Product Specialist for Major Instruments Florida Headquarters 16 years @ MAC, 5 years @ Leco, 15 years @ Buehler ASM/ ASTM Member since 1980 847-682-1628 Walt Wardzala
Product Specialist for Major InstrumentsFlorida Headquarters16 years @ MAC, 5 years @ Leco,
15 years @ BuehlerASM/ ASTM Member since 1980847-682-1628
Walt Wardzala
Materials Testing
• Tensile• Charpy Impact• Fatigue• Ductility• Corrosion Testing• Structure• Hardness
Indentation Hardness TestingResistance to Penetration
• Brinell• Vickers• Rockwell (Superficial-Microficial)• Scratch Test• Durometers• Birkovich• IIT (Strain)
Resistance to Penetration
• NOT a fundamental property of material• Rockwell is a unit less value (like percentage)• Vickers Load over Area / Pascals/ MPa
Hardness Number
• NOT a Fundamental property of material like density, ultimate yield…
• Derived from a SYSTEM of Force, Indenter – And Depth (Rockwell)
– Controlled, repeatable test
Example of Properties of Metals6Al-4V 316 SS (A) 4130 6061 Al
Density kg/m3 4420 8000 7850 2700
Young Modulus Gpa 115 193 420 69
Tensile Mpa 1000 570 785 310
Brinell 360 217 197 107
Rockwell HRC 39 HRB 95 HRB 92 HRB 60
Many other kinds of hardness testing
• Pencil Hardness for paint• Eddy Current for case depth comparison• Missle Hardness (Grass)• Pill Hardness
Hardness History• 1812 Mohs Scale - Scratch Test• 1897 Brinell 10mm ball Very Heavy Loads• Rockwell (1908***) 1919, 1924
– Ball-Diamond Medium Loads• 1925 Vickers Diamond Medium Loads• 1920s Durometers Steel Point Very Light Force• 1936 Micro Vickers Light Loads
Modern-ish History
• 1975 Leeb Ball-Rebound Light Force
• 1970’s Marten’s Hardness (HU)– IIT-Nano Testing– Stress, Young’s Modulus, Yield…
Mohs Hardness (minerals) 1812
• 1-10 Talc to Diamond• Lead (Ice)1.5• Gypsum 2.0• Gold 2.5• Finger Nail 2.5• Silver 2.7• Enamel 3.0
First Hardness Test?
Early Man
Gold Hardness
Why Check Hardness?
• Machinability- Tool Life• Wear Properties• Corrosion Resistance• Fatigue/ Life Cycle• Annealing• Cost Savings• Because you have to!
•There are no hardness testing Police!
- Tom Farrell
ISO/ASTM/JIS/DINAPI
• Universally Interchangeability• Certs are usually good for 1 year• Direct Verification from the Factory• Factory is ISO 90001 Certified• Mitutoyo Service A2LA Certified
Lug Nuts!!!
The most important question!
• How hard do you expect it to be?
Test MethodLoadScaleIndenterConversions
Mitutoyo Hardness Testers
• HH 300 Durometers• HH 411 Rebound (Leeb) (HLx) Type• Brinell Finally Discontinued• Baby Brinell• HV 100 Heavy Load Vickers• HM 200 Electro Magnetic Micro Hardness• HR Series Rockwell Type
Resistance to Penetration Type
Durometers• A & D Type• 12 Total
HH411
• HL(scale) D Commonly• Mass sensitive• ASTM A956
• 500-3000 kgf.• 10 mm Ball
1900
Baby Brinell
• US– 500 kgf. to 3000 kgf. and 10 mm ball
• ISO– 1kgf to 187.5 kgf– 1mm, 2.5mm, 5mm and 10mm ball
Macro Vickers
• 1 kgf. and over• Common Euro and Japanese test• Same Time as Rockwell
1924
Vickers/ Knoop (1937)
The Vickers hardness number, in terms of gf and μm, is calculated as follows:
HV = gf. 1854.4 3 P/d2
HV Hardness Vickers
Newtons anyone?
Micro VickersLess than 1 kgf.
20-100 micron d
Case / Gradient Hardness
Low Power 50X
3 d
ASTM E384
• Currently Under Revision– No E92 Macro Vickers
• Much different than ISO• Conversions (E140)
Key Points of E384
• Minimum Thickness 1.5 x d or • (1/7.11 x d x 10)• Minimum Spacing 3 x d• Minimum d = 20 microns• 20/80 Field of view Magnification Ratios• 10-1000 grams force
HM210 Micro Vickers
• New 210– Closed loop force control– Motorized turret– Up to 4 lenses (Retrofitable)– Up to 2 Indenters (Factory only)– 10-1000 gf. Adjustable– LED Illumination
HM220 Light Load Micro Vickers• New 220
– Closed loop force control– .05-2000gf Adjustable– Adjustable Loading rates (11-60 microns/ sec)– Motorized Turret– Up to 4 lenses ( Service Retrofitable)– Up to 2 Indenters (Factory only)– Standard “Package” 10X, 50X, 100X $25,975
– Actually $2.800 less than HM221!
