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ISSN 1313-7735
RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENCES
Proceedings of the Third International Conference
Publisher
Bulgarian National Multidisciplinary Scientific Network of
the
Professional Society for Research work
Volume 1
LOZENEC, BULGARIA 8– 10 JUNE, 2011
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RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENCES
Third Conference
Publisher
Bulgarian National Multidisciplinary Scientific Network of the
Professional Society for Research Work
with the support of
Bulgarian National Society of Agricultural Engineers
“Engineering and Research for Agriculture”
“Angel Kunchev” University of Rousse, Bulgaria National
Institute of Research-Development for Machines and
Installations
Designed to Agriculture and Food Industry, Bucharest, Romania
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Banat Timişoara,
Faculty of Zootechny and Biotechnology, Romania Society
“ECOLOGICA”, Belgrade, Serbia
Volume 1
Agriculture and Veterinary medicine
LOZENEC, BULGARIA 8– 10 JUNE, 2011
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Organizing Committee
Atanasov Atanas, Bulgaria - Editor in Chief Mihailov Nikolay,
Bulgaria Vezirov Chavdar, Bulgaria Kehayov Dimitar, Bulgaria Bikic
Sinisa, Serbia Vlăduţ Valentin, Romania Dochev Veselin, Bulgaria
Bungescu Sorin, Romania Atanasova Polina, Bulgaria Kneževiš Dario,
Croatia Sandric Maria, Romania
International Scientific Committee Vezirov Chavdar, Bulgaria
Banaj Đuro, Croatia Paradjikovic Nada, Croatia Vulkov Lubin,
Bulgaria Inoue Keiichi, Japan Vlăduţ Valentin, Romania Martinov
Milan, Serbia Popescu Simion, Romania Bilalis Dimitrios, Greece
Fröba Norbert, Germany Kehayov Dimitar, Bulgaria Perkoviš Anica,
Croatia Zheliazkova Irina, Bulgaria Bungescu Sorin, Romania Kaya
Yalcin, Turkey Jovanoviš Larisa, Serbia
ISSN 1313-7735
Printed in Bulgaria Printing House “Angel Kunchev” University of
Rousse 8, Studentska Street, 7017 Rousse, Bulgaria
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PREFACE
Dear Colleagues! The International Scientific Conference
“Research People and Actual
Tasks on Multidisciplinary Sciences” is third International
Conference organized in Bulgaria with basic purpose to create the
framework for the presentation, debate and publication of the
valuable scientific results obtained by both the young members.
United by the idea of Multidisciplinary Sciences, the
researchers and faculty will report the results of their research.
Thus, the scientists will contribute is to promote exchange of
research results, scientific ideas and their practical
implementation and development work in the various disciplines.
We hope this meeting will initiate new joint research projects,
new friendships. We owe special thanks to all participants, and
especially to the supporting organizations.
Chief Editor Dr. Eng. Atanas Atanasov
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CONTENTS VOLUME 1
Agriculture and Veterinary medicine
1. EXTERIOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DUBROVNIK SHEEP - CROATIAN
ENDANGERED BREED Z. Antunoviš, I. Mariš, Đ. Senčiš, J.
Novoselec.........................................................1
2. BENEFIC EFFECTS OF SEVERAL ESSENTIAL OILS TREATMENTS IN
HEALTHY AND POTATO VIRUS Y INFECTED PLANTS Solanum tuberosum L. AND
Nicotiana tabacum
Carmen Liliana BĂDĂRĂU , Angela MĂRCULESCU, Nicoleta CHIRU,
Florentina DAMŞA, Andreea
NISTOR.......................................................................5
3. THE METHODS OF FERTILITY REPRODUCTION OF SOILS AND THE GROWTH
OF HIGH – QUALITY FODDER IN AZERBAIJAN
M. Babayev, F. Ramazanova, S.
Huseynova........................................................12
4. THE EFFECT OF ZN DEFICIENCY ON THE CONTENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC
PIGMENTS
N. Bákonyi, É. Gajdos, B. Tóth, P. Makleit, L. Lévai, Sz.
Veres..............................18
5. THE ROLE OF PROTOZOAN INFECTION IN THE OCCURRENCE OF
NEONATAL ENTEROPATHIES IN PIGLETS I.Pavloviš,
M.Žutiš,O.Radanoviš, and
B.Saviš.........................................................22
6. THE EXAMINATION OF DISINFECTANTS EFFICIENCY ON PATHOGEN
MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM INCUBATORY STATIONS
Živka Iliš, Dubravka Jovičiš, Ivan Pavloviš, Gordana Žugiš,
Miloš Gavroviš, Dragica
Vojinoviš....................................................................................................25
7. THE INFLUENCE OF ENZYMES IN THE BAKERY TECHNOLOGY David I.,
Berbentea F., Furnică Adela, Georgescu L., Danci M., Bujancă G.,
Nicula Andrea…………………………………………………………….28
8. PREPARING FRUIT JUICES, CIDER, AND WINE WITH ENZYMATIC
PREPARATIONS
Bujancǎ Gabriel, Bungescu Sorin, Berbentea Flavius, Georgescu
Lucian, David Ioan, Danci Marcel, Ştef Ducu,Rinovetz
Alexandru,Rinovetz Adina..............36
9. STUDIES REGARDING FOOD SAFETY OF LOCAL AND IMPORTED
VEGETABLES (CARROTS) EXISTING ON MARKETS AND HYPERMARKETS OF
TIMISOARA, ROMANIA
Monica NEGREA, Aurel LAZUREANU, Ileana COCAN, Anca DRAGUNESCU,
Alina
BULMAGA.................................................................42
10. DETERMINATION OF QUALITY PARAMETERS IN WATER FROM WELLS AND
FOUNTAINS OF BIRDA FARM, TIMIS COUNTY
Gheorghina-Lenuta Popoviciu, A.
Lazureanu........................................................47
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11. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE FERTILIZATION MACRONUTRIENTS
ON TOMATO YIELD D. Moigradean, M.A. Poiana, L.M. Alda, D.V. Dogaru,
S. Alda, A. Lazureanu.......51
12. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE AGROECOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS OF SOUTHERN SERBIA M. Aksiš, N. Deletiš, N. Gudžiš,
S. Gudžiš, S. Stojkoviš, D. Kneževiš M.
Vojinoviš……………………………………………………………………………….56
13. GRAIN YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT CULTIVATED AT GROUND OF
VERTISOL
TYPE Nadica Saviš, Miodrag Jeliš, Slaviša Stojkoviš, Nebojša
Deletiš,
Branislav
Kneževiš..................................................................................................62
14. THE INFLUENCE OF AGE AT FIRST INSEMINATION AND SERVICE
PERIOD ON LONGEVITY AND LIFE-LONG PRODUCTION OF MILK IN SIMMENTAL
COWS
Spasiš Z., Miloševiš B., Ljiljana Anđušiš, Iliš Z., Stoliš N.,
Milanoviš Valentina......66
15. ADDITIVE VARIANCE OF MAIZE YIELD COMPONENTS AFTER THREE
CYCLES OF RECURRENT SELECTION
N. Deletiš, S. Stojkoviš, S. Gudžiš, N. Gudžiš, and M.
Aksiš..................................71 16. YIELD COMPONENTS’
VARIABILITY AND GENETIC GAIN FROM SELECTION
IN AN F3 MAIZE POPULATION S. Stojkoviš, N. Deletiš, M.
Biberdžiš, D. Bekoviš, N. Saviš and M. Aksiš…………75
17. MICROPROPAGATION OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) IN
LIQUID
MEDIUM S. Grozeva, V. Rodeva………………………………………………………….……….80
18. THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES ON SEED GERMINATION
IN
PEPPER Capsicum annuum L. Ivica Stancic, Jelica Zivic, Sasa
Petrovic, Slaven Prodanoviš,
Desimir Knezevic
…................................................................................................84
19. EVALUATION OF SOME ROMANIAN AND FOREIGN WINTER WHEAT
CULTIVARS UNDER CONDITIONS OF BANAT AREA S. Alda, Liana Alda, A.
Lazureanu, G. Carciu, Diana Raba, Diana Moigradean, T.
Cristea…………………………………………………………………………………..88
20. EFFECT OF MINERAL NUTRITION WITH NITROGEN ON THE
PRODUCTIVE
ELEMENTS OF EAR IN SPRING MALTING BARLEY Knezeviš
Jasmina………………………………………………………………………...92
21. EXPLORE THE FERTILIZERS INFLUENCE ON SOIL HEAVY METALS
CONTENT
BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; CASE STUDY: PERMANENT
PASTURE
Monica Hărmănescu, I. Gergen…………………………………………………………96
22. CHANGING MECHANICAL AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF DOUGH
MECHANICALLY
Bujancǎ Gabriel, Bungescu Sorin, Traşcǎ Teodor Ioan, Riviş
Adrian, Jianu Cǎlin, Jianu Ionel, Rinovetz Alexandru, Rinovetz
Adina……………………….……………101
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23. INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE
PRODUCTIVITY OF VEGETABLE CULTURES IN CONDITIONS THE GUBA-KHACHMAZ
OF A ZONE OF AZERBAIJAN
G.M.Mammadov, V.İ.Jafarov, R.A.Pashayev………………………………………..111
24. PREBIOTIC IN THE DIET OF WEANED CALVES-SUSTAINABLE
ANTIBIOTIC ALTERNATIVE
N. Stolic, B. Milosevic, Z. Spasic, Z. Ilic, Sonja
Samardzic…………………….…..116
25. PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC CORRELATION OF REPRODUCTION TRAITS IN
SIMMENTAL COWS
N. Lalic, Z. Spasic, B. Milosevic, M. Milenkovic, N.
Stolic……………….………….121
26. EFFECT OF SOWING SYSTEM ON SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS
OF ALFALFA
D. Bekovic, V. Stevovic, R. Stanisavljevic, S. Stojkovic and J.
Knezevic………..126
27. COMPARISON OF TWO MAIZE HYBRIDS' SELF-PROTECTING ABILITY P.
Makleit – P. Tanyi – N. Bákonyi – B. Tóth…………………………………….…..131
28. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHEAT CULTIVARS TO TILLETIA TRITICI, THE
CAUSAL AGENT OF COMMON BUNT
S. Gudžiš, N. Deletiš, N. Gudžiš, M. Aksiš, K. Nikoliš, M.
Vojinoviš………………135
29. PHYTOGENICS AS NEW SUSTAINABLE APPROACH IN EGG INDUSTRY B.
Pesic, B. Milosevic, Z. Spasic, N. Stolic, Valentina
Milanovic…………………..140
30. SUCCESSION STUDIES ON SLOPES OF WASTE DUMPS P. Tanyi, Sz.
Kovacs, P. Makleit……………………………………………………....145
31. ENABLING EXTERNAL INSTITUTIONS A KEY TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY-CASE STUDY OF THE FAO IN WESTERN SERBIA
B. Milosevic, N. Stolic, M. Milenkovic, Z. Ilic, Z. Spasic,
Valentina Milanovic…….149
32. DIETARY PROTEIN AND WEANING AGE EFFECT ON THE PRODUCTION
RESULTS OF PIGLETS M. Milenkovic, B. Milosevic, N. Lalic, Z.
