PRODUCTION OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER FROM SOLID WASTES OF SOME EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF LAHORE

PRODUCTION OF THERMOELECTRIC PRODUCTION OF THERMOELECTRIC

POWER FROM SOLID WASTES OF POWER FROM SOLID WASTES OF

SOME EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS SOME EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

OF LAHOREOF LAHORE

ByBy

Mohammad Rafiq Khan, Mehreen Kamal, Sana Mohammad Rafiq Khan, Mehreen Kamal, Sana

Sheikh, Fizza Pervaz and Shireen Abbas Sheikh, Fizza Pervaz and Shireen Abbas

Lahore School of EconomicsLahore School of Economics

ABSTRACTABSTRACTThe work reported in this paper was undertaken to study the feasibility of production of The work reported in this paper was undertaken to study the feasibility of production of

thermoelectric power by incineration of biomass content of solid waste of Lahore School of thermoelectric power by incineration of biomass content of solid waste of Lahore School of

Economics (LSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Kinnaird college Economics (LSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Kinnaird college

(KC ) and Government College University Lahore (GCUL). The secondary data was (KC ) and Government College University Lahore (GCUL). The secondary data was

collected by consultation of literature in different libraries, visiting various websites on collected by consultation of literature in different libraries, visiting various websites on

Internet and picking material from documents published by different establishments Internet and picking material from documents published by different establishments

concerned here. concerned here.

Primary data concerning the production and disposal of solid waste was collected from LSE, Primary data concerning the production and disposal of solid waste was collected from LSE,

LUMS, KC and GCUL.. The primary data concerning the production of thermoelectric LUMS, KC and GCUL.. The primary data concerning the production of thermoelectric

power from the solid waste such as bagasse was collected by visiting Pattoki Sugar Mill and power from the solid waste such as bagasse was collected by visiting Pattoki Sugar Mill and

the prices of machinery and equipment were supplied by the Mill authorities which were the prices of machinery and equipment were supplied by the Mill authorities which were

later verified by visiting the websites of different local machinery manufacturing companies. later verified by visiting the websites of different local machinery manufacturing companies.

The data were used to design the project that was subsequently appraised to determine its The data were used to design the project that was subsequently appraised to determine its

B/C Ratio, NPV by applying discounted cash flow techniques and payback period (PBP) was B/C Ratio, NPV by applying discounted cash flow techniques and payback period (PBP) was

determined by conventional method.determined by conventional method.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

The study was undertaken with the following objectives in mind:The study was undertaken with the following objectives in mind:

Safe and techno-economic disposal of solid wastes produced in Safe and techno-economic disposal of solid wastes produced in the the

scheduled educational institutions.scheduled educational institutions. Study of the feasibility of production of thermo-electric power from the Study of the feasibility of production of thermo-electric power from the

biomass of solid wastes. biomass of solid wastes. Later extension of the study to higher levels such as village, town and Later extension of the study to higher levels such as village, town and city city

level.level. Recommendations to all concerned for effective solid waste Recommendations to all concerned for effective solid waste

management.management.

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

Collection of DataCollection of Data Processing of DataProcessing of Data Interpretation of ResultsInterpretation of Results

The preliminary enquiry revealed that the total waste produced inThe preliminary enquiry revealed that the total waste produced in

the scheduled institutions were approximately as follows:the scheduled institutions were approximately as follows:

LSELSE 200 Tons per Annum200 Tons per Annum LUMS LUMS 500 Tons per Annum500 Tons per Annum KC KC 200 Tons per Annum200 Tons per Annum GCU GCU 720 Tons per Annum 720 Tons per Annum

One related to the actual waste of the institutions and One related to the actual waste of the institutions and

second to the amounts that had the likelihood of second to the amounts that had the likelihood of

qualifying the projects as feasible for subsequent qualifying the projects as feasible for subsequent

implementation are reported in Table 1 and 2.implementation are reported in Table 1 and 2.

