Probad En13480 Guide

EN 13480

PROBAD

© by IBM Deutschland GmbH

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Germany eMail: [email protected]

Hotline: +49 (0) 208 2997216

ii •••• Contents EN 13480 PROBAD

Contents

Introduction 1

General.......................................................................................................................................1 Pressure parts .............................................................................................................................2 General Calculation Strategy .....................................................................................................3

General run of calculation ...........................................................................................3 Dialog input ...............................................................................................................................5

General form of the input panels .................................................................................6 Codes and Standards....................................................................................................7

The User Surface 8

Starting the System ....................................................................................................................8 General.....................................................................................................................................11

Data Management System.........................................................................................11 General - The order-level ..........................................................................................12 General - The drawing - level....................................................................................13 General - Main menu - Help......................................................................................13 General - Results .......................................................................................................13 General - Directories and files...................................................................................14

Data management levels ..........................................................................................................15 The order-level ..........................................................................................................15 Drawing Level ...........................................................................................................17 File level ....................................................................................................................20 Edit the 'pfad'-file ......................................................................................................23

Calculate ..................................................................................................................................23 Results .....................................................................................................................................24 Settings ....................................................................................................................................26 Documentation.........................................................................................................................28 Materials ..................................................................................................................................28 Help .........................................................................................................................................28

Recurrent inputs 29

General.....................................................................................................................................29 General Data ............................................................................................................................30 Load conditions .......................................................................................................................31 Modification of standard safety factors ...................................................................................33 Position number, material reference, designation ....................................................................35 Material Data ...........................................................................................................................36

Material input ............................................................................................................36 The FEZEN-Material Database .................................................................................40

Product Standards ....................................................................................................................43 Wall thicknesses and allowances .............................................................................................45 Welds .......................................................................................................................................46

EN 13480 PROBAD Contents •••• iii

Cylindrical shell with nozzles 47

Load conditions - Cylinder ......................................................................................................47 Modification of safety factors - Cylinder.................................................................................47 Cylinder ...................................................................................................................................48

Geometry of cylindrical shell ....................................................................................48 Material data - Cylinder.............................................................................................50 Stiffeners ...................................................................................................................51 Material data - Stiffener.............................................................................................53

Nozzles / Branches / Openings 54

General branch data .................................................................................................................54 Geometry of nozzle..................................................................................................................59 Geometry of branch .................................................................................................................61 Geometry of opening ...............................................................................................................64 Geometry of flange ring...........................................................................................................65

Material data – Nozzles, Branches, Flange rings.......................................................67 Reinforcement pad...................................................................................................................68

Geometry of pad........................................................................................................68 Material data – Reinforcement pad............................................................................69

Relative positioning of branches - Cylinder ............................................................................70 Absolute positioning of branches - Cylinder ...........................................................................72 Absolute positioning of branches – Dished end.......................................................................72

Absolute positioning of branches on dished end .......................................................72 Positioning via polar coordinates – Dished end.........................................................73 Positioning via cartesian coordinates – Dished end...................................................74 Absolute positioning of welds – Dished end .............................................................75 Absolute positioning of welds – Spherical shell........................................................76

Absolute positioning of branches - Reducer ............................................................................77

Dished end with nozzles 78

Load conditions – Dished end .................................................................................................78 Modification of safety factors - Dished end.............................................................................78 Spherical shell resp. dished end ...............................................................................................79

Construction - Dished end .........................................................................................79 Material data – Dished end........................................................................................82 Geometry – Dished end .............................................................................................83 Geometry - Knuckle / skirt ........................................................................................85

Flat end with openings 87

Load conditions – Flat end.......................................................................................................87 Modification of safety factors - Flat end..................................................................................87 Flat end ....................................................................................................................................88

Design – Flat end.......................................................................................................88 Geometry – Flat end ..................................................................................................89 Material data – Flat end.............................................................................................89

Connection – Flat end..............................................................................................................90 Geometry of connection – Flat end ...........................................................................90 Material data – Attached shell - Flat end...................................................................97

Openings in flat ends ...............................................................................................................98 General branch data – Flat end ..................................................................................98 Geometry of nozzle – Flat end ..................................................................................99 Opening with bolted flange – Flat end ....................................................................101 Material data of nozzles – Flat end..........................................................................101

iv •••• Contents EN 13480 PROBAD

Pipe bends and Elbows 102

Load conditions – Bend or elbow ..........................................................................................102 Modification of safety factors - Bend or elbow .....................................................................102 Production type – Bend or elbow...........................................................................................103 Geometry - Bend or elbow.....................................................................................................106

Material data – Bend or elbow ................................................................................109

Reducer with nozzles 110

Load conditions – Reducer ....................................................................................................110 Modification of safety factors - Reducer ...............................................................................110 Form of Reducer ....................................................................................................................111 Geometry Reducer .................................................................................................................113

Material data - Reducer ...........................................................................................114

T-Pieces 115

Load conditions – T-Pieces....................................................................................................115 Modification of safety factors – T-Pieces ..............................................................................115 Form of T-Piece.....................................................................................................................115 Geometry of T-Piece..............................................................................................................116

Material data – T-Piece ...........................................................................................119

Controle calculations 121

Controle calculation - Cylinder with nozzles.........................................................................121 Controle calculation – Dished end with nozzle .....................................................................131 Controle calculation – Pipe bend ..........................................................................................138 Controle calculation – Flat end .............................................................................................142 Controle calculation - Reducer .............................................................................................149

Graphic Helps 157

General...................................................................................................................................157 General - Wall thicknesses – Graphic Helps ...........................................................157

Cylinder – Graphic Helps ......................................................................................................158 Cylinder – Geometry – Graphic Helps ....................................................................158 Cylinder – Unsupported Length – Graphic Helps ...................................................159 Cylinder – Stiffeners – Graphic Helps.....................................................................160

Branches, Nozzles, Openings – Graphic Helps .....................................................................163 Type of branch – Graphic Helps..............................................................................163 Geometry – Nozzle – Graphic Helps.......................................................................164 Geometry – Branch – Graphic Helps.......................................................................165 Geometry – Opening – Graphic Helps ....................................................................166 Geometry – Flange ring – Graphic Helps................................................................167 Single opening – Nozzle – Graphic Helps...............................................................168 Single opening – Branch – Graphic Helps ..............................................................171 Single opening – Opening – Graphic Helps ............................................................172 Single Opening – Flange ring – Graphic Helps.......................................................174 Single opening – Intruding – Graphic Helps ...........................................................175 Adjacent branches – Graphic Helps ........................................................................176 Kind of branch – Graphic Helps..............................................................................178 Branch – Kind of connection – Graphic Helps........................................................179 Branch – Kind of Reinforcement – Graphic Helps..................................................183 Inclined branches – Graphic Helps..........................................................................184 Branch – Positioning – Graphic Helps ....................................................................187

EN 13480 PROBAD Contents •••• v

Spherical shells resp. dished ends – Graphic Helps...............................................................192 Types - Dished end – Graphic Helps.......................................................................192

Flat end – Graphic Helps .......................................................................................................201 Types – Flat end – Graphic Helps ...........................................................................201 Branches – Flat end – Graphic Helps ......................................................................208

Pipe bends and Elbows – Graphic Helps ...............................................................................213 Elbow – Geometry – Graphic Helps........................................................................213

Reducer..................................................................................................................................214 Reducer - Form – Graphic Helps.............................................................................214 Reducer - Geometry – Graphic Helps .....................................................................215 Reducer – Run-Out Length – Graphic Helps ..........................................................216 Reducer – Effective Stiffenings – Graphic Helps....................................................217 Reducer – Ineffective Stiffenings – Graphic Helps .................................................218

T-Piece...................................................................................................................................219 T-Piece - Geometry – Graphic Helps ......................................................................219

Index 221

EN 13480 PROBAD Introduction •••• 1

Introduction

General The program system PROBAD allows the design calculations of pressure vessels, water tube boilers and pipings according to tecnical codes. At this time calculations according to the following codes and rules are possible: - TRD - AD incl. Flanges acc. to DIN 2505 - EN 12952 (Water tube boilers) - EN 13445 (Unfired pressure vessels) - EN 13480 (Metallic industrial Piping) - EN 1591 (Flange connections) - Piping-Calculation acc. to German and European Codes - Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 107 (3/79) - Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 297 (9/85) - ASME I - ASME VIII, Div. 1 incl. TEMA-Tube sheet - ASME IB31.1 – Power Piping This user manual describes the possibilities, the data input and the result output of the PROBAD-module EN 13480. PROBAD - EN 13480 should only be used by persons, who are instructed in the EN - Code and also in the Program system PROBAD. For the other listed codes there exist different corresponding user manuals.

2 •••• Introduction EN 13480 PROBAD

Pressure parts The calculation of pressure vessels by PROBAD according to EN 13480 is seperated in different parts - in the following called 'Pressure parts'. A pressure part is the useful summary of several single components, which cannot be considerated independantly during the calculation. For example the pressure part Cylindric shell with nozzles allowes to register a cylindrical shell with up to ten nozzles incl. reinforcement in one single input file. This complete input file makes it possible to calculate not only the single components, but also to take into consideration the influence of adjacent components. This influences may be the wall thickness- or diameter relations of connected components, but also the efficiency of the main body caused by isolated or adjacent openings.

During one calculation all defined components are designed or checked taking into consideration all influences and code conditions. In PROBAD the components of piping acc. to EN 13480 are summarized to the following pressure parts:

Pressure part

Cylindrical shells with openings under internal and external pressure

Dished heads and spherical shells with openings under internal and external pressure

Reducers with openings under internal and external pressure

T-Pieces under internal and external pressure

Pipe bends and elbows under internal and external pressure

Flat ends and flat closures with openings under internal and external pressure


General Calculation Strategy The strength calculation happens via the input of - Load conditions - Main dimensions of the pressure parts - Description of the construction - Material data For each component PROBAD allowes a - dimensioning to find the required wall thicknesses and proof the allowable loads or - design check to proof an entered wall thickness and determine the allowable loads. A PROBAD-calculation is called design check, if the measures of all components are completely defined by the user. A PROBAD-calculation is called dimensioning, if for at least one component the measures are not completely entered. In case of a dimensioning the work of the module can be influenced by defining minimum or maximum wall thicknesses and by choosing special strategies.

General run of calculation The general calculation run described here is valid for all pressure parts. Specil qualities of single pressure parts are discribed in the correspondend chapters. 1. Determination of required wall thickness of main body without openings If no wall thickness is entered for the main body, via the calculated required net thickness the required nominal thickness of the main body without openings is determined. This is the lowest standard wall thickness, which meets the minimum requirements of EN 13480 and probably other entered minimum conditions and which picks up the internal and/or external pressure. In each step of the iteration the newly determined nominal thickness of the component is basis for the determination of missing material strength values via the included material data base FEZEN. 2. Calculation of not completely entered attached compononets First for those branches and nozzles, for which no thickness at the main body is entered, a required nominal thickness is determined, which meets the minimum requirements of EN 13480 and probably other entered minimum conditions and which picks up the internal and/or external pressure. 3. Calculation of not entered tubular resp. pad-type reinforcements


Openings in the main body are proved via calculation of the pressure load areas and the compensation areas. If a reinforcement is necessary, the not entered tubular or pad-type reinforcements are determined, taking into account all entered resp. determined wall thecknesses. 4. Re-calculation of entered or determined measures After all the total pressure part is re-calculated for the entered or determined measures. Here also stress and pressure reserves are determined. In case of violations of the code correspondend hints and warnings are displayed. In the first place the main body and the attachments are proved as isolated components against internal and/or external pressure. Then isolated openings on the main body re proved. For adjacent openings the influence is proved via a common compensation calculation.