Spasic, Milanovic Valentina………….....154
33. AMMONIA CONCENTRATION IN TRANSYLVANIAN DAIRY FREE-STALLS
BARNS S. Popescu, C. Borda, C.I. Hegedus, R. Stefan, and E.A.
Diugan………………...159
34. THE NUMBER AND HARMFULNESS OF THE LEAF MINER LEUCOPTERA
MALIFOLIELLA COSTA IN THE APPLE PLANTATIONS OF SOUTHERN SERBIA
Katerina Nikolic, Ana Selamovska, Slavisa Gudzic, Zoran
Nikolic…………….…..164
35. EFFECTS OF ROSETS QUALITY AND PLANTING DATE ON ROOTING
OF
FRESH STRAWBERRY ROSETS Ana Selamovska, Katerina Nikolic, Zoran
Nikolic……………………………………169
36. FASCIOLOSIS AS EXISTING PROBLEM IN SOUTH-EAST SERBIA
Valentina Milanovic, M.Milenkovic, B. Milosevic, A. Nitovski,
Z.Spasic, Bisa Radovic………………………………………………………………..……………173
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37. DORMANCY BREAKDOWN AND GERMINATION REQUIRMENTS OF NITRARIA
SCHOBERI L. AN EXTREME HALOPHILLE PLANT: IMPLICATION FOR
RESTORATION
A. Paunescu…………………………………………………………………………….178 38. THE ASSESSMENT
OF MACRO AND MICROELEMENTS CONTAINED IN
TOMATOES AND THEIR PRODUCTS G. Heghedűş – Mîndru, Ramona
Cristina Heghedűş – Mîndru, P. Negrea, D. S. Ştef,B. Rădoi, A.
Roman, Ruxandra Maria Bălănescu, A. Riviş and T. I.
Traşcă………………………………………………………………183
39. THE ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND
ETHANOL
EXTRACTS OF RED CURRANTS G. Heghedűş – Mîndru, Ramona Cristina
Heghedűş – Mîndru, P. Negrea, D. S. Ştef, T. I. Traşcă, A. Riviş
and E. Petrescu …………………………………188
40. EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY FROM BLACKBERRY
EXTRACT
Ramona Cristina Heghedűş – Mîndru, G. Heghedűş – Mîndru, P.
Negrea, D. S. Ştef, T. I. Traşcă, A. Riviş and Florentina Adriana
Leaho………………….194
41. EVALUATION OF SOME MINERAL ELEMENTS IN BEE POLLEN BY ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
Ramona Cristina Heghedűş – Mîndru, G. Heghedűş – Mîndru, P.
Negrea, D. S. Ştef, T. I. Traşcă, A. Riviş and Laura Elena
Gruescu……………………….199
42. THE CONTRIBUTION OF NATURALLY OCCURING MYCORRHIZA TO THE
CONTROL OF ENDOPARASITIC NEMATODES IN SOYBEAN
I. Majiš, M. Iveziš, M. Brmež, E. Raspudiš, A. Sudariš, and A.
Sarajliš………….203
43. EVALUATION OF SOME ROMANIAN APPLE CULTIVARS FOR THEIR
ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND TOTAL PHENOLS Liana Maria Alda, Diana
Moigradean, Despina-Maria Bordean, S. Alda, I. Gogoasa, I. Gergen,
and Gabriela Oprea……………………………………….209
44. INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTANTS ON THE CONTENT OF
CADMIUM IN LUCERNE AND COW’S MILK
Ljiljana Andjušiš, Miroslav Širkoviš, Zvonko Spasiš, Božidar
Miloševiš, Nenad Draškoviš………………………………………………………………………214
45. EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES AND LOCATION ON THE EUROPEAN CORN
BORER IN CORN GROWN FOR SEED PRODUCTION A. Sarajliš, E. Raspudiš,
M. Iveziš, I. Majiš, M. Brmež, A. Gumze, A. Eđed......219
46. PREVALENCE OF PATHOGEN BACTERIA IN MILK SAMPLES OF DAIRY
COWS
WITH SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS Radanovic O, Jovicic Dubravka, Zutic
Jadranka, Prodanovic R. Zutic M………222
47. THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF RED
POULTRY MITE (DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE, De Geer 1778)
S. Morariu, P. Brăilă, I. Brudiu, G. Dărăbuș, R. Tătaru and F.
Morariu…………227
48. BIOSECURITY ASSESMENT MEASURES ON A COW FARMS A.Nitovski, M.
Milenkovic, Dragana Grcak, Bisa Radovic, Stoja Jotanovic, Valentina
Milanovic, S.Vukasinovic………………………………………………….232
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49. THE INFLUENCE OF SOWING DENSITY AND FERTILIZERS ON DRY
MATTER PRODUCTION OF ANNUAL FORAGE MIXTURES
F. Marian, Al. Moisuc, L. Cojocariu, D. Lalescu, C. Bostan and
I. Jurmescu…..236
50. INFLUENCE OF BIOPRODUCTS ON PRODUCTIVITY OF BROCCOLI IN
AUTUMN PRODUCTION IN OPEN FIELD
Ts. Dintcheva……………………………………………………………………….….241
51. THE POMOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AT CLONES OF OBLACINSKA SOUR
CHERRY I N PORECJE REGION
Zoran Nikolic, Radisav Blagojevic, Aleksandar Mitic, Katerina
Nikolic, Ana
Selamovska..................................................................................................246
52. STUDIES REGARDING ACETIC FERMENTATION PROCESS KINETICS OF
FRUITS VINEGAR
Diana Veronica Dogaru, Mariana-Atena Poiana, Diana Moigradean,
Teodor Ioan Trasca, Camelia Moldovan, Daniela
Stoin…………………………250
53. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ALPHITOBIUS DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA:
TENEBRIONIDAE) POPULATIONS IN A BROILER PRODUCTION FACILITY
S. Morariu, R. Tătaru, G. Dărăbuș and F.
Morariu……………………………….254
54. EFFECT OF RHIZOMANIA COMPONENT OF PARENTAL GENOTYPES OF
SUGAR BEET- Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera Jelica Zivic, Ivica
Stancic , Sasa Petrovic, Desimir Knezevic,
Slaven
Prodanovic..............................................................................................261
55. NUCLEAR GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ANTHER CULTURE RESPONSE IN
DIALLEL
CROSSES OF WHEAT M. Yıldırım, R. Hatipoğlu, İ. Atış, S.
Altıntaş, İ.Genç............................................266
56. THE IMPACT OF TILLAGE AND CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT ON
BENEFICIAL
ARTHROPODS: WOODLOUSE (ISOPODA: ONISCIDAE) ABUNDANCE IN CYPRIOT
AGROECOSYSTEMS
Özge Özden, Wayne Fuller and David J.
Hodgson.............................................273
57. TEHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AND ECONOMIC RESULTS OF SOYBEAN
(Glycine max. (L.) Merill) CULTIVATION AT THE AGRICULTURAL INSTITUT
OF OSIJEK
M. Jurišiš, Irena Rapčan, Daria Gališ Subašiš, D.
Dešiš…………………………279
58. INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN LEVEL ON GROWING-FINISHING PIG
PERFORMANCE M. Tangar, Z Steiner, I. Križek, N.
Steiner...........................................................283
59. DIALLEL ANALYSIS OF HEADING TIME, KERNEL WEIGHT AND GRAIN
YIELD IN BREAD WHEAT
C. Akıncı, M. Yıldırım…………………………………………………………………...288 60.
INFLUENCE OF NUTRITION AND TECHNIQUES OF MILKING ON THE QUALITY
OF GOAT'S CHEESE OF ASPROMONTE L. M. Abenavoli and F.
Foti...................................................................................293
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61. FTIR SPECTROSCOPY – RAPID CHARACTERIZATION OF FORAGES FROM
PERMANENT GRASSLAND IN CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT
Monica Hărmănescu, Alexandru Moisuc, Iosif
Gergen……………………………299
62. DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME RAPESEED
VARIETIES IN DIYARBAKIR CONDITIONS D. Karaaslan, A. Hatipoglu,
S. Tekin, Y. Kaya……………………………………..304
63. POSSIBILITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY REUSE OF INDUSTRIAL
SIDE
PRODUCTS B. Tóth, L. Lévai, P. Makleit, N. Bákonyi, and Sz.
Veres………………………….309
64. IN VITRO RHIZOGENESIS OF ECBALLIUM ELATERIUM – AN ENDANGERED
MEDICINAL PLANT
I. C. Istrate and A. Paunescu…………………………………………………………314 65. THE
INFLUENCE OF THE ALLELOPATHIC SUBSTANCES ON THE GROWTH
AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERENNIAL GRASSES C. Bostan, Al.
Moisuc, F. Radu, L. Cojocariu, M. Horablaga, F. Marian………...317
66. RESULTS CONCERNING THE ATTACK OF THE FUNGUS USTILAGO
MAYDIS
IN TIMISOARA DIDACTIC RESEARCH STATION Anişoara ZABERCA, A.
BORCEAN…………………………………………………323
67. MECHANIZED PRUNING OF OLIVE TREES IN HIGH DIMENSIONS AND
COST
ANALYSIS L. M. Abenavoli…………………………………………………………………………330
68. AGRONOMICAL AND SEED CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN WILD
AND
LOCAL CHICKPEAS B. T. Biçer, O. Tonçer and D.
