Chapter 2 Processing Data er Norton’s Introduction to Comput Data 01011 11 11001 11 01000 Useful output Lecturer: Sumaira Hussain
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Chapter 2Processing Data
Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers
Data0101111110011101000011000111
Usefuloutput
Lecturer: Sumaira Hussain
Learning Objectives:• Identify the main difference between data and information.
• List two reasons why computers use the binary number system.
• List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work together to process data.
• Name three differences between RAM and ROM.
• List three hardware features that affect processing speed.
• Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their differences.
Essential Computer Hardware
• Processor• Memory• I/O• Storage
Processing
Conversion of raw data into useful information
Two basic components:• Processor• MemoryFor details study page 28 from Peter Norton’s Introduction to computing
Memory
RAM• Temporary • Volatile• Un-programmed• Effects speed and power of
PC
ROM• Permanent• Non-volatile• Pre-programmed• Responsible for giving start
up instructions to computer
I/O Devices
Input Devices• Mouse• Keyboard• Scanner• Joystick• Light pen• Touchpad• Digital camera
Output Devices• Monitor• Printer• Plotter• Speaker• LCD
Storage Devices
• Magnetic– Floppy Disk– Magnetic tape– Hard Disk
• Optical– CD– DVD
Data - raw facts
Information - meaningful data
(useful output)
Number Systems:
Decimal Numbers - Base 10 Notation
Binary Numbers - Base 2 Notation
Bits and Bytes:
•Bit = binary digit - Smallest unit of data
•Byte = 8 bits
Computers represent data with electrical switches.
= 1
= 0
On-off circuits are simpleand are not prone to errors.
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
One byte is made up of 8 bits.(binary 01001000 = decimal 72)
(ASCII 01001000 = the letter “H”)
Computer parts communicate using binary numbers.
The greater the number of bits moved atone time, the faster the processing speed.
Text Codes:EBCDIC “EB-si-dic” - (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
ASCII “As-key” - (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Unicode - (Unicode Worldwide Character Standard)
CPU (Central Processing Unit) - the brain of the computer
Two parts:• CU (Control Unit)• ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
Control Unit - Controls the flow of data into and from the Central Processing Unit.
Arithmetic/Logic Unit - Performs Arithmetic functions and Logical operations.
The CU and ALUare in the CPU.
Types of Memory:ROM - Read Only Memory(contains the basic input output
system or BIOS)
RAM - Random Access Memory(user programs and data go here)
The ROM is nonvolatile because it will notlose its contents when powered down.
RAM plugs into sockets on the motherboard.
Adding RAM often increases system performance.
The CPU can read RAM much faster than it can the hard disk.
CPU Manufacturers:
•Intel•Motorola•AMD•Cyrix
CPU Models:
• 8086 1978
• 8088 1979
• 80286 1982
• 80386 1985
• 80486 1989
• Pentium 1993
• Penium Pro 1995
• Pentium II 1997
Latest CPU Model
The Pentium II has 7.5 million
transistors, more than double
the number included on the
original Pentium chip. It
can operate from 233 MHz to
400 MHz and beyond.
About MHz: the fasterthe clock, the faster the
processing speed.(1 MHz = 1 million clock
cycles per second)
Learning Objectives:Chapter 2 Review
• Identify the main difference between data and information.
• List two reasons why computers use the binary number system.
• List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work together to process data.
• Name three differences between RAM and ROM.
• List three hardware features that affect processing speed.
• Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their differences.
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