Dialog input The following chapters will describe the input panels for all pressure parts of EN 13480. The used abbreviations to describe the input fields are the following:

I : Integer - numerical without decimal point R : Real - numerical with or without decimal point; values

inexponential form are not valid. C : Character - alphanumeric m : must - Input required k : can - Input is optional S : Standard - In case of missing input, a standard value is set

internally Num. : - Number of input line. This number serves as an

internal identification of the respective input value and is generated automaticly during the dialog input. Only for calculations in batch form the user has to enter this number.

I Integer - numerical without decimal point R Real - numerical with or without decimal point; values

inexponential form are not valid C Character - alphanumeric m must - Input required k can - Input is optional S Standard - In case of missing input, a standard value is set

internally Num.: Number of input line

This number serves as an internal identification of the respective input value and is generated automaticly during the dialog input. Only for calculations in batch form the user has to enter this number

In the data management system and also on pressure part level the user will see only those panels, which are necessary for the actual problem. Many of the input values are preset by standard values, which can be individually defined by user, or are internally determined during the calculation. Thus the input is reduced to serveral load-, material- and dimension values. The logical sequence of the input panals is documented in form of decision tables at the beginning of each pressure part chapter.


General form of the input panels The base elements of the surface can be found on each input panel: Menu bar -> Files Calcul. Results ........ Help

Panel title Cylinder geometry

Position-No. __ Product Standard Dimension EN 10216-2 Panel ------> Tolerances ____________

(window) Diameter inside / outside (mm) ________ Wall thickness – entered (mm) ________ Corrosion inside / outside (mm) 0.0_____ 0.0____ Tolerances (%) / (mm) ________ Thinning inside / outside (mm) 0.0_____ 0.0____ Functions --> Grafic Help

Menu bar: This always visible menu bar at the upper screen edge contains the names of the submenus of the program. In conjnuction with the function line it mainly serves to control the program run. It is activated by clicking-on with the mouse or by keybord inputs. In the second case the function is executed by pressing 'Alt' together with the underlined letter of the respective action.

Title: In the upper panel frame the title of the panel is inserted. The

type of input data of the respective panel is documented. Panel: The scope of each input value is discribed in front of the

correspondend field. If necessary, also the physical unit of the input value is documented.

Where it makes sense, the input fields are preset with numerical or

alphanumerical standards. These standard values are inserted and can be modified, if necessary.

Numerical input values can be placed freely in the input field. Alphanumerical

values are stored as entered. Please take care of the spelling for such input data (for example the position number of the components).

To make the data input more easy and to avoid mistakes in many input fields is

given the possibility to select values from a list. Behind those input fields you can find a 'Push button'. After clicking-on this buttom a list of possible input values appers. The list can also be activated by cursor-position and F9-function. Functions: This line in the lower area of the mask contains command fields

described by abbreviated words. Actuating the function keys entered there or clicking on these fields with the mouse, various actions are preformed.

In case of missing or wrong input data, which the system can identify without a long calculation, the user is informed at once on the respective panel. In the message box the user is invited to modify the input data. After pushing the


space button the message disappers and the cursor jumps to the critical input field.

Codes and Standards The PROBAD module EN 13480 uses lots of standards. These are: - calculation methods (e.g. determination of the heat treatment diameter acc. to EN 10083), - dimensions standards (e.g. EN 10220), which allow to select standard wall thicknesses in case of dimensioning and - tolerances standards (e.g. acc. to DIN 17175).

8 •••• The User Surface EN 13480 PROBAD

The User Surface

Starting the System First Windows has to be started. The user must actuate the program group, in which the PROBAD-Module was taken up, must select the respective icon and start the program by double-click or Enter-Button. The following panel is displayed: ┌──────┬─────┬─────────┬──────────┬─────────┬─────────┬────────┬─────────┐ │Navig.│File │Calculate│ Results │Settings │Document.│Material│ Help │ ├──────┴─────┴──┬──────┴──────────┴─────────┴─────────┴────────┴─────────┤ │ All Orders │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─┐Order │ │ │ ├──┐Drawing │ │ │ ├ ├─File │ P R O B A D │ │ ├ ├─ │ │ │ ├ ├─ │ │ │ ├ ├─ │ │ │ ├ └─┐ │ │ │ ├ Comp.│ │ │ ├ │ │ │ │ │ ├───────────────┤ │ │ │< < > >│ │ │ └───────────────┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Mask control during the program run is effected via the navigator, the visible menu bar at the top, submenus, function keys, various keys and key combinations. It is also possible to use both the keyboard and mouse. The navigator allowes to create and edit orders, drawings and input files in a quick and easy way. The correspondend submenus are actuated depending of the navigator knot (tree-view), clicked before. The navigator menu can also be opened as Pop-Up menu with the right mouse button After a doubleclick with the left mouse button on a point of the navigator surface the correspondend order , drawing or input file is opened.

EN 13480 PROBAD The User Surface •••• 9

The buttons │< < > >│ allow to scroll through the input panels. Especially the buttons │< and >│ allow to jump to the beginning and to the end of the input file. The menu bar becomes active on: - clicking-on with the left mouse-button - Acutate the ALT-key To return to the mask: - Actuate the ESCAPE-key - Actuate the ALT-key - Shift cursor into the mask field by means of the mouse The submenus become active on: - Actuating the enter key (the submenu on which the cursor is positioned becomes active) - Actuating the ALT key and simultaneous pressing of the high- lighted letter - Clicking-on with the left mouse-button The submenu items become active on: - Actuating the Enter key (the submenu item on which the cursor is positioned becomes active) - Actuating the SHIFT key and simultaneous pressing of the high lighted letter in the submenu - Clicking-on with the left mouse-button Selecting from a list is possible by: - Position the cursor on the desired value, select by pressing the Space-key and pressing the ENTER key - Double click with the left mouse-button - Key combination Strg + mouse click or Shift + mouse click. With this combinations the values can be selected single or on block. The ESCAPE-,the 'O.K.'- and ENTER-buttons are active on nearly all input panels. Helps are active on every panel and on every level. After actuating ESCAPE - you leave the panel without action and the program returns to the panel shown before > or ENTER - the program proves, if the actual input data is complete and logical and transfers the data to the system F1 - the input of the field on which the cursor is positioned is discribed (field related Help) Shift-F1 - you will find a survey of all available help texts. Position the cursor on the desired point of this list and press the ENTER key or double-click the mouse-button to see the respective help text. If the system displays files, for examples selection lists or


result reports, on the screen, the user may page the screen output. - By 'Drawing the mouse' with pressed mouse-button you can move the display up and down. - With the Page up resp. Page down key you can move the display page by page. - With the cursor you can page line by line. - With the key combination Strg + Pos1 (Ctrl + Pos1) or Strg + End (Ctrl + End) you can jump to the begin or end of the display. Via the menu item "File - END" or actuating the function key ALT F4 the program is terminated.


General

Data Management System Mostly the program system PROBAD is not used to calculate one or only a few pressure parts, but to transact big orders, for example the dimensioning of a power station, existing of several power boilers. To give the user the possibility, to summarize coherent input files, the data management system contains a directory structure - similar to the operating system DOS. The highest level ist called order-level from now on. Here order-related data can be stored. Below this order-level subdirectories may be created. Similar to a complete power station, where each pressure vessel is documented by a drawing, this secend level is called the drawing-level. Thew singular input files (pressure parts) of a vessel can now be stored in the respective subdirectory. Summary:

The data management system allows to create several orders. Each of these orders may contain several drawings and in each drawing several input files can be stored. To summarize coherent pressure parts of a special vessel (drawing), the user has to create first the order and below this the respective drawing. After this he is able to create and modify input files in this drawing directory. To make the start more easy, IBM BS creates an order A_HANDx during the installation, where 'x' documents the correspondend language, in which the texts (designations, comments ..) are filed. This order contains two subdirectories. The drawing Z_HANDx contains the user manual examples, documented also in the user manual. After the installation these manual examples can be calculated und the correct work of the program can be proved by comparing the results. The drawing TEST contains only one input file. Here the user can store his first test datas, without creating a special order and a special drawing.


General - The order-level To summarize coherent input files, first a correspondend order has to be created. General order datas are taken up or are modified by the submenus "Order-New" and "Order-Edit". In the submenu "Order-Copy" a complete order including all drawings and input files can be copied into an other directory or may be copied from another directory. This makes back ups easily possible. Also a complete order may be deleted. For each order a special Material data set can be created. It is also possible to adapt the preset standards, which are displayed in the pressure part panel, to the respective order. The list of all existing orders can be refreshed, if this is necessary.


General - The drawing - level After taking up an order, dependent on the volume of this order, one or several drawings have to be created. General drawing files are taken up or are modified by the submenus "Drawing-New" and "Drawing-Edit". In the submenu "Drawing-Copy" a complete drawing including all input files can be copied into another drawing of the same order and then can be modified. It is also possible to delete a drawing. For each drawing a special "load condition file" can be created. The list of all existing drawings can be refreshed, if this is necessary.

General - Main menu - Help This main menu allows to get help in form of texts or graphics at any moment of data input.

General - Results If an input file was calculated just now or at any earlier moment, the results - but also the error messages, warnings and hints - are stored in correspondend files. So the system can generate a result report at any time in any desired form, without starting the calculation once again. For most of the PROBAD-modules the user can choose between a short and long result report. The header on each sheet can be omitted and the numbering of sheets can be influenced. At this time the results can be ordered in the languages - German and English - The Results can be: displayed on the screen by the submenu "Results - Display", printed by the submenu "Results - Print", saved by the submenu# "Results - Copy". If the user wants do delete the results, e.g. because of storage problems, he can do this by the submenu "Results - Delete". In this case the input files are preserved.


General - Directories and files This chapter contains informations about the structure of the order- , drawing- and input file data, generated and used by the Data Management System. PROBAD can be used without any restrictions, also if the user is not familiar with this structure. The experienced PC-user however will have a greater understanding of the data structure with these information. Nevertheless manipulations of the structure should be omitted. After the input of any pressure part data is terminated, a new file is generated. This file contains the type of pressure part, the name of the input file, the file number, the comment and the input data, required for the calculation. The Data Management System has the following structure: C:\E2_0x00 (Working directory) │ ├─ LIB1 (Library directory-German, LIBVERZ in the 'pfad'-file) ├─ LIB2 (Library directory-English, LIBVERZ in the 'pfad'-file) ├─ PGM (Program directory, PGMVERZ in the 'pfad'-file) └ E2D │ │ ┌─ order1.dat ├────── ORDER1 ──┬────┤ │ │ ├─ order1.wst │ │ ├─ order1.pri │ │ └─ order1.std │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌─ drawing.dat │ ├─ DRAWING1─┼─ loadcase.dat │ ├─ DRAWING2 ├─ component.dat │ └─ DRAWING3 │ │ ├─ cylinder.ein │ ├─ dishhead.ein │ │ │ │ │ ├─ cylinder.erg │ └─ dishhead.erg ├────── ORDER2 ──┐ │ │ │ └────── ORDER3 ──┐ │ In this structure, the directories are represented by uppercases, the files by lowercases. First a working directory E2_0x00 is generated. In a subdirectory E2D you can find an actual list of orders and the general order datas. This begin of file-


system can be changed, editing the entry DATVERZ in the 'pfad'-file (see menu item Pfad-Edit) into any directory, for instance into network directory. For each order there exists a subdirectory where a list of drawings, general drawing datas and, if existing, the order-related Material data set resp. the order-related standars and rule priorities are saved. For each drawing of the order a subdirectory is generated. Here the drawing-related load conditions and the list of input files can be found. After the calculation also the result- and error-files are stored here.