Sakar…………………………………………………335
69. EFFECT OF SOME CORN CULTIVARS ON POPULATION GROWTH
PARAMETERS OF RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDIS (FITCH) (HOMOPTERA:
APHIDIDAE)
Erol Bayhan, Selime Ölmez
Bayhan.....................................................................341
70. CHANGE OF TOBACCO LEAF PIGMENTS IN PROCESS OF YELLOWING
Marija Srbinoska, Vesna Rafajlovska, Lenka Cvetanovska, Suzana
Kratovalieva, Ivana Klincarska Jovanovska………………………………..347
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RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES 8
– 10 JUNE 2011, LOZENEC, BULGARIA
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EXTERIOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DUBROVNIK SHEEP - CROATIAN
ENDANGERED BREED
Z. Antunoviš, I. Mariš, Đ. Senţiš, J. Novoselec
Abstract: The aim of this work is to show exterior
characteristics of the Dubrovnik sheep - Croatian endangered sheep
breed and to compare her with other Croatian sheep breeds. In the
Republic of Croatia is grown 584 breeding heads of Dubrovnik sheep,
which is only 0.14% of total breeding sheep. Breeding are stationed
in Dubrovnik Neretva County, distributed in 27 registered breeders
with the average herd size of 22 breeding head. The study was
conducted with 30 Dubrovnik sheep during the summer feeding season.
Sheep were fed on pasture, and upon returning to the barn were
given hay (ad libitum). Weighing and sampling of exterior
characteristics of sheep has been carried out in the morning before
going out to pasture. Recorded an average body weight of Dubrovnik
sheep was 45.80 kg, 62.58 cm height at withers and body length
65.07 cm. Compared with other Croatian sheep breeds Dubrovnik sheep
is by the exterior characteristics medium-developed breeds. Indices
of physical development of Dubrovnik sheep indicate good physical
condition and sufficient nutrition. Although it can be said that
the introduction in the meal some concentrated feed was necessary
with the aim to improve productivity, especially in drought periods
of the year.
Key words: Dubrovnik sheep, Exterior characteristic, Indices of
physical measures.
INTRODUCTION Dubrovnik sheep, known as the Dubrovnik ruda, was
created in random crossing
domestic sheep-Pramenka with imported Spanish, French and
Italian Merinos with aim to improve the quality of wool and body
wool overgrown. However, the development of tourism and the loss of
the importance of wool, breedings in this breed were significantly
decreased. In recent years, has slowly working on its conservation.
Dubrovnik sheep is most endangered Croatian native breeds of sheep.
According to the report of the Croatian Agricultural agencies [9]
in the Republic of Croatia has grown 584 breeding head of Dubrovnik
sheep, which is only 0.14% of the total number of breeding ewes.
Breeding are stationed in Dubrovnik Neretva County, distributed in
27 registered breeders with the average herd size of 22 breeding
head. Given the vulnerability of breeding Dubrovnik sheep, arises
question how to preserve and encourage its spread, not only in
traditional areas where it is cultivated for centuries, but also in
areas with similar geographical and climatic conditions. First of
all, it is necessary to determine the productivity, nutritional and
health status of the existing population of Dubrovnik sheep [2,3].
There are a very small number of papers which talk about breeding
of Dubrovnik sheep [13, 11, 1, 4]. Therefore, the aim of this study
are to show exterior and production characteristics of Dubrovnik
sheep and compare them with other Croatian sheep breeds.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was carried out on family farms in the
Dubrovnik-Neretva County as part of project Ministry of Science,
Technology and Sports "Nutritional aspects of modeling productivity
and metabolic profile of sheep.” The experiment included 30
Dubrovnik sheep an average age 4 years. The sheep were healthy and
in satisfactory physical condition. The research was conducted
during the summer feeding season when the sheep stayed in the
natural pasture, and upon his return to barn they received hay (ad
libitum). Weighing and sampling of exterior characteristic of sheep
has been carried out in the morning before going out to the
pasture. Body condition score of sheep, with scores of 1-5, was
determined by Russel [14]. Anamorphosis and body proportions
indices of sheep were calculated by Chiofalo et al. [7]. Body
measures of sheep (withers height, chest
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RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES 8
– 10 JUNE 2011, LOZENEC, BULGARIA
2
circumference, carcass length, shin-bone circumference, chest
width, chest depth, pelvis width, pelvis length) were performed by
the Lydtin‟s stick or stock band. Indices of chest, chest depth,
body compactness, massines, body weight, length and bony of sheep
were determined by Šinkulov et al. [8]. The research results were
analyzed by descriptive statistics in the computer program
Statistica Stat Soft Windows [15].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tables 1 and 2 shows exterior
characteristics and indices of physical measurement
Dubrovnik sheep. Table 1. Exterior characteristic of Dubrovnik
sheep
Traits, cm Statistical values
mean sd min max SE
Body weight, kg 45.80 9.31 29.00 63.50 1.70
Withers height 62.58 3.69 49.00 67.00 0.67
Chest circumference 83.98 6.17 70.00 96.00 1.13
Carcass length 65.07 2.68 59.00 70.00 0.49
Shin-bone circumference 7.21 0.21 6.80 7.60 0.04
Chest width 19.42 2.17 15.00 24.00 0.40
Chest depth 30.15 1.37 27.00 33.00 0.25
Pelvis width 18.60 1.50 14.50 21.00 0.27
Pelvis length 19.53 1.87 15.00 23.00 0.34
sd- standard deviation; SE- standard error
From Table 1 it is visible that the Dubrovnik sheep achieved an
average weight of 45.80 kg and height of the withers of 62.58
cm.
Mentioned indicates that Dubrovnik sheep are medium size breed
in compare to other Croatian sheep breeds (Table 3). Research in
the past with Dubrovnik sheep, although they are very rare,
indicate considerable variability in body weight of sheep. Namely,
in the research Rako [13] determined the average body weight was
32.94 kg, and in the research Mioţ et al. [11] 47.93 kg. The
reasons for these variations primarily we can see in the quality of
feeding and rearing of Dubrovnik sheep.
Table 2. Physical measures indices of Dubrovnik sheep
Index Statistical values
mean sd min max SE
Body condition score 3.37 0.51 2.5 4.0 0.09
Anamorphosis index 113.54 17.21 83.05 153.60 3.14
Body proportion index 73.18 14.29 49.15 101.67 2.61
Index of chest 64.37 6.31 53.57 77.42 1.15
Index of chest depth 48.30 3.04 43.65 57.14 0.56
Index of body compactness 129.11 8.57 115.70 148.39 1.56
Index of massiness 134.60 12.05 118.64 161.23 2.19
Index of body weight 73.18 14.29 49.15 101.67 2.61
Index of leg length 51.70 3.04 42.86 56.35 0.55
Index of bony 11.55 0.70 10.30 14.29 0.13
sd- standard deviation; SE- standard error
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Shown physical development indices of Dubrovnik sheep indicate
good physical condition and sufficient nutrition. Although it can
be said that the introduction in the meal some concentrated feed
(corn, oats, barley, wheat bran) was necessary in order to improve
productivity, especially in drought periods of the year (hot summer
months). It is known to be very simple and convenient monitoring
sheep nutritional status can be done by establishing the body mass
and body condition scores [16, 5]. The research Šinkulov [7]
conducted on Tsigai shows that the indices of physical development
were higher, which is reasonable because the Tsigai sheep
physically developed breeds in relation to Dubrovnik sheep, which
is confirmed by research Antunoviš et al. [6]. Possible direction
of growing Dubrovnik sheep in the future are in the function of
tourism through the production of lamb meat and sheep cheese.
Table 3. Exterior characteristics of Croatian sheep breeds
BM Dubrovnik sheep1
Tsigai2 Istrian sheep3
Lika pramenka4
Pag sheep3
Cres sheep3
Dalmatian pramenka3
Krk sheep3
BW 47.93 74.64 67.38 49.25 43.05 41.58 39.43 35.44 WH 60.12
81.20 73.51 60.75 56.14 59.97 59.43 54.64 CL 65.05 91.21 77.33
67.35 64.27 67.26 65.78 61.36 CD 30.32 32.11 32.98 29.28 27.91
29.34 28.55 28.14 CW 19.81 22.75 21.71 16.64 17.11 17.75 17.75
16.20 SBC 7.54 9.12 9.02 7.48 7.04 7.93 7.45 6.96 CC 86.45 111.7
96.69 83.83 83.26 83.1 82.39 76.39
BM- body measures; BW- body weight, kg; WH- Withers height, cm;
CL- carcass length, cm; CD- Chest depth, cm; CW - Chest width, cm;
SBC - Shin-bone circumference, cm; CC- Chest circumference, cm; 1
Mioţ et al. [11]; 2 Antunoviš et al. [6]; 3 Mioţ et al. [12], 4
Mioţ et al. [10]
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Based on the results obtained in this study we can conclude that
Dubrovnik sheep belongs to a group of medium developed Croatian
sheep breeds and that it must work on the quality of nutrition in
order to repair their production properties and indices of physical
development.
REFERENCES
[1]. Antunoviš, Z. et al. 2007. Exterior, productive and
metabolic characteristics of Dubrovnik lambs. 1st Conference on
Native Breeds and Varieties as part Natural and cultural Heritage.
Šibenik, Croatia, Novemeber 13-16 2007, pp. 6-10. [2]. Antunoviš,
Z. et al. 2009. Blood metabolic profile of Dubrovnik sheep -
Croatian endangered breed. Proceedings of IV International
Symposium of Livestock Production, Struga, Macedonia, 9-12. 09.
2009., p. 46. [3]. Antunoviš Z. et al. 2010. Blood haematological
and biochemical profil of Dubrovnik sheep. 2nd Conference on Native
Breeds and Varieties as part Natural and cultural Heritage. Poreţ,
Croatia, September 22-25 2010, pp. 10-11. [4]. Antunoviš Z. et al.
2010.:Primjena manan-oligosaharida u hranidbi sisajuše janjadi u
ekstenzivnom uzgoju. Krmiva 52, 2, 71-76. [5]. Antunoviš Z. et al.
2010. Prašenje hranidbenog statusa janjadi iz ekološkog uzgoja.
Krmiva 52, 1, 27-34.
http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&rad=477804http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&rad=477804
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4
[6]. Antunoviš et al. 2011. Fenotipske odlike cigaje u ekološkom
uzgoju. Zbornik radova 46. hrvatskog & 6. meŤunarodnog
znanstvenog simpozija agronoma. 14.-17. 02. 2011.(in press). [7].