HM210 Automation
AVPak-10
Automation Highlights
• Accurate and repeatable measurements• 3 Mp camera (.06 microns/ pixel w/ 50X)• Focusing stage .1µ step• 50 x 50 or 100 x 100mm motorized stage•
Met Supplies C
Why Rockwell?
• World Wide Standards– ASTM E18– Very Common Test– Fast cycle time– The Scale defines all!– Minimum Thickness Charts– √ The Prints!
E18 Key Points
• Timing!• Test on one side of block• Spacing of 3 diameters between indents• 1 HR value is 80 millionths travel• Tighter tolerances on test method
• Rockwell History• 1919 Rockwell Test
• 1932 ASTM E18 Originated
• 1988 Commerce Dept. Interest
• 1991 NIST purchased Machine
• 1995 First Test Block
• 2001 National Standard (HRC)
• 2004 Carbide Balls
Rockwell HardnessStandardizing Machine
Rockwell HardnessStandard Reference Material
3 components of Rockwell Testing System
• 1 Load• 2 Displacement• 3 Indenter• 4 TIMING!
ASTM
ISO
The most important question!
• How hard do you expect it to be?
TestLoadScaleIndenterConversions
45.8B 45.8HRBW (12) 45.8
Customer Call Out:
New HR-Series
• In General:– Economical Testers-Made in Brazil– Better Electronics-Conversions– Includes V and Flat anvils– Carbide Ball Indenters– All Dead Weight- Except 521 top-o-the line– Brochure 2025
HR-210
HR-210MR
• Replaces AR20• MR only (Rockwell Only)• Dial type with Zero set.• Motorized Loading, not an oil dash pot
system!• Serviced by Field Service.
HR320MS
• Replaces ATK600/ ARK600• MS model only - Rockwell and Superficial• Simple scale conversions• Add a weight system**
HR430MR HR430MS
• Similar to ATF1000 • MR Rockwell only model • MS Rockwell/Superficial model• Auto-Brake/Start system• Simple Conversions• Dial a weight system**
Closed Loop Tester
Indenters and Test Blocks
Traceability can be achieved through the use ofreference standards (blocks and indenters).
Rockwell measurement
SecondaryCalibration
Agency
NISTPrimary
CalibrationLaboratory
National Institute of Standards and TechnologyTechnology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce
Rockwell Hardness Traceability
Hardness
Anvils and Accessories
USB Input Tool
• 06ADV380E Fits most hardness testers
• InputTool.xlsx
Upper Limit: 32.5
Lower Limit: 30.8
#1 30.9 31.2 31.1 31.8 32.6
#2 31.1 31.2 31.2 31.4 31.5
#3 31.1 32.0 33.0 31.4 29.9
#4 34.2 31.4 32.1 31.6 31.6
#5 30.2 28.0 31.1 31.4
#6 31.0 30.7 31.2 31.4
#7 31.1 30.4 32.5 31.3
#8 31.3 30.1 31.9 31.4
#9 31.4 31.4 31.2 31.2
#10 31.2 31.5 31.3 32.0
Avg 31.4 30.8 31.7 31.5 31.4 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Stdev 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.2 1.1 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
Max 34.2 32.0 33.0 32.0 32.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
Min 30.2 28.0 31.1 31.2 29.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
Range 4.0 4.0 1.9 0.8 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
Series5
Series6
Series7
Series8
Normal Data
32HRC +/- 1.5
30.5 31 31.5 32 32.5 33 33.5
Non-
DP-1VR
Uncertaintee
Hardness Tester Cheat Sheet
Scale Conversions
Minimum Thickness Charts
Cylindrical Corrections
Common ASTM Standards
• E10 Brinell• E18 Rockwell• E92 Vickers (withdrawn)• E103 Rapid Indentation• E110 Portable Hardness• E140 Conversions• E384 Micro Indentation
Join ASTM ?
• Save $305• ASTM membership costs $80• New book of standards cost $385• Vol 3.01• YOU are the hardness testing police!
Many More Types of Specifications
Portables
• Webster (sheet metal)• Barcol (plastics)• Ames•
UCI
• ASTM A1038
File Hardness
Others???
Microscopist - a scientist who specializes in research with the use of microscopes
ThenNow
Conclusion
• Choose your test method to meet desired parameters. Rockwell, Brinell, tensile….
• Perform the test according to the definition of the test. ASTM, ISO, API…
• Calibrate the equipment accordingly. It’s an instrument, not a rental car.
Thanks for Attending the PQI/ Mitutoyo Hardness Seminar!