Data management levels

The order-level

Order - New / Open / Modify Name of order The order name may contain up to 28 characters and must conform to the DOS convention, i.e. neither blanks nor special characters, such as . , : ; ! " / ( ) = + < > or Backslash may be input. Number of order The number of order may contain up to 28 characters. There is no restriction. Comment and short description These inputs may contain up to 60 character each and serve for documentation. There is no restriction regarding the characters. Via 'Order - Open' older order data can be modified Additional information for PC-experts When setting-up a new order a directory with the order name will be created and contains a data file having the extension ".dat" where all data from the related input panel are stored. The directory with the order name is created as a subdirectory of the main directory "E3D". Order – Order list From this listing an order can be selected. Via a filter function the displayed list can be restricted.

Order – Copy into a new order A selected order can be copied under a new order name including all drawings and input files.

Order – Copy into any directory When copying an order, all data including all drawings and all input files are stored under a new free chosen order name in any directory, for example on floppy disk as back up.


The name of the source and target order and the target path are mandatory inputs! In the process, the complete target path has to be defined, i.e. also the target drive. If the order is already in the target directory, the user is asked whether the order is to be overwritten. Overwriting means that all files of the same name as in the source order are overwritten in the target order. Files and directories not yet existing are set up as new ones.

Order - Copy from any directory After respective selection an order including all drawings and input files can be copied from any directory, for example from a back up floppy disk, and can be stored under a free chosen name. The source path and the name of the source and traget order are mandatory inputs. The path has to end with a backslash! (see also "Order - Copy - into any directory").

Order - Delete After selection of the menu "Order - Delete" the user can choose from the actual order list that order by mouse-click or by pressing the Space-button, which has to be deleted. If the order still contains drawings and input files, then the chosen order, with all drawings and input files, is deleted after a safety query only. While deleting, all order-related files and the order directory are also deleted.

Order – Standards There is one file stored in PROBAD, which contains the standards for all pressure parts. Some input values are preset by IBM BS. This are values fixed by the respective code (e.g. minimum dimensions), but also this are values, which will be used by nearly every calculation (e.g. the inclination angle of a nozzle is preset with 90. degrees). The user may modify the standards for each input file on the input panels. However PROBAD-standards, which are not conform with the special circumstances of an order, can be changed universaly here, before creating the input files. The changed standards are displayed on the input panels but also are used during calculations, if the correspondend input field is empty. On actuation of key OK - the file with the actual standard values is displayed. If an order-

related standard file already exists, this values are displayed. If not only the IBM BS-standards are displayed.

Standards copy - an existing order-related standard-file can be copied into a target

order. Standards delete - the order-relatedstandards are deleted without warning and the IBM-

Standards are valid.

Order - Standards-Copy An existing order-related standard-file can be copied into a target order.


Order - Standards--Input Via doubleclick on one branch of the Tree-View the user can select the input range for standard values (e.g.: test temperature, product standard, kind of weld). The correspondend current standards are displayed and can be modified.

Order – Materials For each order the user has the possibility to create a special Material data set. While creating input data files, only this short and clear list of materials is displayed, if it exists. If more than one person is working at one order, the order-related Material list file guarantees, that all users only choose the preselected materials. One more advantage is the setting of reference numbers for this pre-selected materials. This makes a shorter data input possible and also allows an easy change of one material by another for all input files of an order. For details see the following chapter. Independently from the creation of an order-related Material file it is possible to have influence on the determination of the material data. The user can set up a list of rules, according to which the material data and physical properties of all materials shall be determined. Hint: If no input is found under this submenu, the user can select the material

from the complete existing material data base and the material data is determined according to the standard rules.

After selecting an order in the known manner, for which no Material data set still exists, a list of all materials of the material data base is displayed after pressing the Enter key. Using given selection criteria (for example a part of the material number) you can restrict the display of the materials list. Only those materials are listed, which are valid to the preseted filters. If the user wants to change the presettings of rules for an actual order, he can do this on actuating the inpu field 'Changing rule priority list'. After pressing the ENTER-button, a rule priority panel is displayed.

Drawing Level

Drawing - New / Open / Modify Name and number of the current order are preset. Name of drawing The drawing name may contain up to 28 characters and must conform to the DOS convention, i.e. neither blanks nor special characters, such as . , : ; ! " / ( ) = + < > or Backslash may be input. Number of drawing The drawing number may contain up to 28 characters. There is no restriction. Comment and drawing description These inputs may contain up to 60 character each and serve for documentation. There is no restriction regarding the characters.


Name, department, phone, design manager These inputs may contain any character and are part of a input file of the drawing, but may be overwriten then. These input is documented in the header of the result report. After selecting the menu "Drawing - Edit" existing drawing data can be modified. Additional information for PC-experts When setting-up a new drawing a data file and a directory containing the drawing name are created. In the file with the extension ".dat", all data input to the mask are stored. Drawing list From this list a drawing can be selected. Via the filter-function the displayed list can be restricted.

Drawing - Copy The name of the source order, the source drawing and the target order must be selected. While selecting the source drawing all input files of this drawing are displayed in the source list. The target drawing must not exist, and will be created just while copying. While copying all files from the source drawing will be copied into the target drawing and can be then modified.

Drawing - Delete After selecting the menu "Drawing - Delete" and selecting an order, the user can choose from the actual drawing list that drawing, which has to be deleted. If the drawing still contains input files, then the chosen drawing, with all input files, is deleted after a safety query only. While deleting, all drawing-related files and the drawing directory are also deleted.

Drawing – Load condition For each drawing the user has the possibility to create a special file, which contains a list of load conditions. While creating input data files for this drawing, the pressure and temperature input can be easily done by entering only a load condition reference. This form of input also allows a comfortable changing of load conditions for all input files of a drawing. Hint: If no input is found under this submenu, the creation of input files is

done in the usual manner by entering the pressures and temperatures explicitely.

After selecting an order and a drawing, for which a load condition file already exists, on pressing the Enter-button the list of defined conditions is displayed. Starting from this display, new load conditions can be defined resp. existing conditions can be modified or deleted. If no load condition file exists for a chosen order and drawing, after pressing the ENTER-button a panel, which differs little from module to module, is displayed to define a load condition.


Drawing – Load condition - New Here a new loadcase can be added to a drawing-related loadcase file. To use the advantages of load case file, a reference number should be entered for the new load case.

Drawing – Load condition - Copy / Delete Here an existing drawing-related load condition file can be copied into another drawing, or an existing drawing-related load condition file can be deleted without safety request.

Drawing – List of load conditions (see also "Load conditions")

Definition of the load case To define a load case, at least one pressure and a temperatur must be entered. On actuation of key Cancel - the displayed list of load cases is closed. Modifications are not

possible. Edit - the loadcase, selected by cursor position, is displayed. The load

case data can be modified New - the input panel to define a new load case is displayed Delete - the loadcase, selected by cursor position, is deleted. Save - Only on actuation of this button all modifications in the load

condition file are saved.

Drawing – Load condition - Display, Selection On actuation of key Display - for the loadcase reference, selected by cursor position, all laod

date is displayed. OK - the loadcase reference is selected.


File level

File – New / Open The name of the file and the file number are mandatory inputs. Name of file The file name may contain up to 28 characters and must conform to the DOS convention, i.e. neither blanks nor special characters, such as . , : ; ! " / ( ) = + < > or Backslash may be input. File number The file number may contain up to 28 characters. Any character may be input. Comment These inputs may contain up to 60 character. There is no restriction regarding the characters. Additional information for PC-experts After actuation of the OK-Button a new file is created in the selected drawing directory. This file has the entered name with extension ".ein". File list From this list an input file can be selected. Via the filter-function the displayed list can be restricted.

File - Copy into another drawing The name of the source order, the source drawing, the target order and the target drawing must be selected. All input files of the source drawing will be displayed in a list and can be selected. On actuation of key Copy - all selected input files are copied into the target drawing.

If files of the same name exist in the target directory, these are overwritten without warning.

File - Copy into any directory One or more input files can be copied into any directory, e.g. on a floppy disk as back up. Vice versa backups can be copy back from any directory into an existing order. The name of the source order, source drawing and the target path are mandatory inputs and can be selected. All input files of the source drawing will be displayed in a list and can be selected. On actuation of key Copy - all selected input files are copied. The copied input files are stored with extension "EIN" in the target directory. Because all files with this extension are regarded as input files from the system, the target directory should be reserved for this purpose. Only


this guarantees, that no files, which are not suitable for calculation inputs, are copied back. If files of the same name exist in the target directory, these are overwritten without warning.

File - Copy from any directory The name of the source path, the target order and the target drawing are mandatory inputs and can be selected. All input files of the source path will be displayed in a list and can be selected. On actuation of key Copy - all selected input files are copied. All files with this extension in the source directory are regarded as input files from the system. Thus the source directory should be reserved for this purpose. Only this guarantees, that no files, which are not suitable for calculation inputs, are copied back. If files of the same name exist in the target drawing, these are overwritten without warning.

File - Delete After defining an order and a drawing, from which one or more input files shall be deleted, a list of all correspondend input files is displayed. On actuation of key Delte - all selected input files are deleted without warning. If

calculations were started for this input files, also the correspondend result and/or message files are deleted.

File - Save, Save as After new input datas are defined or existing datas are modified, they can be saved. Normally the data is saved via the submenu "File - Save" with the last entered file name. Actuating the menu "File - Save as" the modified input file can be saved with a new input file name in the same order and drawing as the basic input file. In this way an existing input file can be used to create a second similar one. If input data already exists for an entered name, this file can be overwritten after a correspondend warning.

File - Rename

If an input file (all other created files included) shall be renamed this can be done on this input mask (via selection order and drawing all stored input files are shown –with the help of the filter at the bottom you can configure this list-). Select the input file that shall be renamed with the mouse and type in the new name in „File name new“. Selecting OK starts the process.


File – Go to Via the buttons │< < > >│ the user can scroll through the sngle input panels. Especially the buttons │< and >│ allow to jump to the begin or end of the input file. Via doubleclick on the knot of a component in the navigator (these are marked by C0 or C1) the user can jump to the correspondend input panel during the modification of input data, without srolling through all panels.


Edit the 'pfad'-file (see also „General – Directories and files“)

If clicking on the row in the entries list, the 'Edit'-button will be set on activ, then this entry in the 'pfad'-file can be edited. Pushing the 'Edit'-button the change will be enterd first in list of entries, and only after pushing the 'OK'-button the 'pfad'-file will be changed. In EN 13480 you can edit the DATVERZ - entry only.