Chiofalo, V. et al. 2004. Effects of the administration of
lactobacilli on body growth and on the metabolic profile in growing
Maltese goat kids. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 44, 449-457. [8]. Šinkulov,
M. et al. 2003. Phenotypic differences between two types of Tsigai
breed of sheep. Lucrai stiintifice Zootehnie si Biotehnologii, vol
XXXVI, Timisoara, Romania, pp.1-6. [9]. HPA (2010.): Godišnje
izvješše. Ovţarstvo, kozarstvo i male ţivotinje. Izvješće za 2009.
godinu. Kriţevci. [10]. Mioţ, B. et al. (1997). Odlike eksterijera
liţke pramenke. Stočarstvo 52, 1, 93-98. [11]. Mioţ, B. et al.
2003. Odlike eskterijera i polimorfizmi proteina dubrovaţke ovce.
Stočarstvo 57, 1, 3-11. [12]. Mioţ, B. et al. 2007. Exterior
characteristics and production traits of some Croatian autochtonous
sheep breeds. 1st Conference on Native Breeds and Varieties as part
Natural and cultural Heritage. Šibenik, Novemeber 13-16 2007, pp.
190-193. [13]. Rako, A. 1949. Dubrovaţka ovca. Veterinarski arhiv
XIX, 3/6, 63-122. [14]. Russel, A. 1991. Body condition scoring of
sheep. In: Sheep and goat practice. Boden E. (ed.). p. 3. Bailliere
Tindall, Philadelphia. [15]. STATISTICA-Stat Soft, Inc. version
8.1, 2008, www.statsoft.com. [16]. Whitney, T.R. et al. 2009.
Evaluating Nutritional Status of dorper and rambouillet ewes in
range sheep production. Sheep and Goat Research Journal, 24,
10-16.
Acknowledgements This article is a part of a research project
“Nutritional aspects of modeling productivity and metabolic profile
of sheep” financed by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports
of the Republic of Croatia.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PhD. Zvonko Antunoviš, Full professor, Department of Animal
Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of J.J. Strossmayer,
Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, tel: 00385 31 224 220;
Fax: 00385 31 224 220; E- mail : [email protected]
PhD. Đuro Senţiš – full professor; Department of Animal Science,
Faculty of
Agriculture, University of J.J. Strossmayer, Trg sv. Trojstva 3,
31000 Osijek, Croatia, tel: 00385 31 224 220; Fax: 00385 31 224
220; E- mail : [email protected]
BSc. Josip Novoselec – scientific novice, Department of Animal
Science, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of J.J. Strossmayer, Trg sv. Trojstva 3,
31000 Osijek, Croatia; E-mail : [email protected]
BSc. Ivica Mariš – Croatia Agency of Agriculture, M. Marojeviša
4, 20000 Dubrovnik,
Croatia; E- mail: [email protected]
http://www.statsoft.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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BENEFIC EFFECTS OF SEVERAL ESSENTIAL OILS TREATMENTS IN HEALTHY
AND POTATO VIRUS Y INFECTED PLANTS Solanum
tuberosum L. AND Nicotiana tabacum
Carmen Liliana BĂDĂRĂU , Angela MĂRCULESCU, Nicoleta CHIRU,
Florentina DAMŞA, Andreea NISTOR
Abstract: Antioxidants,poliphenols presents in essential oils
(Lamiaceae plants) and other compounds
(hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid) are implicated in processus
signaling against stress. The treatments of positive potato plants
with Rosmarinus officinalis oils significantly reduced the number
of minitubers, enhancing their weights, while leaf pigment content
also increased. Concerning the antiviral effect of Thymus
serpyllum, Lavandula officinalis oils,all the treated tobacco
plants presented after PVY infection values of absorbances at 405nm
signifficantly lower than the untreated and inoculated
controls.
Key words: potato virus Y, essential oils, Rosmarinus
officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula
officinalis, tobacco Abbreviation: AA ascorbic acid; ROS
reactive oxygen species; RA rosmarinic acid; RO Rosmarinus
officinalis; PVY potato virus Y; OD optic density; SD standard
deviation
INTRODUCTION Over the past 20 years, potato virus Y (PVY)
(Potyviride) has become a serious
constraint to potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in the
world [7],[16]. High virus level can cause stand loss, reduced
yields and reduced quality [5]. Thus, efforts to control PVY are
essential when producing potatoes [2],[3],[5],[16],[23]
Being very susceptible to potyvirus infection, Nicotiana tabacum
(family Solanaceae) is used usually like test plant for potato
virus Y [5].
Phenolic compounds and other constituents of Rosmarinus
officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula officinalis plants (Family
Lamiaceae, order Lamiales) have antioxidant activity and
pharmaceutical properties [4],[21]. They are also antimicrobial,
antiviral wich protects the plants. Oils extracted from Rosmarinus
officinalis, Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula officinalis introduced in
healthy and infected potato plants could be implicated in the
processus signaling against stress [24]. Plant cells have defensive
responses to pathogen attack associated with changes in oxidative
metabolism [13]. One of the consequences of stress is an increase
in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
which are subsequently converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These
ROS, particularly H2O2, play versatile roles in normal plant
physiological processes and in resistance to stresses. H2O2
produced in excess is harmful, but lower concentrations are
beneficial [22], [15], [17] in microplants of Solanum tuberosum.
Genetic and physiological evidence suggests that H2O2 mediates the
acquisition of tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses [1], [22].
Another molecule that participates in response to both biotic and
abiotic stresses is ascorbic acid (AA), which acts as an
antioxidant, protecting the cell against oxidative stress caused by
environmental factors and pathogens [19],[20]. Considering that
compounds from Lamiaceae plants oils have antiviral and antioxidant
activity [4], [24] and that H2O2, AA have been implicated in
signaling gene expression against biotic and abiotic stresses [10],
[19], the objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of
treatments with Rosmarinus officinalis oils, hydrogen peroxide and
AA on photosynthetic pigments in healthy and mechanical inoculated
potato plants with potato virus Y (PVY). and to study the antiviral
activity of Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula officinalis oils treatments
on Nicotiana tabacum plants inoculated with PVY.
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plant material. Solanum tuberosum L. microplants cv Roclas,
testing virusfree, from the Biotechnology Department. Single node
cuttings were propagated in test tubes on Murashige and Skoog [18]
medium, at 20±1°C under a 16 h photoperiod (fluorescent lights,
400–700 nm), in sterile conditions. The microplants were
transferred to greenhouse conditions 30 days after the single-node
subculture step. For obtaining positive material, a part of these
plants have been mechanicaly inoculated, using a PVY secondary
infected plant from Record variety. The infection of the material
was confirmed by ELISA tests. Nicotiana tabacum plants cv. White
Burley have been inoculated mechanical in the 4 leaves phase and
the harvesting leaves has been made after 4 weeks after
inoculation.
ELISA test. The analysis was performed following essentially the
protocol described
by Clark and Adams (1977) [6] (100 l). The samples having A405
values exceeding the cut-off (two times the average of healthy
controls) were considered virus infected.
Chemical treatments. Solanum tuberosum L. microplants were
transplanted to pots and after 10, 20 and 30 days, all the plants
(excepting the controls) were injected with
Rosmarinus officinalis oil (dilution 1/1000) 100l each plant.
Before the inoculation, in the 4 leaves phase, tobacco plants were
injected with Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula officinalis
oils (dilution 1/100 and 1/1000) 100l each /plant. From 7 days
later from the first injection, the plants were sprayed twice
weekly for the next time with 10 mL per plant of either 1 mM H2O2
or 3 mM AA at pH 5.6. Controls and plants treated only with natural
oil were sprayed with distilled water. Four virus infected
(positive) and healthy (negative) plants were sprayed in randomized
arrays for each chemical treatment, and each treatment was
performed in four independent experiments.
Pigment analysis. Five leaf discs (about 1.5 cm diameter) per
plant were taken from leaves of three plants per treatment. Samples
for each assay were homogenized in 4 mL of 80%acetone at 4°C.
Insoluble materials were removed by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for
10 min. Chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoids, were analyzed
spectrophotometrically (method Lichtenthaler and Wellburn
[14]).
Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan‟s
Multiple Range Test and scored as significant if P
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tubers produced per plant (by 25, 29 and 25% respectively) in
the positive plants compared to their control (fig. 3B).
Interestingly, this reduced number of tubers was similar to that
produced by uninfected plants subjected to any of the treatments
(fig. 3B).
Figure 1. Chlorophyll a (A) and chlorophyll b (B) of leaves of
healthy plants (□) and potato
virus Y infected plants (■), following the treatments. Data are
means ± SD of four experiments (n=4). Bars with different letters
differ significantly by ANOVA and Duncan‟s test (P
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control at 60 days, this effect remaining significant at 90 days
for the plants treated only with Rosmarinus officinalis oil (fig.
4).
Fig. 3. Number of tubers produced by healthy (□) or infected
plants with potato virus Y (■),
after the treatments. Data are means ± SD of four experiments
(n=4). Bars with different letters differ significantly by ANOVA
and Duncan‟s test (P
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II. Researches on Nicotiana tabacum Effects of treatments with
Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula officinalis oils and H2O2 or
AA, were compared on absorbances 405nm values obtained after
testing (DAS ELISA technique) the plants (cv. White Burley)
inoculated with potato virus Y(PVY). The antiviral activity of
treatments was evaluated 40 days after the last transplanting.
Compared with their positive controls, with chemical treatments,
the inoculated plants showed significant decreases of the
absorbances values (fig. 5). Treatments with Thymus serpillum oils
and H2O2 or AA significantly decreased DO405nm of samples
prelevated from virus PVY infected plant leaves to levels similar
to uninfected. The best results were obtained using the oil‟s
dilution 1/100. No significant differences were induced by these
treatments in the uninfected plants (fig. 5A). The Lavandula
officinalis oils have lower effect on plants immunity comparated
with Thymus serpillum, but the influence is present ( fig. 5B).
A. B.
Figure 5. A. Absorbances (optic density) values at 405nm of
healthy and infected Nicotiana tabacum plants with potato virus
Y(PVY) after the treatments. Bars with different letters differ
significantly by ANOVA and Duncan‟s test (P
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The elucidation of the precise role played by Rosmarinus
officinalis, Thymus serpyllum and Lavandula officinalis oil
treatments in addition with H2O2, AA on potato virus Y infected and
healthy plants awaits further investigation.