The two sets of projects;

Table 1: Table 1: Bases and requisites of alternative Bases and requisites of alternative projects (Assessed weight of solid waste)projects (Assessed weight of solid waste)

AlternativesAlternatives 11 22 33 44 55 66

Solid Solid Waste-Tons/AnnumWaste-Tons/Annum

200200 200200 500500 500500 720720 720720

Cost of LandCost of Land IncludedIncluded ExcludedExcluded IncludedIncluded ExcludedExcluded IncludedIncluded ExcludedExcluded

Live Steam TemperatureLive Steam Temperature 600C600Co o to 650Cto 650Coo 600C600Co o to 650Cto 650Coo 600C600Co o to 650Cto 650Coo

Live Steam PressureLive Steam Pressure 70–80 Kg/cm²70–80 Kg/cm² 70–80 Kg/cm²70–80 Kg/cm² 70–80 Kg/cm²70–80 Kg/cm²

Fuel Steam RatioFuel Steam Ratio 1:71:7 1:71:7 1:71:7

Steam ProducedSteam Produced 1,400 Ton/Annum1,400 Ton/Annum 4,200 Ton/Annum4,200 Ton/Annum 4.200 Ton/Annum4.200 Ton/Annum

Multistage TurbineMultistage Turbine Light DutyLight Duty Light DutyLight Duty Light DutyLight Duty

Steam Consumption/ Steam Consumption/ KWKW

5 Kg/KW5 Kg/KW 5 Kg/KW5 Kg/KW 5 Kg/KW5 Kg/KW

Electricity ProducedElectricity Produced 280,000 KW/Ann.280,000 KW/Ann. 700,000 KW/Annum700,000 KW/Annum 1,008,000 1,008,000 KW/AnnumKW/Annum

Steam Produced /HrSteam Produced /Hr 0.16 Ton/Hr0.16 Ton/Hr 0.4050 Ton0.4050 Ton 0.5832 Ton/Hr0.5832 Ton/Hr

Electricity Produced/HrElectricity Produced/Hr 32-40 KW32-40 KW 81.10 KW81.10 KW 116 KW116 KW

Table 2: Table 2: Bases and requisites of alternative Bases and requisites of alternative projects (Increased weight of solid waste)projects (Increased weight of solid waste)

AlternativesAlternatives 77 88 99 1010

Solid Waste-Tons/AnnumSolid Waste-Tons/Annum 600600 600600 1,0001,000 1,0001,000

Cost of LandCost of Land IncludedIncluded ExcludedExcluded IncludedIncluded ExcludedExcluded

Live Steam TemperatureLive Steam Temperature 600C600Co o to 650Cto 650Coo 600C600Co o to 650Cto 650Coo

Live Steam PressureLive Steam Pressure 70–80 Kg/cm²70–80 Kg/cm² 70–80 Kg/cm²70–80 Kg/cm²

Fuel Steam RatioFuel Steam Ratio 1:71:7 1:71:7

Steam ProducedSteam Produced 4,200 Ton/Annum4,200 Ton/Annum 7,000 Ton/Annum7,000 Ton/Annum

Multistage TurbineMultistage Turbine Light DutyLight Duty Heavy DutyHeavy Duty

Steam Consumption/ KWSteam Consumption/ KW 5 Kg/KW5 Kg/KW 5 Kg/KW5 Kg/KW

Electricity ProducedElectricity Produced 840,000 KW/Annum840,000 KW/Annum 1,400,000 KW/Annum1,400,000 KW/Annum

Steam Produced /HrSteam Produced /Hr 0.486 Ton0.486 Ton 0.81Ton/Hr0.81Ton/Hr

Electricity Produced/HrElectricity Produced/Hr 97.22 KW97.22 KW 162KW162KW

RESULTSRESULTSNature and Composition of Solid Waste Nature and Composition of Solid Waste

Sub-Processes at Sugar MillSub-Processes at Sugar Mill

Bagasse StorageBagasse Storage

Transport to the BoilerTransport to the Boiler

BoilersBoilers

Turbines Turbines Supply of ElectricitySupply of Electricity

Figure 1: Figure 1: Flow sheet showing the sub-processes Flow sheet showing the sub-processes in the process of production of electricity from in the process of production of electricity from bagasse bagasse

Transport to boil

Bagasse Storage

Turbine

Supply of electricity

Boiler

Figure 2: Figure 2: Flow Sheet of Bagasse Transport to Flow Sheet of Bagasse Transport to BoilerBoiler

Figure 3: Figure 3: Flow Sheet of Boiler-Supplied by Flow Sheet of Boiler-Supplied by Pattoki Sugar Mill Pattoki Sugar Mill

Figure 4: Figure 4: Flow Sheet of Turbine-Supplied by Pattoki Flow Sheet of Turbine-Supplied by Pattoki Sugar Mill Sugar Mill

Sub-processes of the Project: Same as above except the Sub-processes of the Project: Same as above except the

substitution of Bagasse by Solid wastesubstitution of Bagasse by Solid waste

TurTurbine

Supply of electricity

Transport to boil

Solid Waste

BoilerB

Figure.5: Flow sheet diagram of the designed project.