Calculate After the data input - but also at every later moment - a calculation can be started on actuating the main menu "Calculate". If a input file is opened, this data will be saved and calculated. If not, a panel is displayed, in which one or more input files can be selected and calculated. The result datas are stored in a correspondend file with extension "ERG", the error messages, warnings and hints in a file with extension "FEH" in binary form. At the same time the result report is displayed in the form and language, which was chosen under menu "Settings". This display contains also probably existing error messages, warnings or hints. If more than one input files are calculated in one step, only the results of the input file calculated last are displayed. The results of the other input files can be displayed actuating the menu "Results".


Results

Results – Display panel The results, displayed on the monitor, can be scrolled via Cursor- or Page-Button, key combination Ctrl + Pos1 or 'Drawing the mouse'. On actuation of key Search - within the results it can be searched for any character

string. Print - the results are printed in the form and language, which were

chosen under menu „Settings – Print“. Print-Preview- the actual print design of the displayed results can be

controled on the screen.

Results - Display After a calculation the result report is automaticly displayed in that form and language, chosen via menu "Settings". Via the submenu "Results - Display" the results can be displayed at every later time. If a input file is opened, the corresponding results are automaticly displayed. If not, a panel is displayed, in which a input files can be selected for the result display.

Results - Print After defining an order and a drawing in the known manner, the print of one or several result files can be started. On actuation of key Print - the selcted results are printed. Details about settings for the printer exit and of printer-specific parameters can be found under menu "Settings - Printer".

Results - Copy The results are copied in the form and language defined by the entries of Report type 1 (see settings-print). The name of the source order and the source drawing must be selected and after a target directory. PROBAD proposes a target directory with ending "_DOC". The subdirectories of this directory have the names identical to order/drawing-structure of PROBAD. The copied files are saved in the target directory with name of the result file with the file extension "txt", ready to print.

Results - Delete After defining the order and the drawing of the desired results a list of result files is displayed. On actuation of key


Delet – the selected result files are deleted.

Results to Word The PROBAD-result-files can be transfered to Word. For this purpose the result files are converted into the Unicode-files first. Then these files can be opened in Word and saved as Word-Documents. The results are copied in the form and language defined by the entries of Report type 1 (see „Settings – Print“). First the name of the source order and the source drawing are selected, and then the target directory where the results are to be saved as Unicode-files. PROBAD proposes a target directory with ending "_DOC". The subdirectories of this directory have the names identical to order/drawing-structure of PROBAD. The copied files are saved in the target directory with names of the result files with the file extension "uni".

Results to PDF The PROBAD-result-files can be read by Acrobat Reader. For this purpose the result files are converted into the PDF-files first. Then these files can be opened in Acrobat Reader. The results are copied in the form and language defined by the entries of Report type 1 (see „Settings – Print”). First the name of the source order and the source drawing are selected, and then the target directory where the results are to be saved as PDF-files. PROBAD proposes a target directory with ending "_DOC". The subdirectories of this directory have the names identical to order/drawing-structure of PROBAD. The copied files are saved in the target directory with names of the result files with the file extension "pdf".


Settings Via this main menu the user can adapt the PROBAD module to his hardware-requirements and to his company-specific desires. For example the form and language of the result reports can be preset both for display and print. It is also possible to insert the Name of the company into the header of each sheet of the result report.

Settings - Display By this entries form and language of the result display are preset. On actuation of key ENTER - the defined presettings are stored

Settings - Print The user is able to print either in Windows- or in DOS-Mode. In Windows-Mode the extended settings of the operating system are available, in DOS-Mode the user has to select the escape sequences for the printer. The available printers for each mode are displayed on actuation of function key F9, if the cursor is positioned on the correspondend input field. Windows-Mode: For the selection of the relevant Windows-printer of PROBAD a further window appears. Here the standard Windows-printer is displayed for information. After choice of the desired printer, the font can be selected and the pages can be formated. DOS-Mode: In DOS-Mode the result files together with the escape sequences of the selected type of printer are sent to the printer by DOS-copy command. If no type of printer is defined, the result files are sent to the printer without escape sequence (see also chap. "Type of printer"). After that the printer port must be defined via F9 - function. One of the following exits must be selected: - LPT1 - LPT2 - LPT3 - COM1 - COM2 - COM3 - COM4 Result report: The maximum number of lines per sheets depends on the used printer. Numbering of pages 0: separate (protocol, messages, results)

1: continuous numbering 2: continuous w/o numbering of message pages

Form of header 0: no (Results without header data)

1: yes (Long header, follow. sheets w. short header) 2: long (Long header on all sheets)

Settings – Printer in Windows-Mode - List Here the relevant Windows-printer of PROBAD can be chosen. The standard Windows-printer is displayed for information. After choice of the desired printer, the font can be selected and the pages can be formated.


If the printer dialog is requested, it is started before every result output. The inputs made then, are only valid for the current print output.

Settings – Printer in DOS-Mode - List Up to 20 types of printers and their control sequences can be defined. Some of the most usual types and their control sequences are preset during the installation by IBM BS. If necessary further types may be added or entries may be overwritten. While entering new control sequences, use the statements of the correspondend printer manual. Defining the escape-character-sequence and the ASCII-values, which shall be sent to the printer, first the #-sign and then the ASCII-values have to be entered, e.g. #15 #27 etc. The installed IBM BS-printer-file contains for example - the control sequence for switching on and off the slim fond in case of

NEC-printers and

- the normal control sequence for HP-LaserJet – printers. Before every print the system proves first, if the type of printer is defined in the printer-configuration-file. In this case first the corresonding initialisation-sequence, then the result file and last the reset-sequence is sent to the printer.

Settings - Company After selecting the submenu "Settings - Company" a name with up to 64 characters can be defined. This name is documented in the header of each sheet of the result report.


Documentation If for an order and a drawing several input files were defined and calculated, the results - but also all error messages, warnings or hints - are filed. After an order and a drawing were selected, for which a documentation shall be generated, the user has the possibility either to create a "Pressure part list" or a "Total documentation". Pressure part list: (not yet available) The pressure part list contains first a survay table, where the materials and dimensions are documented. Also the status of the calculation (hints, warnings, errors) is evident. The components can be documented either via the type of component (cylinder, dished head, 3.nozzle etc.) or via the designation of the component entered by the user. In a second list the design datas are listed. This list contains calculation pressures, calculation temperatures and allowable stresses. These values are faced with the allowable pressures, the allowable temperatures, the life time and the stress- resp. pressure usage ratios. Total documentation: In the total documentation the results of a drawing are reported in a defined order. This report is created in the language and form, which was chosen in the menu "Settings". Especially a continuous numbered documentation can be created.

Documentation – Selection of input files The selection panel is separated in two parts. The upper half contains a list of all calculated pressure parts of the drawing. Via double-click or pushing the Enter-button those results, which shall be documented, can be selected. This data sets are listed in the lower half in the sequence of their selection. Data sets, which should not appear in the documentation, can be deleted from the lower list. Also the inserting of data sets at any place of the list is possible. When the lower list is of the desired form, actuating of the display- resp. print-button the correspondend documentation is generated. Actuating of the "To Word"- resp. "To PDF"-button the correspondend documentation is converted.

Materials Via this menu the FEZEN-Info-System can be started. After choosing the data base and reference standard, from which informations are desired, a list of all FEZEN-materials from this data base and reference standard is displayed. This list can be reduced by input of filter criteria as material number, product type, supply condition or generation number.

Help Via this menu the Help–function is started.

EN 13480 PROBAD Recurrent inputs •••• 29

Recurrent inputs

General The implementation of the PROBAD calculation modules has been based as far as possible on a uniform working method and a unique user interface, which is to help users to get accustomed to the program. This way, a lot of input possibilities will occur again and again, independently of the component or part. For instance, the specification of the materials data or wall thickness allowances is always done in the same manner. A detailed description of these recurrent input fields is therefore given independently of components or parts. Hint: If a list of values exists for a field from which the user can select, it

will be described in the documentation. The number preceding the possible values is for internal identification, it is of no significance to the panel input. The value marked by "(S)" indicates the value preset by IBM-BS. It will be displayed in the respective field if the standard file has not been modified.

30 •••• Recurrent inputs EN 13480 PROBAD

General Data Whenever an input file is created, a panel is displayed in which the basic data can be entered. This data serves for data management and documentation and is transferred into the header of the result output.

Name of order, drawing, input file Order name, Order number, Order comment Drawing name, Drawing number File name, File number Using the PROBAD PC version, this data is generally keyed in the data management system. At this point, the data is just displayed. This way, the specification of the order, drawing and file enables the systematic cataloging of the input data.

Comment For each file, a comment can be entered to appear on the first page of the result output.

Revisor Name of revisor Department Telefone To identify the revisor concerned with this part of the order, this data is displayed in the header of the print output. Using the PROBAD PC version, the information will be taken from the general drawing data.

Inspector If data is keyed in here, an inspection mark will appear on the first page of the individual print output. This mark shows the name entered in this field, providing the possibility of hand-written confirmation. In case no data is entered, the inspection stamp will appear on the result output.


Load condition reference If a drawing-related load data file was created angelegt (see also „Drawing – Load condition“), via the drop down arrow a load case can be selected from the displayed list. During calculation the system uses the load data, which is stored under this reference number. If the input field "Load condition reference" stays empty, the user has to enter the load data in the following window.

Load conditions

Calculation pressure internal Pi, external Pe Either the operation or test load case must be defined. Here the internal and/or external can be entered. Negative inputs are regarded as sub-atmospheric pressures and are taken into account in the opposite pressure chamber as positive pressures. If only an external pressure is defined, the component is additionally proved for the identic internal pressure acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.1.

Design pressure PS Design pressure – internal PSi , external PSe For the determination of the required test pressure acc. to EN 13480-5, section 9.3.2.2 a "design pressure PS of the prefabricated piping group“ different from the calculation pressure P can be entered. This pressure may not be greater than the calculation pressure. If no value is entered, PS is set equal to P internally.

Calculation temperature t Calculation temperature t Medium temperature inside tdi, outside tde The calculation temperature is relevant for FEZEN-materials to determine the material values. Also rule specific limits of validity can be proved. At the moment the medium temperature serves only for documentation.

Evaluation of test pressure Evaluation of test pressure 0: No evaluation 1: required test pressure acc. to EN 13480-5 2: Factor Fp acc. to EN 13480-5 3: only allowable test pressure acc. to EN 13480-3

Valuation of components 0: Minimum of all components 1: only main body 2: Maximum of all components

If no test pressure is entered, on request one of the following values will be determined internally: 1: Required test pressure acc. to EN 13480-5: The required test pressure pt acc. to EN 13480-5, section 9.3.2.2 is determined via the design pressure PS and documented in the results: Pt = Max ( 1.25 * ft / f ; 1.43) * PS whith:


ft = allowable design stress for test temperature f = allowable design stress for calculation temperature PS = Design pressure

In case of more than one components with different strength values depending on the chosen switch the minimum or maximum of the relation ft / f is regarded. Normally (see e.g. EN 13445-5, sect. 10.2.3.3) during determination of the required test pressure the "essential pressure carrying elements" must be regarded. Thus for switch "only main body" the attached components are ignored while building the relation ft / f. 2: Test pressure factor Fp acc. to EN 13480-5: The test pressure factor Fp = Max ( 1.25 * ft / f ; 1.43) is determined and documented in the results. Via this a following determination of the required test pressure Pt = Fp * Px with Px different from the design pressure PS is possible (see e.g. AD 2000, HP 30, 4.10). 3: Allowable test pressure acc. to EN 13480-3: The allowable test pressure acc. to EN 13480-3 is internally determined and documented in the results.