REFERENCES
[1]. Apostol, I., Heinstein, P.F., and P.S. Low. 1989 Rapid
stimulation of an oxidative burst during elicitation of cultured
plant cells. Plant Physiology 90, 109–116. [2]. Bădărău, C. L.,
Chiru, S.,C., Cojocaru, N., Ianosi, M., Chiru, N. 2010. Studies
regarding the improvement of methods used for viruses
identification in potato seed indexation. In: Potato
agrophysiology. Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Agronomy and Physiology of Potato, Nevsehir, Turkey: 332-340 [3].
Bădărău, C.L., Cojocaru, N., Rusu, S.N., Ianoşi, M., Petrusca, K.
2009.The effect of samples incubation on detection of PLRV and the
influence of several extraction buffer‟s additives on the detection
of potato viruses Y, A, X and S by ELISA technique. In Proceeding
of the 2nd International Symposium”New Researches in
Biotechnology”, Bucharest, Biotechnology, Series F (Special
volume), 9-17 [4]. Bedoux G., Mainguy, C., Bodoux, M., F,
Marculescu, A., Ionescu, D. 2010. Biological activities of the
essential oils from selected aromatic plants. Journal of
EcoAgroTurism, Transilvania University of Brasov Publisher Vol 6, 1
(18), 83-91 [5]. Beemster, A. B. R., de Bokx, J. A. 1987. Survey of
properties and symptoms. In Viruses of potato and seed potato
production, eds. J.A.de Bokx and J.P.H. van der Want, Wageningen,
The Netherlands RUDOC, 284-290; [6].Clark, M.F., Adam, A.,N.
1977.Characteristics of microplate method of enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses. Journal
General Virology 34, 475-483. [7]. Davis, J,A. and Radcliff
,E.B.,Schrage, W., Rgsdale, D.W. 2008. Vector and virus IPM for
seed potato production.In Insect pest management: Concepts,
tactics, strategies and case studies, eds. Radcliffe E.B., Huchison
W.D.,Cancelado R.E.,Cambridge, UK,Cambridge University Press,
366-377 [8]. Dermastia, M.1995. Cytokinin pattern in healthy and
PVYNTN infected potato(Solanum tuberosum L. cv.Igor).Proceedings of
the 9th RAPR virology section meeting. Ribno, Bled, Slovenia,
147-150 [9]. Foyer, C.H., P. Descourvieres, and K.J. Kunert. 1994.
Protection against oxygen radicals: an important defense mechanism
studie in transgenic plants. Plant Cell and Environment 17,
507–523. [10]. Foyer, C.H., G. Noctor. (2005): Oxidant and
antioxidant signalin in plants:a reevaluation of the concept of
oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell and
Environment 28, 1056– 1071. [11]. Fernie, A.R., and L. Willmitzer.
2001. Molecular and biochemical triggers of potato tuber
development. Plant Physiology 127, 1459–1465. [12]. Hane, D., C.,
Hamm, P.,B. 1999. Effects of seedborne Potato virus Y infection in
two potato cultivars exprssing mild disease symptoms. Plant Disease
83, 43-45 [13]. Hammerschmidt, R. (2005): Antioxidants and the
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66, 211–212. [14]. Lichtenthaler, H.K.,A.R Wellburn. 1983.
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Foyer, and I.M. Scott. 1998. Induction of thermotolerance in potato
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[16]. Lorenzen, J.,H., Meacham ,T., Berger, P., Pat, J.,S.,
Crosslin, J., M., Hamm, P., Kopp, H. 2006. Whole genome
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western USE and their comparison to isolates from Europe and
Canada. Archives of Virology 151, 1055-1074 [17]. Mora-Herrera,
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Carmen Liliana Badarau, National Institute of Research and
Development for Potato and Sugar Beet Brasov, 2 Fundaturii Street,
500470 Brasov, Romania, E-mail: [email protected]
Angela MĂRCULESCU, Faculty of Food and Tourism, Transilvania
University, 2 Castelului Street, Braşov, Romania, E-mail:
[email protected]
Nicoleta Chiru, National Institute of Research and Development
for Potato and Sugar Beet Brasov, 2 Fundaturii Street, 500470
Brasov, Romania, E-mail: [email protected]
Florentina Damşa, National Institute of Research and Development
for Potato and Sugar Beet Brasov, 2 Fundaturii Street, 500470
Brasov, Romania, E-mail: [email protected]
Andreea Nistor, National Institute of Research and Development
for Potato and Sugar Beet Brasov, 2 Fundaturii Street, 500470
Brasov, Romania, E-mail: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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THE METHODS OF FERTILITY REPRODUCTION OF SOILS AND THE
GROWTH OF HIGH – QUALITY FODDER IN AZERBAIJAN
M. Babayev, F. Ramazanova, S. Huseynova
Abstract: For the elimination of the fodder deficiency and the
increase in the biological activity and the rehabilitation of the
fertility of the irrigated degraded gray-brown soil (İrraqri
Gypcisols) in the territory of Apsheron zone (Azerbaijan), we
determined the optimal dose of the application of nitrogen
fertilizers on the background of manure - 20tonnes/ha + P90K60kg/ha
of a reactant for summer sowing of winter rape - N140 (N60 (autumn
harvest), N80 (spring harvest)kg/ha); for the autumn sowing of
winter rape and mixed grass crop (rye+vetch+rape) - N30 (autumn
harvest) + N90 (spring harvest) kg/ha.
Keywords: Soil, protein, metabolizable energy, irrigation,
degradation, microbiological activity, microflora
INTRODUCTION The basis of modern agriculture of Azerbaijan,
especially of Apsheron, is an effective
utilization of an irrigated ploughed field. It is essentially
important because of the origin and the development of stock-farms.
So, it is important to create a firm fodder base by growing the
interim crops balanced by the main nutrients and, at the same time,
improving physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil
thereby enriching it with organic matters such as stubble and
fodder remains. As it is known, the lack of essential nutrients in
fodders causes the decrease of productivity and the appearance of
various animal diseases. [2; 3] This is a topical problem for
Apsheron where in the structure of sown areas, the specific weight
of low-productive cereals (55-140 centner/hectare) is too high and
does not answer zoo-technical standards of nutrition (one fodder
unit of digestible protein is 75-80 grams instead of the necessary
105-110 grams.) [1;2].
The purpose and methods of the research That is why for the
elimination of the protein deficiency and the metabolizable
energy
in Apsheron, it is necessary to increase the biological activity
and the fertility of the degraded irrigated soils by cultivating
high-protein crops (rape Brassica napus) and mixed grass crops
(rye+vetch+rape) with the use of fertilizers and organic manures.
According to these data, specific researches were done.
Rape and mixed grass crop (rye+vetch+rape) sowings were held in
two periods: 1) for the single fodder use in autumn – first quarter
of October; 2)for the double fodder use (summer/ autumn) – summer –
the first quarter of August with the width of 15 cm between rows,
and the standard quantity of seeds per hectare - 2,5 million.
The irrigation rate for the period of sowing-harvesting is: for
autumn – 1200/1300 m3
per hectare; for summer – 1400-1600 m3 per hectare. The
experiments were performed for the autumn sowing according to the
Apsheron agricultural engineering (20 m/ ha manure+ P90K60 k/ha) by
7 variants and for the summer sowing – by 5 variants.
1)Autumn sowing: (Rape)–1.without fertilizers (control);
2.background (manure 20t/ha+P90K60 kg/ha before sowing);
3.background+N30 (autumn)+N30 kg/ha of reactant (spring);
4.background+N30 (autumn)+N60 kg/ha of reactant (spring);
5.background+N30 (autumn)+N90 kg/ha of reactant(spring);
6.background+N30 (autumn)+N120 kg/ha of reactant (spring);
Rye+Vetch+Rape) 7. background+N30 (autumn)+N60 kg/ha of a reactant
(spring)
2) Summer sowing: 1. without fertilizers (control); 2.background
(manure 20t/ha of a reactant+P90K60 kg/ha before sowing); 3.
background+N100 kg/ha of a reactant (N50 (autumn), N50-(spring));
4. background+N140 kg/ha of a reactant (N60 (autumn), N80-spring));
5. background+N180 kg/ha of a reactant (N80(autumn) ,
N100(spring)); (in autumn – before
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sowing, in spring – for extra nutrition). In spring, in all the
variants, nitrogen fertilizers were introduced fractionally-50%
during booting, 30%- during budding, 20%- during blossoming.
The object of the research The researches were conducted in the
territory of Apsheron zone (Azerbaijan). The
soil of the experimental area is gray and brown with a low
consistence of humus and nutrients; by mechanical composition –
semi-loamy soil. The carbonality of the upper horizon is 3-5%. The
humus content in an arable layer is 1.56-1.75%, nitrogen- 0.094% -
0.104%, assailable phosphorus- 12.0 -15.0%, general potassium -
280-297 ml/kg. The climate is dry, subtropical. Average annual
temperature is + 140С to + 150С. The sum of active temperatures is
about +45600С. Average annual precipitation is 140-250 mm.
The discussion of the research results The results of our
researches (1995-2000, 2003-2007) showed that winter rape grew
slowly in all the variants during the initial summer sowing (due
to high t0) but it increased its growth during the second decade of
September. We could observe the high efficiency of nitrogen
fertilizers in the variant „background + N140 kg/ha (N60 (autumn),
N80 (spring) kg/ha of a reactant‟. In 65-70 days of vegetation and
a three-time watering, rape formed 8 pairs of leaves (72.5-77.0 cm
high) and supplied with 347 centner/hectare of green mass in autumn
(1harvesting). The harvest of dry matter was 35 centners/hectare,
which is 38-40% higher than in control, 28-30% higher than in
background, and 15-18% higher than in variants 3 and 5. In 6-7 days
after harvesting in all the variants, rape started growing and, in
early winter, had the height of 13-18cm. In spring, rape blossoming
in all the variants was 5-7 days later than during autumn. The 2nd
(spring) harvesting of green mass made 289 centners/ha. At the same
time, we examined feeding values of winter rape sown in summer
(both after 1st and 2nd harvestings).
The results of the analyses showed the increase in the content
of dry mass (from 9.9-10.0 to 12.1%), raw cellulose (from 10.9-11.1
to 19.3-20.0%) in the absolutely dry matter after the 2nd
harvesting in all the variants. However, the decrease of raw
protein (from 23.0-25.8 to 19.9-20.1%) and fat (from 5.5-6.1 to
5.0-5.3%) was observed. Overall after two harvestings (autumn and
spring) in the variant „background + N140 kg/ha of a reactant (N60
(autumn) , N80 – (spring)‟, the harvest from 1 ha gave: 64 centners
of dry mass, 66 centners of fodder unit, 207 ths/mega-j. of
metabolizable energy, 12 centners of digestible protein.
