities at points on a regular gridon the surface of a concrete structure provides a reliablemethod of assessing the homogeneity of the concrete.

• It is useful to plot a diagram of pulse velocity contours fromthe results obtained since this gives a clear picture of theextent of variations.

• It should be appreciated that the path length can influencethe extent of the variations recorded because the pulsevelocity measurements correspond to the average quality of

the concrete along the line of the pulse path and the size ofconcrete sample tested at each measurement is directlyrelated to the path length.

Con crete Tes t in g


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gTrans du cer A rrang em ent

The diagrams show three alternative arrangements for the transducers when testingconcrete. Whenever possible, the direct transmission arrangement should be used.This will give maximum sensitivity and provide a well defined path length. It is,however, sometimes required to examine the concrete by using diagonal paths andsemi-direct arrangements are suitable for these.

C i St th


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Compressive Strength

M d l f R t (MOR)


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Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

Pulse Velocity (km/sec)

D t ti f d f t ( k )


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Detection of defects (cracks)

• When an ultrasonic pulse travelling through concrete meetsa concrete-air interface, there is a negligible transmission ofenergy across this interface so that any air-filled crack orvoid lying directly between the transducers will obstruct thedirect beam of ultrasound when the void has a projectedarea larger than the area of the transducer faces.

• The first pulse to arrive at the receiving transducer will havebeen diffracted around the periphery of the defect and thetransit time will be longer than in similar concrete with nodefect.

• It is sometimes possible to make use of this effect farlocating flaws, etc. but it should be appreciated that smalldefects often have little or no effect on transmission times.

Estimating the depth of surface


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g pcracks

If the first value of x chosen is X1 and the second value X2 and the transit timescorresponding to these are T1 and T2 respectively, then

Crack Depth = X 1 √(4T12 – T 22)/(T 22-T12)The equation given above is derived by assuming that the plane of the crack isperpendicular to the concrete surface and that the concrete in the vicinity of thecrack is of reasonably uniform quality.


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Crack depth (h) = (L/2)(T2/T1-T1/T2)

Detection of large voids or


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gcavities

• A large cavity may be detected by measuring the transittimes of pulses passing between the transducers when theyare placed in suitable positions so that the cavity lies in thedirect path between them.

• The size and position of such cavities may be estimated byassuming that the pulses pass along the shortest pathbetween the transducers and around the cavity.

• Such estimates are more reliable if the cavity has a welldefined boundary surrounded by uniformly dense concrete.

• If the projected area of the cavity is smaller than thediameter of the transducer the cavity cannot be detected.

M i i


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This facility is particularly useful for following the hardening processduring the first two days after casting and it is sometimes possible totake measu-rements through formwork before it is removed at very earlyages.This has a useful application for determining when formwork can beremoved or when prestressing operations can proceed.

Monitoringhardening process

Accuratelydetermine whenformwork could beremoved

In prestressed

concrete, whenprestressingoperation canproceed

PERALATAN INVESTIGASI


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10/2/1980 103

Alat uji bahan :a. A lat u ji t id ak m er u sak (n o n -d es tr u ct iv e

apparatus) – m ekanik, opt ik , k im ia , e lektron ik,din amik , termik , su ara

b . A l at u ji m e ru s ak (d es t ru c t iv e ap p ar at u s ) - m ekanik, op t ik , k im ia , e lektron ik, d in amik , termik

Alat uji Struktur :a. A lat u ji s tat ik

b . A lat u ji s ik lik (k u as i s tat ik )c . A lat u ji d in am ik

PERALATAN INVESTIGASI

Non DestructiveApparatus –

El k ik/ M k ik


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10/2/1980 104

A. Alat Uji Bahan

Elektronik/ Mekanik

1. Caliper (mengukur di-mensi elemen struktur)

2. Schmidt hammer (mengukur kuat-tekanbeton, fc’)

3. Ultra Sonic PulseVelocity meter /UPVmengukur modulus

elastisitas (Ec), kuat-tekan (fc’), kedalamanretak, ada/ tidaknyakeropos beton

4. Crack Microscope(mengukur lebar retakdengan ketelitian 0,01

mm)5. Rebar Locator (mengukur tebal selimutbeton, posisi dandiameter tulangan)

