Probiotics have been used in humans and livestock animals for a long time. These additives, once administered to the animals, enter into the gastrointestinal tract where they exert their actions. Whereas, historically, the main effect attributed to these products was the direct modulation of certain groups of bacteria (mainly lactobacilli and enterobacteria), today it is well known that probiotics exert several and complex actions in the gut. Some studies have related their beneficial effects on a modulatory effect of the host immune system and, more recently, on gut bacteria communication.
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Probiotics have been used in humans and livestock animals for a long time. These additives, once administered
to the animals, enter into the gastrointes-tinal tract where they exert their actions. Whereas, historically, the main effect attributed to these products was the direct modulation of certain groups of bacteria (mainly lactobacilli and enterobacteria), today it is well known that probiotics exert several and complex actions in the gut. Some studies have related their beneficial effects on a modulatory effect of the host immune system and, more recently, on gut bacteria communication.
This article will briefly describe the effect of probiotics modulating gut bacteria com-munication.
Modifying gut bacteriaIt seems logical that the use of live
bacteria in feed may modify gut microbial profile either directly, by producing some chemical substances, or indirectly by modi-fication of nutrient availability and overall gut environment. It also makes sense that when an ‘unknown’ bacteria is introduced into the animal gut tract, it reacts in a such way that produces a response in the local, and sometimes systemic, immune response. This effect seems to be more pronounced when non-commensal bac-teria are given to animals, mainly Bacillus spp. species.
In this regard, it is well known that there is a type of dialogue between the gut bacteria and the animal gut cells, and is in fact called ‘cross-talk process’.
Bacteria belonging to the animal com-mensal microbiota have the ability to modify or begin the expression of host gut receptors as well as to modulate the gut glycosylation pattern, both quantitatively and qualitatively by changing distribution
of such receptors. In this way, they can improve therefore their own gut colo-nisation and, what is more, ‘create’ new potential sites for their attachment.
So, an optimal gut bacteria population is crucial to prime the immune system in the correct way, which is especially important in immature animals, such as commercially
reared piglets. In fact, the resident micro-biota is usually described as the major source of antigenic material for the animal. Several studies have demonstrated an optimised immune response when probi-otics are administered (higher amount of antibodies in colostrum, gut content and blood, higher specific gut immune cells).
Probiotics:modulators of gut bacteria dialogueby Marisol Castillo, DVM, PhD, Rubinum Animal Health SA, Spain
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy20 | September - october 2012
Probiotics have been used in humans and livestock animals for a long time. These additives, once administered
to the animals, enter into the gastrointes-tinal tract where they exert their actions. Whereas, historically, the main effect attributed to these products was the direct modulation of certain groups of bacteria (mainly lactobacilli and enterobacteria), today it is well known that probiotics exert several and complex actions in the gut. Some studies have related their beneficial effects on a modulatory effect of the host immune system and, more recently, on gut bacteria communication.
This article will briefly describe the effect of probiotics modulating gut bacteria com-munication.
Modifying gut bacteriaIt seems logical that the use of live
bacteria in feed may modify gut microbial profile either directly, by producing some chemical substances, or indirectly by modi-fication of nutrient availability and overall gut environment. It also makes sense that when an ‘unknown’ bacteria is introduced into the animal gut tract, it reacts in a such way that produces a response in the local, and sometimes systemic, immune response. This effect seems to be more pronounced when non-commensal bac-teria are given to animals, mainly Bacillus spp. species.
In this regard, it is well known that there is a type of dialogue between the gut bacteria and the animal gut cells, and is in fact called ‘cross-talk process’.
Bacteria belonging to the animal com-mensal microbiota have the ability to modify or begin the expression of host gut receptors as well as to modulate the gut glycosylation pattern, both quantitatively and qualitatively by changing distribution
of such receptors. In this way, they can improve therefore their own gut colo-nisation and, what is more, ‘create’ new potential sites for their attachment.
So, an optimal gut bacteria population is crucial to prime the immune system in the correct way, which is especially important in immature animals, such as commercially
reared piglets. In fact, the resident micro-biota is usually described as the major source of antigenic material for the animal. Several studies have demonstrated an optimised immune response when probi-otics are administered (higher amount of antibodies in colostrum, gut content and blood, higher specific gut immune cells).
Probiotics:modulators of gut bacteria dialogueby Marisol Castillo, DVM, PhD, Rubinum Animal Health SA, Spain
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy20 | September - october 2012
Apart from the direct gut bacteria modi-fication and immune effect, new recent studies have demonstrated the effect of some bacteria belonging to Bacillus spp. to disrupt bacteria communication, a fact that can explain some of the effects of probiotics based on this bacterium.
It has been described that there is a communication between gut bacteria, called ‘quorum sensing’ that allows bacteria to get a consensus on whether the intestinal environ-ment has been effectively colonised before making the energetic investment required for the initiation of their metabolic response to colonize or infect the host (by producing toxins, adherence factors).
In particular, some gram-negative bac-teria typical from the gastrointestinal tract (Yersinia, E. Coli, Salmonella) produce spe-cific kinds of molecules (N-acyl-homoserine-lactones). These molecules are not only produced but also recognised by these bacteria, giving to them the possibility to know when the population has reached the optimal population level to start animal host infection. When this threshold level is reached, enteropathogens start inducing the expression of some specific genes that express for invasion and infective factors.
In this way, bacteria belonging to this group, guarantee the most suitable time to
start gut colonisation and invade host to succeed in host infection to cause damage. In particular, different in vitro trials run by Rubinum SA in collaboration with CRESA, have demonstrated that B. cereus var. toyoi has an effect against the gut colonisation by some potential gut enteropathogens, such as
Yersinia and Salmonella spp by destroying the chemical substances cited above.
It seems therefore that probiotics are not only able to directly modify gut specific bac-teria populations and profile host immune response, but also they can interrupt the way used by enteropathogens to communicate
between them. This new information opens a new concept in the probiotic´s mode of action studies.
Taking this in mind, the use of one probiotic with this ability may be helpful in some specific situations –in those situations in which we want not only to reduce the amount of these specific
enteropathogens in the gut, but also to avoid the potential of these bacteria to invade gut epithelium and therefore animal body.
More inforMation:Website: www.rubinum.es
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"The use of one probiotic with this ability may be
helpful in some specific situations –in those situations
in which we want not only to reduce the amount of
these specific enteropathogens in the gut, but also
to avoid the potential of these bacteria to invade
gut epithelium and therefore animal body"
Grain&feed millinG technoloGy September - october 2012 | 21
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