The content of NO3 was 300 mg/kg and the provision of 1 fodder
unit with digestible protein -185g. In the control and the other
variants these data are 25-46% lower. During the autumn sowing of
rape (for one harvest) and mixed grass crop (rye+vetch+rape) for
the green mass (in spring), we observed the high effect of nitrogen
fertility on the plant productivity in the variant „background +
N30 (autumn) + N90 (spring) kg/ha‟. In this variant, the harvest of
the dry mass of rape and mixed grass crop (rye+vetch+rape) from 1
ha was 46-50 centners, fodder units – 46-50centner, metabolizable
energy- 178-190 thousand / mega-j., digestible protein – 7.3 and
8.9 centners ( table 1).
The absolutely dry matter of rape contains: raw protein- 23.3%,
fat – 5.56%, carotene- 480mg/kg, cellulose – 18.02%, NO3 –
300-305mg/kg, and the provision of 1 fodder unit with digestible
protein -185-197g (table2).
The nutritional value of 1 kg of dry matter in fodder units was
163g., which is 22-39% higher than in the control and variants 3,
4, and 6.
In the practice of cattle feeding, the usual ration of cows
contains 3.0-3.5% of fat in dry mass. The higher the yield of milk
the more energy should be in 1 kg of dry matter. It is unreasonable
to lower the metabolizable energy till 8 mega-j in 1 kg of dry
matter. In all the variants during summer and autumn sowings, the
dry matter of winter rape and mixed grass crop (rye+vetch+rape) is
high-energy fodder due to the content of fat (5.3-6.10%),
metabolizable energy (9.0-10.9 and 9.3-11.2 mega-j, table 2). This
way, the introduction of the fodder from rape and mixed grass crop
rye+vetch+rape into the ration of milk cows
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favors an average daily increase in animal live weight (300-400g
per head) and milk fat content by 0.5-1.0%. Left after harvesting
the green mass of winter and summer rape and winter rape and mixed
grass crop (rye+vetch+rape), vegetative residuals, rich in
nutrients (1.97-2.01%N, 0.60-0.67% P2O5, 2.00-2.07% K2O), enriched
the soil with organic matters, favored its biological development
and fertility stabilization.
According to the indices of the chemical composition of
vegetative residuals of winter rape during summer sowing in the
variant „background + N140 (N60 for the 1
st harvesting, N80 – for the 2
nd harvesting)kg/ha‟, 77.2kg N, 29.0kg P2O5, 78.7kg CaO, and
68.9 kg K2O got into the soil per 1ha together with vegetative
residuals during the ploughing. During autumn sowing of rape and
mixed grass crop rye+vetch+rape (background + N30 (autumn) + N90
(spring) kg/ha), the soil received 67 and 70 kg N, 19.0 and 26 kg
P2O5, 66 and 69 kg CaO, and 49.9 and 55.0 kg K2O. In all the other
variants of winter rape sowing, these data were lower.
Table 1 Nutrients from 1 hectare of harvest
№ Variants
Metabolizable energy, thousands mega-joules
Fodder unit, centner/ hectare
Digestible protein, centner/ hectare
Summer sowing of winter rape (sum of two harvests)
1 Without fertilizers (control) 147 28 3.2
2 Background (manure 20tonnes/ha+P90K60 kg/ha)
164 40 6.1
3 Background+N100 (N50 for the 1st harvesting,
N50 -for the 2nd harvesting) kg/ha
197 54 8.9
4 background+N140 (N60 for the 1st harvesting,
N80-for the 2nd harvesting) kg/ha
207 66 12.0
5 background+N180 (N80 for the 1st harvesting,
N100 -for the 2nd harvesting) kg/ha
187 51 7.5
Autumn sowing of winter rape and mixed grass crop
1 Without fertilizers (control) 91 14 1.6
2 Background (manure 20tonnes/hectare + P90K60kg/ha before
sowing)
126 24 3.0
3 Background+N30 (autumn)+N30 (spring) kg/ha 147 30 4.1
4 Background+N30 (autumn)+N60 (spring) kg/ha 161 39 5.7
5 Background+N30 (autumn)+N90 (spring) kg/ha 178 46 7.3
6 Background+N30(autumn)+N120 (spring) kg/ha Rye+ vetch+rape
170 40 6.4
7 Background+N30 (autumn)+N60 (spring) kg/ha 190 50 8.9
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Table 2 The content and quality of nutrients in fodder
Indices In dry matter
Winter rape
Mixed grass crop (Rye+vetch+rye)
Metabolizable energy, mega- joul 9.00 – 10.95 9.3 - 11.07
Raw protein, % 17.00 – 23.30 18.37 - 25.00
Raw cellulose, % 18.02 – 19.94 17.5 - 18.70
Raw fat, % 5.30 - 6.10 5.00 - 6.03
Carotene, mg/kg 450 - 480 460 - 493
However, the influence of vegetative residuals of each crop or
type of sowing differs.
It was established that the sowing of winter rape and mixed
grass crop (rye+vetch+rape) (background+N30 (autumn)+N90 (spring)
kg/ha) was most effective: the content of humus increased to
1.89-2.00%, the content of fraction decreased (0.05-0.005mm), the
content of oozy fraction and physical clay increased, the sum of
salts decreased from 0.22 to 0.10%, the content of the absorbed Ca
increased from 80 to 83%, the content of Mg and Na decreased to
5.5-7.7% and 0.9-1.3%, the indices of pH environment and total
alkalinity decreased to the side of soil neutralization (pH
7.4-8.5), the content of calcium carbonate increased (6.9-8.1%).
Vegetative residuals of rape and rye+vetch+rape (summer and winter
sowing) favored the increase in soil biological activity.
The determination of soil microbiological activity under rape
(summer and autumn sowings in all the variants) and mixed grass
crop (rye+vetch+rape) by the method of the decomposition of linen
cloth showed that this process is higher during summer (background
+ N140 (N60 for 1
st harvesting, N80 – for 2nd harvesting) kg/ha) and autumn
sowings of rape and mixed grass crop (background + N30 (autumn)
+ N90 (spring) kg/ha) than in control and the other variants. So,
the decomposition of linen cloth during summer sowing of rape
(background + N140 (N60 for the 1
st harvesting, N80 – for 2nd the
harvesting)kg/ha) in the soil layer of 0-11cm was 50.1%, in the
soil layer of 11-24-57% and during autumn sowing of rape and mixed
grass crop (background + N30 (autumn) + N90 (spring) kg/ha)- 46-55
and 59%, respectively. It can be explained by the fact that the
mineralization of rape residuals in both of the variants and mixed
grass crop passes more intensively than in the other variants.
Vegetative residuals of rape and mixed grass crop (rye+vetch+rape)
(summer and winter sowings) had a positive effect on the intensity
of the quality and quantity of microorganisms (table 3).
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Table 3 The ratio of the main physiological groups of
microorganisms in the irrigated gray-
brown soil (layer-0-25cm, ths/g of soil)
№ Variants
Tota
l nu
mb
er
of
mic
roo
rga
nis
ms
In % out of the total number
of microorganisms
Spore forming
bacteria in % out of the total
number of bacteria
ba
cte
ria
actin
om
y
ce
tes m
icro
sco
pic
fu
ng
i
Summer sowing of winter rape (sum of two harvests)
1 Without fertilizers (control) 1590 57 43 0.08 14.92
2 background (manure 20 tonnes/ha + P90K60 kg/ha)
3750
69 31 0.11 8.70
3 background+N100(N50 for the 1st harvesting,
N50 – for the 2nd harvesting) kg/ha
4005
74 26 0.16 8.97
4 background+N140 (N60 for the 1st harvesting,
N80-for the 2nd harvesting) kg/ha
4500 76 24 0.18 9.30
5 background + N180 (N80 for the 1st harvesting,
N100 – for the 2nd harvesting) kg/ha
3900 72 28 0.14 8.70
Autumn sowing of winter rape and mixed grass crop
1 Without fertilizers (control) 1489 58 42 0.09 15.00
2 background (manure 20 tonnes/hectare +P90K60 kg/ha before
sowing)
2005 60 40 0.12 13.98
3 background+N30(autumn)+N30 (spring) kg/ha 2849 68 32 0.13
13.95
4 background+N30 (autumn)+N60 (spring) kg/ha 3570 71 29 0.16
9.43
5 background+N30 (autumn)+N90 (spring) kg/ha 4600 79 21 0.17
9.90
6 background+N30 (autumn)+N120 (spring) kg/ha 4517 75 25 0.18
9.70
7 Rye+vetch+rape background+N30 (autumn)+ N60 (spring) kg/ha
4790 81 19 0.19 10.06
Their stimulating effect is especially seen in the soil under:
rape (summer sowing) in
the variant (background + N140 (N60 1st harvesting, N80 – 2nd
harvesting) kg/ha) – 4500
ths/g; rape (autumn sowing) in the variant (background + N30
(autumn) + N90 (spring) kg/ha) - 4600ths/g; mixed grass crop -
4790ths/g; in the other variants - lower. In the composition of
microflora, the number of nonspore-forming bacteria increased, but
that of spore-forming bacteria decreased.
In the soil without ferilizers, the content of actinomycetes was
higher (up to 50% out of the total number of microorganisms), but
the number of spore ammonifiers was lower (up to 10-19% out of the
total number of bacteria).
The qualitative composition of microorganisms in the soil under
rape (winter sowing) and mixed grass crop was richer than in the
soil under rape (summer sowing) and in the soil without
fertilizers. Here among the ammonificating bacteria, the
representatives of Bacillus prevailed. Bac. mesenteicus multiplied
intensively (39-50%). The number of bacilli was at its highest
point in rhizosphere by the flowering period.
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The number of microscopic fungi in the control soil was low and
they were only from Aspergillus genus. In the soil under rape
(autumn sowing) in the variant (background + N30 (autumn) + N90
(spring) kg/ha) and mixed grass crop, we observed an increasing
number of microscopic fungi and enrichment of their qualitative
composition (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and
Alternaria). The appearance of the representatives of Penicillium,
Trichoderma, and Alternaria along with Aspergillus indicated the
formation of favorable environmental conditions in the soil under
these variants. The vegetative residuals of these plants had a
stimulating effect on the intensive development of the main
physiological groups of microorganisms.