Test pressure Pt Test pressure inside Pti, outside Pte If no test pressure is entered, the required test pressure is determined internally acc. to EN 13480-5, section 9.3.2.2 , if the switch "Evaluation of test pressure" is in correspondend position.

Test temperature tt By default a test temperature of 20 degree C is set.

Test load in corroded condition Calculation of test load case in corroded condition: For the pressure test of a vessel, which was already under operation conditions, the test load case can be calculated in corroded condition.

Maximum usage ratio of the components Via entering a usage ratio less than 100 % an additional all-in reserve can be obtained, to take the weight of the pipe, valves, insulation, fluid and further loads into account. The components are designed so , that the quote of calculation pressure and allowable pressure is lower or equal to the entered value.

Modification of safety factors The design stresses of the main body and the attached components depend on the material data and safety factors. By default, the safety factors are internally defined on the basis of the rule, but the user can modify these factors.


Modification of standard safety factors For switch "Modification of safety factors (yes)“ the deviating values can be entered in the next panel:

Hours of Lifetime T

By default acc. to EN 1348-3, 5.3.2.1 the pressure parts are designed for a lifetime of 200.000 hours. If for a selected FEZEN-material no strength values are stored for the entered hours of lifetime, these will be determined by double logarithmic inter- resp. extrapolation. Operation:

Sm/20 Safety factor - min. tensile strength at ambient temperature Sm/t Safety factor - min. tensile strength at design temperature Sp/t Safety factor – yield strength S1p/t Safety factor – yield strength Sm/T/tc Safety factor – creep range

Test:

Sm/tt Safety factor - min. tensile strength at test temperature Sp/tt Safety factor – yield strength By default the safety factors are set internally depending on the material acc. to EN 13480-3, chapter 5. For austenitic materials with defined 1 %-yield strength these values are used instead of 0,2 %-yield strenth values. The safety factor for creep range is valid for all creep rupture strength values. Via this the mean creap strength values stored in the FEZEN-Data base or entered as free input are transformed to minimum values. If for a selected FEZEN-material no creep values are stored for the entered hours of lifetime, these will be determined by double logarithmic inter- resp. extrapolation about the stored mean values. If for a "200.000 h - calculation" no 200.000 h - values, but only 100.000 h - mean values exist, these values have to be projected via a factor 1.5 to 200.000 h - minimum values acc. to gemäß EN 13480-3, Table 5.3.2-1. In PROBAD this is realized by first project the stored 100.000 h - mean values via the factor 1.2 to 200.000 h - mean values. These 200.000 h - values are now - as usual - transformed via the safety factor for creep range to minimum values. Allowable stress Operation Test

1) Steel and steel cast except 2), 3)

f = Min ( Rp0.2/t/Sp/t ; Rm/20/Sm/20) f = Rp0.2/tt/Sp/tt

2) Austenite with

elong. fracture ≥ 30%

f = Min ( Rp1.0/t/Sp/t ; Rm/20/Sm/20) f = Rp1.0/tt/Sp/tt

3) Austenite with elong. fracture > 35%

f = Max {Rp1.0/t/Sp/t; Min(Rp1.0/t/S1p/t ; Rm/t/Sm/t)}

f = Max {Rp1.0/tt/Sp/tt; Rm/tt/Sm/tt)}

elong. fract. ≥ 25%


Safety factors – external pressure

Safety factor k Operation / Test Factor for evaluation of the allowable elasticity limit- Non-Austenit Austenit Factor ks for stiffenings prefabricated or warm finished cold finished By default the safety factors k for external pressure calculations are internally set acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.3.2 d). For special calculations higher values can be entered. For steel castings the entered values are increased internally by 25%.

The allowable elasticity limit is internally determined depending on the material family acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.2.2.

The factors ks for stiffenings are internally determined acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.3.3 depending on the supply condition.


Position number, material reference, designation Each single component of the pressure part (e.g. main body, branch or reinforcement pad) is identified by the system via the position number. It is also possible to define the correspondend material via a material reference number: Position number

This parameter comprising up to 8 alphanumerical characters must always be entered. It is saved according to the actual colums. Different components should have different numbers so that error messages and warnings are related to the individual component. For branches or nozzles the position number is used also to define the position of these single attachments on the main body clearly. In this way also in the result output e.g. the interaction of adjacent openings can be documented clearly. Material reference

If an order-related material file was created (see also „Data management levels – the order level - Materials"), the desired material can be selected on the current window after placing the cursor in the reference field. For calculations, the system refers to the materials data attached to the correspondend reference number. No further material input is necessary. Designation

The component designation is freely definable and is displayed both in the input panel and on the print output.


Material Data

Material input The component material can be defined either via a unique database access ID or via the explicit input of at least one material strength value for each load condition. In the former case, the system accesses the FEZEN materials database and determines the material data on the basis of the temperature, dimensions and code. In the latter case, it is up to the user to determine culate the material data. In the event of a component to be attached to a previously defined main body, the material of the main body is assumed, if both the FEZEN ID and the explicit specifications are missing. The specification of ruling dimensions, whether differing or not, are taken into account, however. Using the Button „Reset Fezen“ (if active), all the FEZEN inputs on the material panel can be deleted. In this case, standard values will be used.

FEZEN-Material data The system can identify a material in the database only if it is clearly defined. This is most easily performed via the Drop-Down-Button behind the input field „Material number“. Before, the desired reference standard and file must have been specified from which the data is inherited. In case an order-related materials file has been created, the system first lists all the materials of this order-related file. With the F7 key ('FEZEN'), the user can then select a material from the general FEZEN database. File

D: Base (S) Z: User

A materials file administered by IBM is usually available to the user. In addition, IBM provides a system helping the user save materials in a customer-specific file himself and make these the basis for calculations. Reference standard

At present, the material file updated by IBM contains materials according to:

Reference Standard 0: DIN 3: EN

The FEZEN database contains code-specific entries. It is thus possible to define a rule for calculating both materials data and physical properties (e.g. modulus of elasticity). FEZEN is currently supporting the following rules: Rule for Strength calculation:

1: General 2: AD 3: TRD 5: EN 12952 6: EN 13445 7: EN 13480 Rule Physical Properties:

1: General 8: SEW 9: FDBR


5: EN 12952 6: EN 13445 7: EN 13480 If no rule is defined for the material, the system calculates the material data or physical properties on the basis of the order-related priorities list (see also "Order - Materials") Material Number, Product Type, Supply Condition, Generation Number

Via the Drop-Down-Button behind the input field „Material number“ the system lists all the materials for a given reference standard specified in the file. This list contains the materials numbers, names, product types, supply conditions and for information only, the generation numbers.

FEZEN – Material list

File: Base Reference Standard: EN

Rules

Name Number Product type Supply

condit.

Gen.

No.

Gene

ral

A

D

T

R

D

EN

12952

EN

13445

EN

13480

S235JRG 1.0038 Form steel NG 0 r x x

P195GH 1.0348 Tube NG 0 x x x x x

P285NH 1.0477 Forging NG 1 x x x x x

16Mo3 1.5415 Tube NG 0 r r r r

1.5415 Tube seamless NG 0 x x x

1.5415 Tube welded NG 0 x x x

In the displayed material list in the last columns (behind the generation

number) for the actual reference standard and the valid rule (General, AD, TRD, EN

12952, EN 13445 und EN 13480) the status of the used sources is documented. At this moment 'x' means, that the material data is valid for the rule without any restriction. The entry 'r' means, that at least one used source for the material datas is replaced by an up-to-date standard The replacement can be within the reference standard (e.g. 1.0305 as normalized tube). This material can be found with valid rule under a higher generation number. If the replacement is done under a different reference standard (e.g. 1.0425), the valid up-to-date material can be normaly found under the reference standard EN with equal material number but different material designation. The entry 'i' means, that at least one used source for the material datas is partly replaced by another standard. The entry 'p' means, that for at least one used source for the material datas exists another also-valid standard. In both cases the partly replaced resp. also-valid material can be found in the same way as described for 'r'. The user must come to a decision about the choice of the material by proving the material sheets and the referenced sources. The entry 'w' means,


that at least one used source is drawn back officially. The use of such a material must be proved very carefully. Via doubleclick on the relevant line (or cursor positioned and pressed ENTER), the data is incorporated into the input panel, except for the Generation number. For calculations, the highest-generation material is automatically used, i.e. the material with the latest data. Lower generations should be used only for re-calculating old plants and have to be explicitly specified on the input panel. By default, the material data is evaluated by the rule defined in the order-related information. Rules deviating from the default need to be explicitly specified on the input panel. Filter:

Using selection criteria (filters), you can restrict the display of the materials list. All the entries in the fields "Material Number", "Product Type", "Supply Condition" and „Generation number“ in the input fields below the displayed list are taken into account. If for example the value 1.______ is entered in the "Material Number" field and "Tube" selected as product type, all the tube materials of group 1 are listed using the Filter-Button. If the system does not find a material according to given criteria, the message "No entry in the FEZEN file for these selection criteria" is displayed.


Ruling dimension for strength,

Ruling dimension standard

If no ruling dimension is keyed in, the current geometrical dimensions of the component will be used to evaluate the product-related strength values. Here, the code-specific upgrades and downgrades stated on the material specification sheet are taken into account. For forged FEZEN materials, the strength data is usually determined via the ruling heat treatment diameter. This one can be defined as "ruling dimension". If no entry is made for forging materials, the program evaluates the ruling dimension on the basis of the standard stated in the list of references on the respective material specification sheet. It is also possible to define another program-supported standard as the basis for evaluating the heat treatment diameter.

Free Material Data Material designation

In case of non-FEZEN data or for modifying the material name stored in the FEZEN file, a material name can be entered to better document the results. Material – Product type, supply condition, material-family, certificate

Tensile strength Operating Rm/t

Test Rm/20

0.2 % yield strength Operating Rp0.2/t

Test Rp0.2/tt

1.0 % yield strength Operating Rp1.0/t

Test Rp1.0/tt

Creep rupture value Operating Rm/T/tc

Modulus of elasticity Operating E/t

Test R/tt

Elongation at fracture

It is possible to have the program calculate the admissible stress for non-FEZEN materials on the basis of keyed-in strength values. The user has to determine the material data according to the temperature of the respective load case, the type of dimensions and if required, the defined lifetime. The material information serves to determine the safety factors. These depend on the material family, the supply condition acc. to EN 13480, chapter 5. The elongation at fracture serves for the exact specification of austenitic steels acc. to EN 13480-3, 5.2 and thust enters into the determination of the safety factors. The material family may also be of importance to supporting certain dimension and tolerance standards. After cursor positioning, admissible entries can be selected via the Drop-Down-Button. The allowable stress is determined as the minimum quote of the entered strength values and the entered or determined safety factor. In case of inside pressure for Austenits and non-iron-metals normally the 1%-yield strength, for all other material families the 0.2 % - yield strength has to be entered. In case of external pressure the input of the 0.2 % - yield strength is required to determine the limit of elsaticity acc. to EN 13480, 9.2.2.


