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Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon , L. Pedersen , R. Riehle , M. Seman, J. Thomas , S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes Collaboration 2003 ICRC HE 1.3.22 Aug. 2 2003 Tsukuba Japan
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Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Dec 18, 2015

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Page 1: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Probing the HiRes Aperture near 1020 eV with a Distant Laser

C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke

for the HiRes Collaboration

2003 ICRC HE 1.3.22 Aug. 2 2003 Tsukuba Japan

Page 2: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Experimental Configuration

Laser vs. Air Showers

Cross Check Atmospheric Aerosol Optical Depth

Page 3: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

35 km

HiRes 1

HiRes 2

Terra (Laser)

Page 4: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Terra Site – Vertical Laser

laser

Page 5: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Laser Parameters

Wavelength 355nm

Energy 2-6mJ (adjustable)

Distance 34km to HiRes 222km to HiRes 1

Direction Fixed - Vertical

Polarization Random

Page 6: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Laser Beam – polarization measurements

LA

SE

RP

robe

Depolarizer

Analyzer

Linear Polarization

Random Polarization

Page 7: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Vertical Laser Shot Fired from Terra as recorded by HiRes2

34 km distant

Laser Energy ~3.5mJ

19km

10km

Page 8: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

HiRes 1

HiRes 2

Terra (Laser)

Shower~30 EeV

How does the laser compare to a shower?

Page 9: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

HiRes 2 HiRes 1

Air Shower

Page 10: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

HiRes 2 HiRes 1

Air Shower

Page 11: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.
Page 12: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.
Page 13: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

30 EeV Shower

Page 14: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Laser Shower Equivalent4mJ 6x1019 eV

6mJ ~1020 eV

Page 15: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Mean 0.033

Mean 0.04

Under good to moderately hazy conditions, laser is always visible.

Triggering efficiency for 4mJ shots begins to drop about 0.15 VAOD

We consider “good weather” VAOD <0.01

Page 16: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Compare vertical aerosol optical depth

Terra Laser + HiRes2 detectorHiRes2 Steerable Laser + HiRes1 detector

Page 17: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

What is Vertical Optical Depth?

T = e-VOD

T = e-VOD/sinӨ

Ө

VAOD - Vertical Optical Depth of Aerosol Component

Page 18: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Ө2Ө1

LASER DETECTOR

TA2 TM2TA1 TM1

NL NOBS

SA + SM

Measurement of VAOD

2A2MAM1A1MLOBS TT)S(STTNγNγ

2MM1MLMOL TSTNγNγ

MOL

OBS

21 N

Nln

sinθ1sinθ1

1VAOD

)sin/( VAODA eT

MA SS Then for

Page 19: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Atmospheric Measurements from Inclined Laser Shots

Page 20: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

45º

60º

DetectorLaser

12.6 km

Page 21: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

HiRes 1 detector measuring inclined laser track

HiR

es2

dete

ctor

m

easu

ring

Ter

ra L

aser

Tra

ck

Page 22: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Conclusion

Installed a laser to probe the reach of our HE aperture (34 km Distant)

Equivalent light production to a shower of ~6x1019 to 1020 eV

Detectors have no trouble seeing this laser under good to acceptable viewing conditions.

Aerosol optical depth measured by Terra Laser/HiRes2 correlates with that measured by HR2SLS and HiRes1 detector

Page 23: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Extra Slides

Page 24: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Linearity

Scaled by10% !!!

Page 25: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

45º

60º

DetectorLaser

12.6 km

Page 26: Probing the HiRes Aperture near 10 20 eV with a Distant Laser C. Cannon, L. Pedersen, R. Riehle, M. Seman, J. Thomas, S. Thomas, L. Wiencke for the HiRes.

Clouds