In the soils under all the variants, we could observe seasonal
fluctuation of the number of the particular physiological groups of
microorganisms. It was also found experimentally that correlation
coefficient among the number of microflora and the total reserve of
vegetative residuals of rape (winter sowing) in the variant
(background + N30 (autumn) + N90 (spring) kg/ha) and mixed grass
crop rye+vetch+rape was 0.123-134, together with living roots –
0.373-0.380, together with dead roots- 0.675-0.726. However, in the
soil under rape of summer sowing, these indices were higher.
CONCLUSION The summer sowing of rape in the variant (background
+ N140 (N60 1st harvesting,
N80 – 2nd harvesting) kg/ha), the autumn sowing of winter rape
and mixed grass crop
(rye+vetch+rape) in the variant (background + N30 (autumn) + N90
(spring) kg/ha) provide the soil with high-energy, protein fodders
favoring an average daily increase in animal live weight (300-400g
per head) and milk fat content by 0.5-1.0%. At the same time the
improvement of physical and chemical properties of gray-brown soil
(İrraqri Gypcisols) favors its desaltinization and the increase in
the biological activity and fertility (1.5-2 times).
REFERENCES [1] Babayev M. 2000. Degradation of soil in
Azerbaijan influence of increasing
Antropogen affect. // EUR 19723 EN. European communities. Italy.
p.4 [2] Komatsuzaki M., Ohta H. 2007. Soil management practices for
sustainable agro-
ecosystems //Sustain Sci. V.2. pp.103-120. [3] Ramazanova F.,
Babayev M., Huseynova S.M. 2008. Biological methods of
fertility reproduction of antropogene degraded irrigated soils
in Azerbaijan dry subtropics Congress“Eurosoil 2008”-
Soil-Society-Environment, Vienna, Austria, p.106.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Babayev M., Institute of Soil Science and
Agrochemistry of ANAS, M.Arif 5 Street
1073 Baku, Azerbaijan E-mail: [email protected]
Ramazanova F., Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of ANAS,
M.Arif 5 Street
1073 Baku, Azerbaijan , E-mail: [email protected]
Huseynova S., Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of ANAS,
5 M.Arif Street
1073 Baku, Azerbaijan , E-mail: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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THE EFFECT OF ZN DEFICIENCY ON THE CONTENTS OF
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
N. Bákonyi, É. Gajdos, B. Tóth, P. Makleit, L. Lévai, Sz.
Veres
Abstract: Nearly half of the world‟s cereal crops are deficient
in Zn, leading to poor crop yields. In this study, the effect of
total Zn deficiency and a synthetic auxin (NES) on the contents of
photosynthetic pigments of cucumber seedlings were investigated.
The relative chlorophyll contents (SPAD unit), as well as the
absolute contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a,-b,
total carotenoids) were measured.
According to our results the total Zn deficiency dramatically –
by more than 50% – reduced the amount of chlorophyll-a in the
second leaves. The relative chlorophyll contents were lower by 38%
in the Zn-deficient plants than in the control ones on the 16
th day of the treatment. The treatment with NES compensated for
the
Zn deficiency. The SPAD index was higher in the NES-treated
plants than in the Zn-deficient plants by 35% on the 16
th day of treatment.
Key words: Zn deficiency, SPAD, photosynthetic pigments.
INTRODUCTION Almost half of the world‟s cereal crops are
deficient in zinc (Zn), leading to poor crop
yields. In fact, one-third (33%) of the world's population is at
risk of Zn deficiency in rates, ranging from 4% to 73% depending on
the given country. Zn deficiency in agricultural soils is also a
major global problem affecting both crop yield and quality. High pH
and calcium carbonate contents are the main reasons for the low
availability of Zn for plants (Karimian and Moafpouryan, 1999). It
has been reported that the high-concentration application of
phosphate fertilisers reduces Zn availability (Khosgoftarmanesh et
al., 2006). The Zn takes part in protein metabolism and stimulates
the auxin production in due to regulate the growth (Pethő, 1993;
Kalocsai, 2006). There are a number of physiological impairments in
Zn-deficient plant cells with causing retardation of the growth,
differentiation and development of plants (Cakmak, 2000), because
the Zn is indispensable micronutrient for the plant via important
enzyme-constituent and influence enzyme-activator. Zinc deficiency
affected photosynthesis (Randall and Bouma, 1973) and zinc
deficiency caused extensive declines in chlorophyll (chl) contents
of leaf and ratios of chl a/b (Chen et al., 2008).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experimental plant was cucumber (Cucumis stativum L. cv.
Delicatess). The seeds were germinated on moistened filter paper at
25oC. The seedlings were transferred to a continuously aerated
nutrient solution of the following composition: 2.0 mM Ca(NO3)2,
0.7 mM K2SO4, 0,5 mM MgSO4, 0.1 mM KH2PO4, 0.1 mM KCl, 1µM H3BO3,
1µM MnSO4, 0.25 µM CuSO4, 0.01 µM (NH4)6Mo7O24. The nutrient
solution contains 10µM H3BO3. The iron as Fe-EDTA was added to the
nutrient solution in a concentration of 10-4M. The treatments were:
control, -Zn (totally Zn deficiency), -Zn+NES. The auxin was used
in synthetic form (NES) with 1 drop NES (0,03369 g=5,37x10-1M) to
the top of the stem on every 3th day.
In this study, the effect of total Zn deficiency was
investigated on the relative and absolute contents of
photosynthetic pigments.
The seedlings were grown under controlled environmental
conditions (light/dark regime 16/8 h at 24/20 oC, 65–70% relative
humidity and a photosynthetic photon flux density 300 µmol m-2s-1.
The relative chlorophyll contents were measured with SPAD 502
(Minolta) on the 12nd, 16th and 22nd days on the 2nd and 3rd
leaves, respectively. Moran and Porath‟s method (1980) and METEREK
SP-830 spectrophotometer was used to determine
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the absolute contents of photosynthetic pigments
(chlorophyll-a,-b, total carotenoids)and their ratio in the firs,
second and third leaves. The experimental results were evaluated
with Microsoft Office Excel and SigmaPlot 8.0.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Zn deficiency can retard the growth of the plants via
decreases of auxin synthesis and the dry matter accumulation. The
dry matter accumulation depends on the intensity of photosynthesis
and the contents of the photosynthetic pigments, therefore the
relative chlorophyll contents (SPAD unit) of 2nd and 3rd leaves
were measured with the development of leaves. The results can be
seen in the Table 1.
Table 1. The effects of total Zn deficiency and NES treatments
on the relative chlorophyll contents of cucumber‟s leaves (mg.g-1),
(SPAD unit), (n=250±s.e.).
Significant difference comparison to the control: *p
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Treatments
chlo
rophyll-
a m
g. g
-1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Control
-Zn
1st leaf
1st leaf
2nd
leaf
2nd
leaf
****
Treatments
chlo
rophyll-
b m
g. g
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control
- Zn
1st leaf
*
*1
st leaf
2nd
leaf
2nd
leaf
Table 2. and Figure 1, 2. well demonstrates the
chlorophylls-decreasing effect of total Zn deficiency.
Figure 1. and 2. The effect of total Zn deficiency on the
contents of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b of 1st and 2nd leaves
of 22-day-old cucumber seedlings (mg.g-1), (n=4±s.e.).
Significant difference comparison to the control: *p
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CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
According to our experimental results the total Zn deficiency
significantly reduced the relative (SPAD index) and absolute
contents of photosynthetic pigments via retardation of synthetic
processes. Zn is known as a functional component of a number of
enzymes, which play role in protein synthesis. The photosynthetic
pigments contain a cromofor group and a protein part, therefore in
lack of Zn the protein synthesis is retarded and the pigments
suffer damage.
The relative chlorophyll contents were lower by 38% and 32% in
the Zn-deficient plants than in the control ones on the 16th and
22nd day of the treatment, respectively. The treatment with NES
compensated for the Zn deficiency. The SPAD index was higher in the
NES-treated plants than in the Zn-deficient plants by 35% and 30%
on the 16th and 22nd days of treatment, respectively.
The total Zn deficiency dramatically – by more than 50% –
reduced the amount of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b in the second
leaves. The older leaves were more tolerant. The absolute contents
of chlorophyll-a of NES-treated Zn-deficient plants were higher by
5.8% in the 3rd leaves comparison to the control.
There is a purpose for further examination on interaction
between the Zn deficiency and photosynthetic pigments, as well as
its possible effects on photosynthesis.
REFERENCES
[1]. Cakmak, I., 2000. Possible roles of zinc in protetcting
plant cells from demage by reactive oxigen species. New Physiology
146, pp. 185-205. [2]. Chen W., X. Yang, Z. He, Y. Feng and F. Hu.
2008. Differential changes in photosynthetic capacity, 77 K
chlorophyll fluorescence and chloroplast ultrastructure between
Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient rice genotypes (Oryza sativa) under
low zinc stress. Physiologia Plantarum Volume 132, Issue 1, January
2008. pp. 89–101. [3]. Kalocsai, R., 2006. A cink (Zn). MezőHír X.
évf. 2006. szeptember pp. 38. [4]. Karimian, N., and G. R.
Moafpouryan., 1999. Zinc adsorption characteristics of selected
calcareous soils of Iran and their relationship with soil
properties. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30,
pp. 1721–1731. [5]. Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H., H. Shariatmadari, N.
Karimian, and S. E. A. T. M. VanDer Zee., 2006. Cadmium and zinc in
saline soil solutions and their concentrations in wheat. Soil
Science Society of America Journal 70, pp. 582–588. [6]. Pethő M.,
1993. Mezőgazdasági növények élettana. Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest
1993. pp. 221, 224. [7]. Randall P. J. and D. Bouma. 1973. Zinc
Deficiency, Carbonic Anhydrase, and Photosynthesis in Leaves of
Spinach. Plant Physiology 52, 229-232.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
N. Bákonyi, É. Gajdos, B. Tóth, P. Makleit Ph.D., L. Lévai
Ph.D., Sz. Veres Ph.D., Division of Agricultural Botany and Crop
Physiology, Institute of Crop Science, University of Debrecen,
H-4032 Debrecen, Böszörményi u. 138. Hungary, Phone: +36 52
512-900/68063. E-mail: [email protected]
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RESEARCH PEOPLE AND ACTUAL TASKS ON MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES 8
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THE ROLE OF PROTOZOAN INFECTION IN THE OCCURRENCE OF
NEONATAL ENTEROPATHIES IN PIGLETS
I.Pavloviš, M.Ţutiš,O.Radanoviš, and B.Saviš
Abstract: Protosoan infection caused by by Isospora suis and
Cryptosporidium spp. play important role at occurence of neonatal
entheropathy of piglets. In our paper we give an autline of
prevalence of I.suis and Cryptosporidium spp.
