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Processes that shape the planet.
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Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Dec 30, 2015

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Matthew Blair
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Page 1: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Processes that shape the planet.

Page 2: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Earth’s Internal Layers

• The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron)

• The mantle (silicon & oxygen)

• Outer core (iron & nickle – liquid)

• Inner core (iron & nickle – solid)

Page 3: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 4: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 5: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

The Rock Cycle

• Three types of rock found in the crust are:– Igneous: cooled magma/lava– Sedimentary: particles deposited by water

flow. Organic/inorganic matter (fossils)– Metamorphic: as layers build up, this rock is

formed when pressure and heat become great enough to change the rock chemically• The rock cycle is completed through the tectonic

process. Rock returns to the mantle, remelt, become magma, return to the crust as igneous rock.

Page 6: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Pangaea

• Pangaea is the name given to the single giant continent (Wegener 1912)

• Panthalassa (single ocean)• The theory of continental drift states

that the continents were once a single landmass that drifted apart and are still doing so.

Page 7: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Wegner’s Evidence for Continental Drift

Fossils of plants and animals of the same species found on different continents.

Page 8: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 9: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 10: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 11: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 12: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 13: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 14: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 15: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 16: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 17: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 18: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 19: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 20: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 21: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 22: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 23: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 24: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 25: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 26: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 27: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 28: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

The Theory of Seafloor Spresding

• New crust emerges from the rift valley in a mid-ocean ridge.

• Magma from the mantle pushes up through the rift and solidifies into new crust.

• New seafloor forms at the rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges, spreading away from the ridges until it returns as part of the rock cycle at subduction zones (trenches)

Page 29: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 30: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

• Divergent boundary (normal)– Tectonic plates moves in opposite directions– Mid-oceanic ridge forms as seafloor spreading creates new crust and

seafloor as magma fills the gap created over geologic time.

• Convergent boundary (reverse)– Tectonic plates move towards each other– Oceanic subduction under continental: volcanoes, earthquakes

• Andes

– Continental /continental convergence: Mountains• Himaylayas – Mt. Everest• Oceanic/oceanic: Trenches – Mariana trench, tsunamis

• Transform boundary (strike-slip)– Tectonic plates move past each other: Earthquakes– San Andeas fault in San Francisco

Boundary Interactions

Page 31: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 32: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 33: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Oceanic / oceanic

Oceanic / continental

Continental / continental

Page 34: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Transform Faults

• Plates move past each other

• strike slip faults

Example: The San Andreas Fault -California

Page 35: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Bridge across the Álfagjá rift valley in southwest Iceland, the boundary

between the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates.

Page 36: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Hot Spots

• The hot spot theory states that hot spots are small melting areas within the mantle where thermal plumes cause magma columns to push up, breaking the crust

• Hot spots do not move with tectonic plates because they originate in the mantle

• Volcanic island chains are the result of the plate moving over a hot spot (Hawaii, Galapagos, etc.)

Page 37: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Hawaiian islands

Page 38: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Hot Spots

Page 39: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Plate movement

• Convection is the primary force driving seafloor spreading– Convection currents form as hot material rises

and cold materials sink• A second driving force comes from the

seafloor spreading– As new seafloor forms, the plates tend to slide

away from the elevated mid-ocean ridge– Older, denser oceanic plates sink back into

the earth at subduction zones

Page 40: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.
Page 41: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

EM field reverses from time to time

Page 42: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

Evidence of magnetic reversals due to the mechanics of the way the core spins is

present in the seafloor geology

Page 43: Processes that shape the planet.. Earth’s Internal Layers The crust (oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron) The mantle (silicon & oxygen) Outer core (iron.

The end