Prof. francien herlen tomasowa, ph.d.. CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE INTERPERSONAL MEANING.

prof. francien herlen tomasowa, ph.d.

CLAUSE AS EXCHANGE

INTERPERSONAL MEANING

Simultaneously with its organization as a message, the clause is also organized as an interactive event involving speaker/ writer, and audience.

Types of speech role: GIVING [inviting to receive] DEMANDING [inviting to give]

Thus an act of speaking might ppropriately be called AN INTERACT in which ”giving” implies receiving and “demanding” implies giving in response.

TWO VARIABLESDEFINING THE FOUR PRIMARY SPEECH FUNCTIONS

OFFER, COMMAND, STATEMENT, QUESTION

If you say something with the aim of getting someone to do something for you, the exchange commodity is strictly NON VERBAL.What is being demanded is an OBJECT or an ACTION, and language is brought in to help the process along.

If you say something with the aim of getting someone to tell you something, what is being demanded is INFORMATION

GOODS & SERVICES INFORMATION

PRIMARY SPEECH FUNCTIONS

commodity exchangedrole in goods & services informationexchange

“offer” “statement”giving would you like he’s giving her the this teapot? teapot

“command” “question”demanding give me that teapot! what is he giving her?

SPEECH FUNCTIONS & RESPONSES

initiation expected discretionary

response alternative

goods & services

give offer acceptance rejection

demand command undertaking refusal

information:

give statement acknowledgement contradiction

demand question answer disclaimer

SEMANTIC FUNCTION OF A CLAUSE

IN THE EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION

IN THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS & SERVICES

PROPOSITION

PROPOSAL

One of a small number of verbal operators expressing TENSE or MODALITY.In some instances, the Finite element and the lexical verb are “fused” into a single word.This happens when the verb is in simple past or simple present (tense), active (voice), positive (polarity) and neutral (contrast).

May be any nominal group. If it is a personal pronoun, it is simply repeated each time. If it is anything else, then after the first occurence it is replaced by the personal pronoun corresponding to it.

MOOD

ELEMENTS

SUBJECT FINITE

SUBJECT and FINITEIN THE BODY OF THE CLAUSE AND THE TAG

example

Subject

Finite

the duke has given away that teapot hasn’t hethe duke is giving away that teapot isn’t hethe duke did give away that teapot didn’t hethe duke didn’t give away that teapot did he

the duke has given that teapot away

Subject Finite

Mood Residue

MOOD STRUCTURE

DECLARATIVE

has the duke given that teapot away

Finite Subject

Mood Residue

MOOD STRUCTUREYES / NO INTERROGATIVE

LOW

can, may

could, might

MEDIAN

will,would, should

is to, was to

HIGH

must, ought to

need, has to, had to

PAST

did, was

had, used to

PRESENT

does, is

has

FUTURE

will, shall

would, should

TEMPORALMODAL

FINITE VERBAL OPERATORS

the duke has given my aunt that teapot hasn’t hemy aunt has been given that teapot by the duke hasn’t shethat teapot has been given my aunt by the duke hasn’t it

Subject Finite Finite Subject

Mood Residue Mood tag

VARIATION of SUBJECT

in DECLARATIVE CLAUSES

Sister Susie ‘s sewing shirts for soldiers.

Subject Finite Predicator Complement Adjunct

Mood Residue

STRUCTURE OF

THE RESIDUE

The function of the Predicator is fourfold. It specifies:

1. time reference2. various other aspects and phases like seeming, trying,

hoping3. the voice (active/ passive)4. the process (action, event, material, mental, relation)

PREDICATOR

A Complement is an element within the Residue that has the potential of being Subject but is not.It is typically realized by a nominal group.

the duke gave my aunt that teapot

Predicator Complement 1 Complement 2

Mood Residue

COMPLEMENT

An Adjunct is an element that has not got thepotential of being Subject.It is typically realized by an adverbial group or a prepositionalphrase.e.g.:my aunt was given that teapot yesterday by the duke

adverbial prepositional group phrase

Adjunct

ADJUNCT

A Conjunctive Adjunct tendsto occur at points in the clause which are significant for textual organization , which means at some boundary or other:

1. clause initial [part of the textual theme]:However, such men don’t make good husbands.

2. clause final [afterthought]:Such men don’t make good husbands, however.

3. between Theme and Rheme:Such men, however, don’t make good husbands.

4. between Mood and Residue:Such men don’t, however, make good husbands.

Conjunctive Adjuncts have no function in the ckause as exchange.

CONJUNCTIVE ADJUNCT

There are 2 groups of Modal Adjuncts in terms of their place in the mood structure:

1. MOOD ADJUNCTS specifically relating to the finite verbal operators, expressing probability, usuality, obligation, inclination or time, and intensity.

2. COMMENT ADJUNCTS which tend to occur thematically, finally, between the Theme and Rheme, or between Mood and Residue; and when medial, they are typically associated with a boundary between information units.

MODAL ADJUNCTS

They typically occur: a. next to the Finite. b. before the Finite. c. after the Finite.

Examples:

She probably hasn’t arrived. He doesn’t always hear.

You certainly must go.I’d gladly help.She’s already arrived.

MOOD ADJUNCTS

certainly, surely, probably, perhaps, maybe, possibly, definitely, positively

always, often, usually, regularly, typically, occasionally, seldom, rarely, ever, never, onceevidently, apparently, presumably, clearly, no doubt, obviously, of course

gladly, willingly, readilyyet, still, already, once, soon, justquite, almost, nearly, totally, entirely, utterly, completely, literally, absolutely, scarcely, hardlyjust, simply, ever, only, really, actually

probability/

obligation

usuality

presumption

inclination

time

degree

intensityPrin

cipa

l Ite

ms

Func

tioni

ng a

s M

ood

Adj

unct

s

unfortunately however he can’t usually Comment Conjunctive Subject Finite Mood Adjunct Adjunct Adjunct

Mood

hear clearly on the telephone presumption prep.phrase

Predicator Adjunct Adjunct Residue

CLAUSE WITH CIRCUMSTANTIAL, MODAL

AND CONJUNCTIVE ADJUNCTS

who killed Cock Robin

Subject/ WH- (past) kill ComplementFinite Predicator

Mood Residue

WH- INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE

WH- element

conflated with

Subject

whose little boy are you

Complement / WH- Finite Subject

Residue Mood

WH- INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE

WH- element

conflated with

Complement

what have the elephants done to the pier

Complement/ WH- Finite Subject Predicator Adjunct

Residue Mood

WH- INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE

WH- clause having

question related to

the process

how neatly he spreads his claws

Adjunct / WH- Subject ‘[present] spread’ Complement Finite Predicator

Residue Mood

EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSE

come into my parlour will you

Predicator Adjunct Finite Subject

Residue Mood tag

don’t you believe it

Finite Subject Predicator Complement

Mood Residue

IMPERATIVE CLAUSES

POLARITY

the choice between

positive and negative:

is – isn’t

do – don’t

does – doesn’t

can – can’t

has – hasn’t

etc.

PROPOSAL

goods & services:

offer

command

MODALITYPROPOSITION

information:statement

question

POLARITY AND MODALITY

God Bless you !