Key words: pigs, Isospora suis, Cryptosporidium spp.,
enteropathy
INTRODUCTION
The disease caused by Isospora suis and Cryptosporidium spp. has
been described as an important cause of suckling piglet diarrhea
and reported from all types of farrowing facilities and under all
types of management systems (1,4,7,8,9).
Depending on the rate of infection, the disease complexes can
range from sub clinical infections to infections that include
severe intestinal problems with severe lesions in the
gastrointestinal tract that can result in high mortality and/or a
negative impact on the factors of production (4,6,10).
At same time, those parasites play important role at complex of
neonatal entheropathy of piglets, spread together with other
infectious agents (1,5,6).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
During 2007-2009 a total of 428 pigs, 2 days -21 weeks old, were
exanimate in the laboratory of Scientific Veterinary Institute of
Serbia. All of the examined pigs were sings of diarrhea. After
routine necropsy, to parasitological examination we used faecal
swab, gut contents and a mucous scrape of gut which we examined
with Sheather‟s sugar flotation and in direct smears stained with
Gimsa strain and Ziehl-Neelsen stain and examined by use of light
microscopy. In addition section of jejunum, ileum and spiral colon
from each pig were fixed in natural buffered 10% formal in,
embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 6 micrometer, stained with
hematoxylin and eosin and examined by use of the light
microscopy.
At same time we examined 979 samples of faeces originated from
various product categories (fating pigs, sows, board) a
coprological examination was done within 24 hours after sampling
using flotation method in Sheather‟s sugar solution.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The occurrence of Isospora suis was found to be highest in
piglets at the age of 7–15days. Isosporosis prevalence in piglets
was highest on the second week of piglet age (32.8%) with the
highest prevalence value on day 13 of piglet age (44.3%) In
infected piglets the presence of I. suis was detected most
frequently in connection with watery diarrheas (37.4%) and least
frequently in piglets with shaped faeces (15.0%). In piglet with
watery diarrheas only very weak isosporous infections were usually
found, together with other enteropathogenic agents of bacterial or
viral etiology contributed to the origin of diarrheas (like E.coli,
C.perfrigens tip C rotaviruses, and etc.) in parallel infections in
piglets to a large extent.
We found out total isosporosis prevalence 27.4% mostly in a
litter housing system; these results document that in our
conditions there are not any significant differences in the
prevalence and time of occurrence of Isospora suis between
different housing systems and time periods compared to the results
obtained in a litterless system of piglet housing.
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Reports on the presence, prevalence and epidemiology of Isospora
suis have come from virtually every country in the world (3,10).
Studies conducted in most countries have shown a high prevalence of
the disease on farms (18-85%). Results of our examination are at
similar range.
During our examination cryptosporidial organisms were detected
in the microvillus brush border in the intestine of the 537
(12,34%) pigs examined. Small numbers of organisms were found in
63,76%, moderate number in 20,28% and large number in 15,94%.
Infected pigs ranged from 7-12 weeks old and was highest in piglets
11-12 week old (63%).
The fact that 60% of those infected were 6-12 weeks old would
suggest that there is a strong possibility of sub clinical
infection in weaned pigs. Infection apparently diminishes in pigs
after 12 weeks old. Cryptosporidia were seen much less frequently
in pigs outside of this age range and were not found in pigs less
then 1 week old. The our results suggested that infection
apparently diminishes in pigs older then 12 weeks and that the much
less frequently seen in pigs outside this age range (7-11 weeks)
and not found in pigs less then 7 weeks old. much less frequently
seen in pigs outside this age range (7-11 weeks) and not found in
pigs less then 7 weeks old. Cryptosporidia were rarely seen in
mature sow and boards only in low range of infection (2)
During our examination, cryptosporidia was not determinate to be
the only cause of diarrhea in examined pigs. With few exceptions,
cryptosporidia were associated with sub clinical infection. Even in
the 69 cryptosporidia infected pigs with diarrhea, other enteric
pathogens or lesions, independently capable of causing diarrhea,
were in all 32% (in 45 cases we occured Brachyspira hyodisenteria
and in 39 Campylobacter spp.).
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Protozoan infection had an important role in occurrence of
neonatal enteropathy of piglets either in itself or in concert with
other agents.
REFERENCES
[1]. Corwin R.M., Stewart T.B. (1992): Internal Parasites, In:
E.J.Lemman: Disease of Swine,. Wolf Publishing Ltd. New York. [2].
Mišiš, Z., Katiš-Radivojeviš, S., Kulišiš, Z. (2003)
Cryptosporidium infection in nursing, weaning and post-weaned
piglets and sows in the belgrade district; Acta Veterinaria, 53,
361-366. [3]. Mundt H.C., Joachim A., Daugschies A, Zimmermann M
(2003) Population biology studies on Isospora suis in piglets.
Parasitol Res 90 Suppl 3:158–159 [4]. Pavloviš, I., Ivetiš, V.,
Erski-Biljiš, M., Milutinoviš, M., Kulišiš, Z. (1996)
Cryptosporidial infection of pigs at the intensive breeding.
Journal of Protozoology Research 6, 21-24. [5]. Pavloviš, I.,
Ivetiš, V., Valter, D., Romaniš, S., Hudina, V. (1997) Prevalence
of cryptosporidial infection in pigs and its role in entheropathy
apperiance in piglets. Abstracts of VII Congress National de
Medicine Veterinara Romania, Voinesa, Romania, 104 [6]. Pavloviš,
I., Ţutiš M.,Saviš B.,Radanoviš O. (2004):Isospora suis - aktuelan
parazitološki problem farmski gajenih svinja Veterinarski glasnik
58 (3-4), 561-565 [7]. Pavloviš I., Hudin V., Kulišiš Z.,Ivetiš
V.,Ţutiš M. (2006): Kokcidioza svinja u farmskom uzgoju Zbornik
nauţnih radova Instituta PKB Agroekonomik 12 (3-4),127-133
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[8]. Pavloviš I.,Ţutiš M.,Ivetiš V.,Saviš B.,Radanoviš O.,Djukiš
B. 2007. Prevalence of cryptosporidial infection in piglets with
clininical signs of enterophaty. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry
23 (5-6) book 2, 229-235 [9]. Savic B., Pavloviš I., IveticV.,
Zutic M., Kureljusic B. 2010.Prevalence of isosporidial infection
in piglets with clininical signs of enteropathy. Proceedings of
21st IPVS Congress, Vancouver Canada, 800 [10]. Worliczek H.L.,
Gerner W., Joachim A., Mundt H-C, Saalmüller A. (2009) Porcine
Coccidiosis – Investigations on the Cellular Immune Response
against Isospora suis. Parasitol Res 105 : 151 – 155
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ivan Pavloviš, Milenko Ţutiš,Oliver Radanoviš, Boţidar Saviš,
Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia, Vojvode Toze 14, 11000
Belgrade, Serbia, E-mail: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
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THE EXAMINATION OF DISINFECTANTS EFFICIENCY ON
PATHOGEN MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM INCUBATORY STATIONS
Ţivka Iliš, Dubravka Joviţiš, Ivan Pavloviš, Gordana Ţugiš,
Miloš Gavroviš,
Dragica Vojinoviš
Abstract: Our examination was aimed to determinated how the
chemical (disinfiction) substance influence to alive of pathogen
microorganism isolated at incubatory stations Key words:
micoorganisms, incubatory station, desinfecton
INTRODUCTION Incubator sections are facilities with necessary
microclimatic conditions which provide
the optimal embryonic development of different sorts of breeding
eggs into healthy poultry offspring. The important role of
incubatory stations is controlling the diseases of poultry, since
it is the place from where different diseases can be transferred to
other locations. Microclimate in the incubatory station is an ideal
condition for growth and reproduction of different microorganisms
during the incubation of eggs. From this reason disinfection are
most important hygienic measures in incubatory stations in aims of
health control of chickens and preservation environmental
condition.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
During 2007-2009 examination of bacterial strain in incubatiory
stations was performed using swabs at various parts of object
(floor, walls, etc.), which examined at laboratory of Dep.of
Poultry Diseases in Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia with
routine microbiological laboratory methods for bacteriology
cultivation and determination (2)
To our examination we tested antibacterial efficacy of next
disinfectant: phenol (1 and 2% concentration), dichloride
izocyanurat (0,02 and 0,04%), perchlor vinegar acid (2 and 3%),
kaliumperoxisulfate (1 and 2%), and formaldehyde (5 and 10%).
Survive of found bacterial strain were examined 1, 5 and 10 minutes
and 24 hours after exposition to each of disinfectant using methods
described by Lambert et al. (11).
Control we performed using swabs at various parts of objects and
its microbiological examination by method described by Cremieux and
Fleurette (4).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During examination we occurred presence of Staphylococcus spp.,
E.coli, and Salmonellae spp. and Pseudomonas spp. To our
examination we tested antibacterial efficacy of next disinfectant:
phenol (1 and 2% concentration), dichloride izocyanurat (0,02 and
0,04%), perchlor vinegar acid (2 and 3%), kaliumperoxisulfate (1
and 2%), and formaldehyde (5 and 10%). Survive of found bacterial
strain were examined 1, 5 and 10 minutes and 24 hours after
exposition to each of disinfectant (Table 1)
To all examined microorganisms formaldehyde we outstanding like
disinfectant with best antibacterial action. Those results of
formaldehyde efficacy are similar like results of examination
performed by Dietz et al (5), Andryunin (1), and Ilišet al.
(6).
Perchlor vinegar acid was efficiency after exposition of 5
minutes. During examination of efficacy of same disinfectant
microorganisms isolated in poultry breeding
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objects Iliš et all (7,9) was analogous with results. That
efficacy of vinegre acid was confirmed by Bodiroga et al. (3).
Kaliumperoxisulfate and phenol were efficiency in all
concentration after 10 minutes and dichloride izocyanurat after 24
h