Density rho at 20 degree C

For non-FEZEN data or for modifying the values stored in the FEZEN file, the weight can be entered in Mg/m3 (= kg/dm3 = g/cm3) to determine the mass of the component.

The FEZEN-Material Database For strength calculations acc. to EN 13445 in PROBAD the Basic - FEZEN – Materials - Database developed and updated by IBM/BS and probably a User - FEZEN – Materials - Database

The PROBAD user can benefit from a material database in the following way:

1. The value for the "Admissible Stress" is automatically calculated by the program for each individual component.

a) Here, the upgrades and downgrades stipulated in the various standards (EN, DIN, VDTUEV Sheets, SEW Sheets) are taken into account for iterative design calculations, in case they depend on temperature, diameter and/or wall thickness.

b) The safety factors can be internally determined, depending on the material stored (product type, supply condition, certificate).

2. For For forging materials, the ruling heat treatment diameter is evaluated

in line with the standard specified in the database. 3. The "Modulus of elasticity" or "Coefficient of Thermal Expansion" is

automatically determined for each individual component by the program, in case the value is required for calculation.

4. The „allowable temperature“ for each pressure part can be determined by

PROBAD via interpolation between the stored basic temperature values. 5. The materials data of the IBM/BS file is automatically updated whenever

one of the underlying references changes.


Definition of a Material

A material is clearly defined by: - File D: Basic file Z: User file - Material Number, Generation Number - Reference Standard 0: DIN 3:EN - Rule for strength 1: General 2: AD 3: TRD 5: EN 12952 6: EN 13445 7: EN 13480 - Rule for physical properties 1: General 8: SEW 9: FDBR

5: EN 12952 6: EN 13445 7: EN 13480 By default, the general data is taken into account for evaluating the FEZEN data for a DIN-based material. However, the default rule priority can be changed in the order-related materials data (see also „Data management levels – the order level - Materials") or on the input panel. Product Type

Supply Condition

Certificate

0: no 1: yes

Material family

0: Unknown 1: Ferrite 2: Martensit 3: Austenitic 4: Non-Iron-metal


Ruling Dimension for Strength Value

In addition to the calculation temperature and the lifetime, the "Ruling Dimension for Strength Value" is relevant to determining the material data. This indicates the geometric dimension (e.g. wall thickness in case of tubes or diameter in case of bars) which is used for evaluating the actual strength values in consideration of the upgrades and downgrades. If no value is explicitly entered for the ruling dimension (e.g. a casting thickness known to the user), the current geometrical dimensions will be applied for evaluating the strength values. For forged FEZEN materials, the strength values are usually evaluated on the basis of the ruling heat treatment diameter. If this diameter is not specified as the "ruling dimension", the program determines for forged materials, the ruling heat treatment diameter on the basis of the standard stated in the list of references of the respective material sheet. It is therefore recommended to always check the internally evaluated ruling dimension, because the original form and the dimensions which form the basis for the calculation may be different. Evaluation of the admissible stress using stored values

Depending on the temperature, the following strength values are stored in the FEZEN database for all materials:

• Minimum tension strength at 20 øC

• Yield strength or 0,2 % strain limit

• For special austenitic materials, also the 1 % strain limit (as upgrade or downgrade)

• Creep rupture value (average) for different hours. (In addition, FEZEN offers far more information and possibilities. See the FEZEN-Info-System for more details. Here, you will also find a list of all the materials stored in the IBM BS file as well as a comparison between the DIN and the EN materials names.) The automatic evaluation of the "allowable stress" via PROBAD is done as minimum of the ratios f = K / S while the minimum tension strength, the yield or strain limit as well as the creep rupture value with the associated safety factors are taken into account (see also "Modification to Standard Safety Factors").


Product Standards Both during data input and during calculation the PROBAD-System can access to various standard tables. Dimensions Standard

By entering the "Dimensions Standard" parameter, the user can specify the product standard used for dimensioning the component. Depending on the component (e.g. tube), a list of the attached standards is shown, from which the user can select. Once the dimensions standard has been defined, it is possible to select the nominal measures e.g. the outside diameter for a tube. After this the nominal wall thickness can be selected from a list, depending on the selected nominal diameter. In the design phase, dimensions of the standard series are always used for iterations. These also form the basis for evaluating strength values. If it becomes evident in the calculation process that the defined dimensions standard is not applicable, because for instance no standard diameter was specified or because the required wall thickness is not admissible, the dimensions standard is internally modified by the program and the current wall thickness is selected in grades of mm. In such a case, a correspondend message appears. Note: For the dimensions "Round to 1/ mm" and for rolled plates in line with "EN

10029" for instance, no standard dimensions are available in the dialog box.

Tolerances Standard

If no value is set for the wall thickness allowance, the "Tolerances Standard" field defines the standard used by the program for evaluating the respective minus tolerance. Depending on the keyed-in dimensions standard, the tolerances are generally determined in compliance with e.g. the following standards:


Component Dimensions standard Assoc. tolerances standard

DIN 2391 DIN 2391

DIN 2448 DIN 17175

DIN 2462 DIN 2462

DIN 2917 DIN 2917

Seamless tube

DIN EN 10216-x DIN EN 10216-x

DIN 2458 DIN 1626

DIN 2463 DIN 2463

Welded tube

DIN EN 10217-x DIN EN 10217-x

Tube DIN EN ISO 1127 DIN EN ISO 1127

Elbow DIN 2605-1 DIN 2605-1

DIN 2605-2 DIN 2605-2

Torisperical head - Kloepper DIN 28011 DIN 28011

Torisperical head – Korbbogen DIN 28013 DIN 28013

EN 10131 EN 10131 Plate

EN 10029 EN 10029, Cl.A

full mm EN 10029, Cl.A

1/2 mm EN 10029, Cl.A

Round-off values for wall thickness

and pad height

1/10 mm EN 10029, Cl.A

Differing standards combinations have to be expressly stated. If no dimensions standard is specifically defined and in case the tolerance value is missing, the thickness allowance is internally set to 0.0 mm. Minus tolerances can be explicitly pre-defined in % or mm (see also "Recurrent Inputs - Allowances").


Wall thicknesses and allowances [General – Wall thicknesses]

For each component in case of a design check the wall thickness can be entered. In case of dimensionings limit measures can be entered. Allowances are taken into account to proof the thickness under unfavorible tolerances and in corroded condition.

Wall thickness(incl.allowances) given eord (mm) ------ minimum/ maximum eord (mm) ------ ------ Allowances Corrosion inside / outside c0 (mm) 0.---- 0.---- Wall thickness tolerance c1(%)/(mm) ------ ------

Thinning inside / outside c2 (mm) 0.---- 0.----

Wall thickness eord incl. allowances – given If no thickness eord is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances. After a dimensions standard has been defined, the nominal wall thickness can be selected from a list, depending on the selected nominal diameter. On the basis of an entered thickness the net thickness is internally evaluated with the allowances being taken into account. The net thickness is then re-calculated. Wall thickness eord incl. allowances – minimum If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. A minimum value - either pre-defined or evaluated - is usually conformed to the dimensions standard. Wall thickness eord incl. allowances – maximum

The maximum wall thickness is an upper limit for the determined wall thickness. The program proves only nominal thicknesses, which are less or equal to the entered maximum value. Corrosion c0 – inside, outside

If no input is made, wastage due to corrosion, erosion, abrasion and oxidation is not considered. Wall thickness allowance c1 - proportional, absolute

By default, the thickness allowance is internally evaluated on the basis of the tolerance standard. In case the outside diameter is given, the allowance is applied for the inner side; if the inside diameter is given, it is applied for the outer side. It can also be defined as a proportional or absolute value. Thinning allowance c2 – inside, outside

If no input is made, wastage during finishing (e.g. bending, peaking, pipe thread tapping, undercutting) is not considered.


Welds

Type of weld no decisive weld---------- additional creep range reduction no Weld-joint efficiency z ------

Type of weld

Additional creep range reduction

Weld-joint efficiency z

0: no decisive weld (S) 1: 100%-examination 2: Spot check 3: Visual examination

By default, the component is regarded as component without decisive welds. Welds decisive for the dimensions of a component are for example longitudinal welds in cylindrical or conical shells or main welds in spherical shells and dished ends. Not decisive welds are circumferential welds between cylindrical or conical shells and a cylinder, cone, flange or not hemispherical dished ends. In case of a decisive weld the joint efficiency factor z is internally set depending on the examination acc. to EN 13480. 4.5. z = 1.0 if it is shown via destructive or non-detructive examination, that

the all the weld have no significant defects. z = 0.85 if spot checks are taken for a non-detructive examination. z = 0.7 if only a visual examinaton is doen. Differing values must be entered: Additional creep range reduction

If the creep range values of the weld joint are not known, the creep rupture strength values of the main body have to be reduced by 20 % acc. to EN 13480, 5.3.1 Attention: If a weld exists in the range of the attached component of the main

body, possible strength value reductions are taken into account during the proof of the opening

EN 13480 PROBAD Cylindrical shell with nozzles •••• 47

Cylindrical shell with nozzles

Load conditions - Cylinder (see "Recurrent inputs - Load conditions")

Modification of safety factors - Cylinder (see "Recurrent inputs – Modification of standard safety factors")

48 •••• Cylindrical shell with nozzles EN 13480 PROBAD

Cylinder

Geometry of cylindrical shell

Position number - Cylinder Position number, Material reference, Designation (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Product Standards - Cylinder Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter - Cylinder

[Cylinder – Geometry] Diameter - inside Dis, outside Dos Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter.

Wall thickness - Cylinder

[General – Wall thicknesses] Wall thickness incl. allowances e ords – given Wall thickness incl. allowances e ords - minimum Corrosion allowance c0s – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1s – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2s – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Length - Cylinder

[Cylinder – Geometry] Length Lcyl The input of the length of the main body serves for documentation, for determination of the mass and inside volume and in case of branches for proving the position of openings. In case of external pressure Lcyl is basis for the determination of the unsupported length of the shell.

Weld - Cylinder Type of longitudinal weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor z (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

The position of the welds can be described in a later part of the input panels.


Number of nozzles - Cylinder Number of nuzzles, branches resp. openings The number of branches on the main body must be entered. It is sufficient to describe identic branches only once and enter their relative resp. absolute position on the main body later.(see "Description of branch position").

Description of branch position - Cylinder No positioning: Single branches are defined independend from their

position on the main body. A proof of interaction of branches is omitted.

relative position: In the first place single branches are defined

independend from their position on the main body. In further input panels for two branches at a time the relative position of these branches can be entered, to prove their interaction.

absolute position: In the first place single branches are defined

independend from their position on the main body. In further input panels the position of each branch must be entered relative to a fixed reference point on the main body. The program determines the relative position of each two adjacent branches and the interaction of each such combination is proved.

Circumferential pitch only - Cylinder By default the interaction of two adjacent openings, which don't have longitudinal pitch, is treated acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.5.2 like a longitudinal pitch where the pressure area Aps is halved acc. to formula Formel (8.5.2-1). It is also possible to prove pure circumferential pitches exactly acc. to formula (8.5.2-3). This usually results in greater stress reserves.

Reference plane - Cylinder 1: Inside contour 2: Outside contour 3: Middle of the wall

By default in case of entered outside diameter of the main body the position and inclination of branches has to be described relative to the outside contour, in case of entered inside diameter relative to the inside contour of the main body. It is also possible to enter the distance of the branches from a fixed reference point resp. from each other, the circumferential position and the inclination angle measured on a here defined reference plane of the main body.