RESULTS OF COST ANALYSISRESULTS OF COST ANALYSIS

The integrated results of cost analysis are computed in Table 3 to 6.The integrated results of cost analysis are computed in Table 3 to 6.

AlternativeAlternative PV of Benefits-PV of Benefits-RsRs

PV of Costs-RsPV of Costs-Rs BCRBCR NPV-RsNPV-Rs PBP- YearsPBP- Years

11 11,411,787 11,411,787 72,395,95272,395,952 0.150.15 ––60,984,60,984,

165165

31 31

22 11,411,78711,411,787 32,395,95232,395,952 0.350.35 ––20,984,20,984,

208208

99

88 33,778,022 33,778,022 32,395,95232,395,952 1.041.04 1,832,0701,832,070 2.9 2.9

1010 56,144,257-56,144,257- 33,395,95233,395,952 1.851.85 23,112,63523,112,635 1.851.85

Table 3: Computation of results of evaluation of alternatives for LSE (Rs)

Table 4: Table 4: Computation of results of evaluation Computation of results of evaluation of alternatives for KC (Rupees)of alternatives for KC (Rupees)

AlternativAlternativee

PV of BenefitsPV of Benefits PV of CostsPV of Costs BCRBCR NPVNPV PBP-YearsPBP-Years

11 11,411,74411,411,744 272,395,952272,395,952 0.040.04 – – 260,984,208260,984,208 141 141

22 11,411,74411,411,744 32,395,95232,395,952 0.350.35 ––20,984,20820,984,208 99

88 33,778,02233,778,022 32,395,95232,395,952 1.041.04 1,832,0701,832,070 2.92.9

1010 56,144,25756,144,257 33,395,95233,395,952 1.681.68 22,748,30522,748,305 1.851.85

Table 5: Table 5: Computation of results of evaluation of Computation of results of evaluation of alternatives for LUMS (Rupees) alternatives for LUMS (Rupees)

AlternativeAlternative PV of BenefitsPV of Benefits PV of CostsPV of Costs BCRBCR NPVNPV PBP-YearsPBP-Years

33 28,186,464 28,186,464 104,395,952104,395,952 0.270.27 76,209,48876,209,488 19.3 19.3

44 28,186,46428,186,464 32,395,95232,395,952 0.870.87 – – 4,209,1884,209,188 3.483.48

88 33,778,02233,778,022 32,395,95232,395,952 1.041.04 -1,382,070-1,382,070 2.92.9

1010 56,144,25756,144,257 33,395,95233,395,952 1.681.68 Rs 22,748,305Rs 22,748,305 1.851.85

Table 6: Table 6: Computation of results of evaluation of Computation of results of evaluation of alternatives for GCU (Rupees)alternatives for GCU (Rupees)

AlternativeAlternative PV of BenefitsPV of Benefits PV of CostsPV of Costs BCRBCR NPVNPV PBP-YearsPBP-Years

55 40,487,850 40,487,850 432,395,574432,395,574 .0.09.0.09 ––391,907,724391,907,724 63.5 63.5

66 40,487,850 40,487,850 32,895,95232,895,952 1.231.23 7,691,8987,691,898 2.49 2.49

88 33,778,02233,778,022 32,395,95232,395,952 1.041.04 -1,382,070-1,382,070 2.92.9

1010 56,144,257-56,144,257- 33,395,95233,395,952 1.681.68 22,748,30522,748,305 1.851.85

DISCUSSIONDISCUSSION

Lahore School of EconomicsLahore School of Economics

Kanaird CollegeKanaird College

Lahore University of Management SciencesLahore University of Management Sciences

Government College & University LahoreGovernment College & University Lahore

CONCLUSIVE REMARKSCONCLUSIVE REMARKS