1

2

3

45

NonDestructive

2


105/120

10/2/1980 105

est uct veApparatus –Elektronik/Mekanik

Permeabilitymeter (alatukur permeabi-litas beton dan

kekedapanudara )1. Pompa hisap

udara2. Jarum suntik air

3. Selang air/udara4. Pipet tiup udara5. Penyumbat

udara/ air A. Alat Uji Bahan

1

3

4

5

Non DestructiveApparatus -


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10/2/1980 106

Apparatus -Elektronik

Chloride Test1. Probe (berupa

bahan sensitifterhadap aliranlistrik

2. Indicator (penunjuktegangan listrikyang mengalir diantara permukaanbeton dan baja di

dalamnya3. Stick (tongkat

penggerak probedan indicator) B. Alat Uji Struktur

1 2

3


107/120

10/2/1980 107

Half Cell Test Kits

Deteksikorositulangan

bajadalambeton

Potential Level (µ V) p-korosi

< -200 95%

-200 ~ -350 50%

-350 ~ -500 5%

B. Alat Uji Struktur Non-destructiveApparatus -


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10/2/1980 108

jppElektronik

Probes/ sensor &Indicator

1. Inclinometer(mengukur kemiringan

5 o)

2. Accelerometer (mengukurpercepatan)

3. Velocity meter (mengukur kecepatan)

4. Conditioner/Indicator (penguatsinyal)

5. Digital Ph Meter &Thermometer

1

23

4

4

4

4

4

5

2

Load-displacement

A. Alat Uji Struktur


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10/2/1980 109

displacementApparatus -Elektronik

1. Load cell (Control- 200 ton)

2. LVDT (50 - 200mm stroke)

3. Indicator (TC 31Kmanual/

automaticrecording system)

4. Thermocoupleand digitalindicator (tipe K

1200 C)

1 2

3

4


110/120


111/120

Static & DynamicApparatus -Elektronik

B. Alat Uji Struktur


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10/2/1980 112

Loadcell &Indicator

1. Loadcell (25 –200 ton)

2. Low temperaturegauge (mengukurtemperatur s/d100 o C)

3. Data logger (penyimpan data

500 kanal)4. Strain indicator

(pengukurregangan digital)

1

2 3

4

A. Alat Uji BahanSemi DistructiveApparatus – Mekanik/Elektrik


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10/2/1980 113

Corecase1. Core stand

(pemegang posisi danpenekan corebit)

2. Core bit (mata borberbentuk pipa untukmengambil contohsilinder beton,diameter 3,5 / 5 / 8 cm)

3. Water pump (pompaair pendingin)

4. Hand drill (pemutarcore bit)

5. Pliers (penjepit /pengambil silinder)

1

2

3

5

4


114/120

Contoh hasil core case

SemiDestructiveApparatus -

A. Alat Uji Bahan


115/120

10/2/1980 115

MekanikCoredrill

1. Rotatingmachine (mesinpemutar core bit)

2. Adjuster (rodapenekan core

bit)3. Core bit

(diameter 100 –150 mm)

4. Flexible coolingwater hose(pipa airpendingin)

1

2

3

4


116/120

Falling Weight


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10/2/1980 117

Falling Weight

Deflectometer

(FWD) 14 tf

Mengukur

bearing capacity rigid/flexible pavement

Heavy Weight


118/120

10/2/1980 118

Heavy Weight

Deflectometer

(HWD) 24 tf

Mengukurbearing capacity rigid/flexible

pavement


119/120

References


120/120

References

• Krishnamurthy, N. (2007). Forensic Engineering inStructural Design and Construction. StructuralEngineers World Congress. Bangalore, India.

• Specter, M.M. (2002). Forensic Engineering CurriculumCommittee Summary Report l . National Academy ofForensic Engineers (NAFE).

Prof. Ir. Bambang Suhendro, M.sc., Ph.D. - Forensic Engineering Kursus Nov 2015 Final

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