Material data - Cylinder

(see "Recurrent inputs - Material data")


Stiffeners

Unsupported shell length

[Cylinder – Unsupported length] Unsupported shell length L The unsupported shell length L corresponds to the maximum distance between 2 effective stiffeners. According to figure 9.3.1-1 the length L is measured between the widths b of the stiffeners tight to the shell. In case of an attached dished end additional to the cylindrical length 40 % of the height of the end must be entered as unsupported length L acc to figure 9.3.1-1. If no value is entered for the unsupported shell length L, the number n1 of interstiffeners with width b is equally positioned on the shell length Lzyl and the unsupported shell length is determined as L = (Lcyl – n1*b)/ (n1+1).

Number of stiffeners

[Cylinder – Unsupported length] Number n1 of interstiffeners Number n0 of end stiffeners In case of stiffeners additional input is required. If no value is entered for the unsupported shell length L, the number n1 of interstiffeners is positioned equally on the shell length Lzyl.

Position number – Stiffener Position number, Material reference (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Positioning – Stiffener

[Cylinder – Stiffeners]

Positioning of ring stiffeners 1 - inside 2 - outside (S)

Depending on the positioning the cross section area center of the effective stiffening is internally determined.

Mean Length Lc around stiffeners

[Cylinder – Unsupported length] Mean length Lc of adjacent shell spacings By default the mean length Lc of the parts of the shell adjacent to both sides of the stiffener are internally set to Lcyl /(n1+1), while n1 is the number of interstiffeners. Differing values of Ls must be entered.

Dimensions standard – Stiffener If stiffeners shall be determined respectively proved, the dimensions standard of the profile can be selected from the correspondend list. If the desired profile is not available from the list, the user can describe the measures of this special profile explicitly.


Height, width – Stiffener

[Cylinder – Stiffeners] Height of stiffener hR, width of stiffener bR If no measures are entered for the stiffener rings, the program determines the smallest profile from the selected profile table, which meets the requirements. For rectangular profiles, if no width is entered, the profile is determined starting with a minimum width bR = shell thickness. For special profiles as width bR the width w1 tight to the shell, as height hR the total height of the profile must be entered

Special profile – Stiffener

[Cylinder – Stiffeners] Profile at shell: Ring height h1/ Ring width w1 Center of profile: Ring height h2/ Ring width w2 at profile outside: Ring height h3/ Ring width w3 For special profiles the single areas starting from the connection tight to the cylindrical shell must be described via entering the heights hi and widths wi. The system determines the cross sectional area As, the radius Rs of the cross section area center and the moment of inertia Is internally.


Material data - Stiffener


54 •••• Nozzles / Branches / Openings EN 13480 PROBAD

Nozzles / Branches / Openings

General branch data

Position number – Branch Position number, Material reference, designation (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Type of branch

[Type of branch] Nozzle: In PROBAD a nozzle is a tube with constant wall thickness along its

total lenth. In the first place this thickness is proved against the internal calculation pressure. In the second place it can be regarded as tubular reinforcement of the main body opening in case of correspondend kind of connection.

Branch: A branch has an effective length near to the connection with the

main body and a tube connection outside the effective length. Both parts may be of different dimensions. The wall thickness of the tube connection must only resist to the internal pressure. The thickness of the effective part can be regarded as tubular reinforcement.

Opening: For openings no input about a conneted tube is valid. A probably

necessary reinforcement can be achieved by a pad or by increasing the main body wall thickness.

Flange ring:Flange rings are openings, which are reinforced by a welded-through

ring respectively coupling.

Kind of branch

[Kind of branch]

1: Normal nozzle (S) 2: inside closed

For branches or openings, which are closed inside of the main body, no pressure load area Ap in the nozzle is taken into account during proof of the reinforcement of the opening.

EN 13480 PROBAD Nozzles / Branches / Openings •••• 55

Kind of connection

[Branch - Kind of connection]

1: set-on, fully welded (S) 3: set-through, fully welded 6: extruded 7: forged 12: set-on and seal-welded 13: set-in and seal-welded 14: screwed in

Depending on the kind of connection the pressure load areas and compensation areas are determined for the proof of the main body opening. So e.g. for set-through nozzles the inside projection is taken into account. For extruded nozzles EN 13480-3, 8.3.8 is taken into account during calculation. For screwed in nozzles the conditions according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.10 are proved. Screwed in nozzles or nozzles, which are only seal-welded, may not be regarded as reinforcements and are internally treated like unreinforced openings acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.2.

Kind of reinforcement

[Branch – Kind of reinforcement]

1: main body increasing (S) 2: branch increasing 3: pad reinforcement 4: branch increasing - pad reinforcement 5: pad reinforcement - branch increasing 6: main body increasing - fixed pad

By default in case of dimensioning (missing input of main body wall thickness) openings are compensated by increasing the thickness of the main body. Thus nozzles in case of missing thickness are dimensioned only for internal pressure. However the user has the posibility to choose an individual kind of reinforcement for each branch. For strategy 2 - 5 in case of missing input the main body wall thickness is only designed to carry the iternal pressure. Proving the openings in case of missing inputs the tubular, ring or pad-type reinforcements are designed in the selected order up to the correspondend geometric limit of the rules. Possible interactions of adjacent openings are compensated by increasing the main body thickness, if this thickness is not entered and if for all branches the kind of connection "main body increasing" resp "main body increasing - fixed pad" was chosen. Useful Combinations

Type of branch Kind of connection Kind of reinforcement

.

1, 3 1 - 6

6 – 7 1 –2

Nozzle resp. Branch

12-14 1, 3, 6


Öpening not relevant 1, 3, 6

Flange ring 3 1 - 2

Pressure increasing factor – reinforcement calculation According to PAS 1057-1 (10.05) „Rohrklassen für verfahrenstechnische Anlagen“, Part 1 the reinforcement for nozzles of form A,B,W,G and Ft via EN 13480 has to be calculated with calculation pressure multiplied by 1.1. According to AD-S3/6 additional stresses caused by external forces and moments in the region of a full strength nozzle connection can be taken into account by a 10 % increased calculation pressure during the reinforcement calculation. This can be realized by the input of a pressure increasing factor of e.g. 1.1.

Branch inclination on a cylinder

[Branch – Inclination in longitudinal direction]

[Branch – Inclination in circumferential direction] Angle to cylinder axis � Angle to circumferential tangent �c By default branches are placed perpendicular on the main body both in longitudinal and circumferential direction. The inclining angle of oblique branches must be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the reference plane of the main body. Here it is measured from the reference plane anticlockwise in direction to the branch axis.

Branch inclination on a cone

[Branch – Inclination in longitudinal direction]

[Branch – Inclination in circumferential direction] Angle to cone axis � Angle to circumferential tangent �c By default branches are placed perpendicular on the conical shell both in longitudinal and circumferential direction. The inclining angle of oblique branches must be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the reference plane of the main body. Here it is measured from the reference plane anticlockwise in direction to the branch axis. Thus an entered inclination angle 0.0 degree to the cone axis in longitudinal direction defines a nozzle parallel (in direction to the small end), an angle 90.0 degree a nozzle perpendicular to the cone axis.

Adjacent welds - Cylinder

[Relative branch position – Adjacent longitudinal welds] Circumferential position of adjacent longitudinal weld Psl Distance to adjacent circumferential weld Psc

For branches which are not placed absolutely on the main body, the user has the possibility to enter the distance of the branch to a possible existing weld on the main body. This distance has to be measured from the intersection of the branch axis with the main body contour, which was selected in the input field "Reference plan".

The distance to an adjacent circumferential weld must be entered in millimeter, the distance to a longitudinal weld in degrees. For negative inputs


the systems regards the weld being on the anticlockwise main body region of the branch. This might have influence to the proof of oblique branches.

In case of entries the program proves, if the determined distance x meets the minimum distance according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.2.

Copy, Move and delete branches

Copy Selection of Copy starts the copy function of the current branch. The following panel appears:

The position number of the current branch ist shown (Stutz1). A new position number has to be provided in ______. The copied branch can be created at the end of all branches -select [to end]- or before an existing branch -please select a branch-. Selecting OK will start the copy process while selecting ESC will cancel it. Move

Selection of Move starts the move function of the current banch. The following panel appears:


Die Positionsnummer des aktuellen Stutzen wird angezeigt (Stutz1). Der aktuelle Stutzen kann ans Ende aller vorhandenen Stutzen -[ans Ende]- selektieren oder vor einen vorhandenen Stutzen - bitte den Stutzen selektieren- verschoben werden. Delete

Selection of Delete starts the delete function of the current branch. The following panel appears:

Selection of Yes deletes the current branch while selection of No cancels it.


Geometry of nozzle

Product Standards - Nozzle Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter - Nozzle

[Geometry – Nozzle] Diameter - inside dib - outside dob Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter of the nozzle at the connection to the main body.

Diameter - Bore db By default depending on the kind of connection the inside resp. outside diameter of the branch is relevant for the reinforcement proof of the main body opening. In case of a differing bore in the main body the bore diameter can be entered here.

Wall thickness - Nozzle

[Geometry – Nozzle] Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances - given If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a nominal thickness on the basis of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances. Especially the parameter "Kind of reinforcement" influences the determined thickness of the nozzle. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances – minimum, maximum If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. The maximum wall thickness is an upper limit for the determined wall thickness. By default the maximal allowable branch thickness is determined internally acc. to EN 13480-3, figure 8.3.1-1 and figure 8.3.1-2. If the entered or determined maximum tubular thickness is not sufficient as reinforcement, the program designs a pad for further reinforcement in case of kind of reinforcement "branch increasing - pad reinforcement".

Allowances - Nozzle

[General – Wall thicknesses] Corrosion allowance c0b – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1b – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2b – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")


Projection - Nozzle

[Geometry – Nozzle] Nozzle – projection inside lbi, - set-in depth or milling depth h1

An inside projection is only useful for the kind of connection „set-in, full strength welded". The inside projection is measured from the inside contour of the main body. A defined inside projection enters into the calculation up to half the effective length lb acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. Partial set-in nozzles can be described by input of a negative inside projection.

By default set-on nozzles are placed to the outside contour of the main body. For flushed nozzles the corresponding depth h1 can be entered. In this case a probably lower strength value of the nozzle material is taken into account along this depth h1. Nozzle - projection outside lbo

The outside projection is measured from the outside contour of the main body up to the weld connecting to the attached pipe. In case of missing input lbo is set internally equalto the determined effective length lb.

Effective length - Nozzle Maximum effective length of main body ls Maximum effective length of nozzle lb

By default the maximum effective length ls of the main body is determined internally acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.1. In case of a discontinuity in the environment of the opening, e.g. end of the main body or adjacent openings, the effective length of the main body can be restricted by entering a maximum value. For small isolated openings with d <= 0.14 ls the reinforcement calculation is ommitted according to EN 13480-3, 8.4.2. In case of an entered reduced effective length ls1 the corresponding condition d <= 0.14 ls1 is valid.

The program determines the effective length of the nozzle acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. By default this value enters into the calculation up to the endered outside projection lbo of the nozzle.

Weld - Nozzle Type of longitudinal weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zb (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

Weld of nozzle relevant for reinforcement For example according to EN 13445-3, 9.5.2.3 a longitudinal weld in the nozzle must be taken into account during the proof of the reinforcement, if the angle between nozzle weld and line of shell is not greater than 45 degrees.


Geometry of branch In this panel the geometry of the branch near to the connection with the main body and for the tube connection outside the effective length can be described. By default the product standard, the diameter and the metal wastage of the tube connection are taken from the branch near to the main body.

Product Standards - Branch Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter - Nozzle

[Geometry – Branch] Diameter - inside dib resp. dib0 - outside dob resp. dob0 Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter of the branch at the connection to the main body resp. at the tube connection.

Wall thickness - Nozzle

[Geometry – Branch] Wall thickness incl. allowances – eordb given - eordb0 given If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a nominal thickness on the basis of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances. Especially the parameter "Kind of reinforcement" influences the determined thickness of the branch at the connection to the main body. At the tube continuation the thickness enb0 must only carry the internal pressure. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Wall thickness eordb resp. eordb0 incl. allowances – minimum, maximum If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. The maximum wall thickness is an upper limit for the determined wall thickness. By default the maximal allowable branch thickness is determined internally acc. to EN 13480-3, figure 8.3.1-1 and figure 8.3.1-2. If the entered or determined maximum tubular thickness is not sufficient as reinforcement, the program designs a pad for further reinforcement in case of kind of reinforcement "branch increasing - pad reinforcement" (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances").

Allowances - Branch

[General – Wall thicknesses] Corrosion c0b – inside, outside c0b0– inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1b – proportional, absolute c1b0– proportional, absolute Thinning c2b – inside, outside c2b0- inside, outside


(see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")


Projection - Branch

[Geometry – Branch] Branch – projection inside lbi, - set-in depth or milling depth h1

An inside projection is only useful for the kind of connection „set-in, full strength welded". The inside projection is measured from the inside contour of the main body. A defined inside projection enters into the calculation up to half the effective length lb acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. Partial set-in nozzles can be described by input of a negative inside projection.

By default set-on branches are placed to the outside contour of the main body. For flushed branches the corresponding depth h1 can be entered. In this case a probably lower strength value of the nozzle material is taken into account along this depth h1. Branch – projection outside lbo The outside projection is measured from the outside contour of the main body up to the weld connecting to the attached pipe. Thus for branches lbo contains the effective part and also the tube connection part outside the effective length.

Effective length - Branch

[Nozzle – Cylindrical shell] Maximum effective length of main body ls Maximum effective length of branch lb


The program determines the effective length of the nozzle acc. gemäß EN EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. By default this value enters into the calculation up to the endered outside projection lbo of the nozzle. Especially for branches as limit of the maximum effective length the length of the tubular reinforcement of the branch can be entered.


Geometry of opening

Diameter - Opening

[Geometry – Opening] Diameter db The diameter of the unreinforced or pad-type reinforced opening must be entered.

Effective length - Opening

[Geometry – Opening] Maximum effective length of main body ls



Geometry of flange ring

Product Standards – Flange ring Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard In case of dimensioning of pads resp. rings via the dimensions standard both the height and the width of the component can be influenced. By default the height is increased in 1 mm - steps, the width in 10 mm – steps. (see "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter – Flange ring

[Geometry – Flange ring] Ring diameter - inside dir, outside dor Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter of the flange ring.

Width – Flange ring

[Geometry – Flange ring] Ring width lr - given, - minimum, maximum If no value is entered, the required width of the ring is determined internally depending on the height of the ring. Evaluating the nominal ring measures, values entered here are taken into account. By default as maximum width of the ring the effectve length ls of the main body acc. to EN 13480-3 is set internally. A value entered here is regarded as nominal including all allowances. Ring width - Tolerance c1lr, - Corrosion c0lr By default the minus tolerance is determind internally acc. to the tolerances standard. It can also be entered in millimeters. If no input is made, wastage due to corrosion, erosion, abrasion and oxidation is not considered.

Height – Flange ring

[Geometry – Flange ring] Ring height er - given , - minimum, maximum If no value is entered for the minimum height of the ring, the minimum wall thickness acc. to rule is used as start height.A value entered here is regarded as nominal including all allowances. Ring height - Tolerance c1er, - Corrosion c0er By default the minus tolerance is determind internally acc. to the tolerances standard. It can also be entered in millimeters. If no input is made, wastage due to corrosion, erosion, abrasion and oxidation is not considered.

Projection - Flange ring

[Geometry – Flange ring]


Ring – Projection inside lbi, Ring – Projection outside lbo The internal resp. external projection serves for documentation. If both values are entered, the height is determined internally. The inside projection is measured from the inside contour, the outer projection from the ouside contour of the main body.

Effective length – Flange ring

[Geometry – Flange ring] Maximum effective length of main body ls By default the maximum effective length ls of the main body is determined internally acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.1. In case of a discontinuity in the environment of the opening, e.g. end of the main body or adjacent openings, the effective length of the main body can be restricted by entering a maximum value. For small isolated openings with d <= 0.14 ls the reinforcement calculation is ommitted according to EN 13480-3, 8.4.2. In case of an entered reduced effective length ls1 the corresponding condition d <= 0.14 ls1 is valid.

Weld – Flange ring Type of weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zr (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")


Material data – Nozzles, Branches, Flange rings If no input is done, the material data of the main body is assumed. (see "Recurrent inputs - Material data")


Reinforcement pad

Geometry of pad

Position number – Pad Position number, Material reference (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Product Standards – Flange ring Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard In case of dimensioning of pads resp. rings via the dimensions standard both the height and the width of the component can be influenced. By default the height is increased in 1 mm - steps, the width in 10 mm – steps. (see "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Width – Pad

[Nozzle – Pad-type reinforcement] Pad width lp - given, - minimum, maximum If no value is entered, the theoretic width of the pad is set equal to the effective length of the main body and the required pad thickness is determined. Evaluating the nominal pad measures, values entered here are taken into account. A value entered here is regarded as nominal including all allowances. Pad width - Tolerance c1lp, - Corrosion c0lp (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Height - Pad

[Nozzle – Pad-type reinforcement] Pad height ep - given, - minimum, maximum If no value is entered for the minimum height of the pad, the minimum wall thickness acc. to rule is used as start height. By default the wall thickness of the main body is used as maximum pad height. A value entered here is regarded as nominal including all allowances.

Pad height - Tolerance c1ep, - Corrosion c0ep (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Weld – Pad Type of longitudinal weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zp (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")


Material data – Reinforcement pad If no input is done, the material data of the main body is assumed. (see "Recurrent inputs - Material data")


Relative positioning of branches - Cylinder Relative positioning of ajacent branches Defining adjacent openings does not mean to enter their absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings on the main body, but describing the relative position of two branches, for which the interaction should be investigated via a common proof of compenation areas. In the panel as maximum 10 combinations of adjacent openings can be defined. In total up to 50 different branch combinations may be entered. As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches are displayed.

Position numbers – Adjacent branches Position number – Branch 1, Position number – Branch 2 The position numbers of those two branches have two be entered, for which the interaction should be proved. Off course the two position numbers can be identic. For different position numbers the order 1st branch / 2nd branch branch has to be considered in case of non radial branches.

Pitch – Adjacent branches

[Relative branch positioning – Cylinder, longitudinal direction]

[Relative branch positioning – Cylinder, circumferential direction] Longitudinal pitch pbl Circumferencial pitch pbc To define the pitches always the projections in the longitudinal and circumferential section have to be regarded, also if the branches have an offset to each other. For non-radial branches the pitches have to be measured in the intersection of the branch with the main body contour defined in the input field "Reference plane". The longitudinal pitch pbl must be entered in millimeter, the circumferencial pitch in degrees. If the first branch has an inclining angle < 90.0 degrees, the system takes this branch as inclined to the second branch. Angles > 90 degrees are interpreted as declined away from the 2nd branch. If the 2nd branch has an inclining angle < 90.0 degrees, the system takes this branch as declined away from the first. Angles > 90 degrees are interpreted as inclined to the 1st branch. If the longitudinal pitch is entered negative, the interpretation is converted internally. For a circumferential pitch the interpretation is analogous to the longitudinal pitch: If the first branch has an inclining angle < 90.0 degrees in circumferential direction, the system takes this branch as inclined to the second branch. Angles > 90 degrees are interpreted as declined away from the 2nd branch in circumferential direction. If the 2nd branch has an inclining angle < 90.0 degrees, the system takes this branch as declined away from the first. Angles > 90 degrees are interpreted as inclined to the 1st branch in the circumferential section. If the circumferential pitch is entered negative or between 180 and 360 degrees, the interpretation is converted internally.


Further interaction of branches If the panel was filled with 10 combinations of adjacent branches/nozzles/openings and other interactions of branches have to be proved, four further similar panels can be ordered via this switch.


Absolute positioning of branches - Cylinder The absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings has to be described measured from a fixed reference point at one end of the main body in the chosen reference contour. The program determines the relative position of each two adjacent branches and the interaction of each such combination is proved. In total up to 10 branch positions can be entered, while each defined branch has to be positioned at least once, but can be placed several times. As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches are displayed.

Absolute positioning of welds – Cylinder

[Absolute branch positioning – Cylinder] Circumferential position of longitudinal weld, Distance of circumferential welds from the reference point

The welds, which were defined on the main body panel (Kind of weld, joint efficiency factor) can now be placed on the main body. The position of the welds must be described relative to a fixed reference point at one end of the main body. In case of entries the program proves, if the determined distance x meets the minimum distance according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.2.

Absolute positioning of branches – Cylinder

[Absolute branch positioning – Cylinder] Position Number - Branch Here the position number of the branch has to be entered, for which the reinforcement should be proved. Distance from reference point, Circumferential position The position of the branch on the main body has to be described by the longitudinal distance from the reference point and its circumferential position. The longitudinal distance has to be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference contour of the main body. The same is valid for the circumferencial position measured anticlockwise.

Absolute positioning of branches – Dished end

Absolute positioning of branches on dished end [Absolute branch positioning – Dished end]

Via the absolute positioning of branches on dished ends the program is able to determine the inclination of axis-parallel nozzles, to take into account adjaicent welds and to regard the interaction of adjacent openings. The absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings has to be described via a coordinate system with origin in the axis of the end. Each branch is positioned by entering the coordinates of the intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference contour. The program determines the relative position of each two adjacent branches and the interaction of each such combination is proved. In


total up to 10 branch positions can be entered, while each defined branch has to be positioned at least once, but can be placed several times. As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches are displayed. Position Number - Branch Here the position number of the branch has to be entered, for which the reinforcement should be proved.

Branch inclination on the spherical shell

[Branch – inclination on spherical shell] Inclining angle �� to tangent in meridian section

By default branches are placed parallel to the axis of the dished end in the meridian section. For non parallel branches the inclining angle Psi relative to the meridian tangent must be entered. The angle has to be measured from the tangent directed to the end axis in the intersection with the axis of the branch in the reference plane. Note: For branches placed in the end centre the meridian tangent is equal to the

y-axis of the coordinate system.

Inclining angle ��c to tangent in circumferential section

For branches oblique in circumferential direction the angel relative to the circumferential tangent Psi1 must be entered. The angle has to be measured from the tangent anticlockwise in the intersection with the axis of the branch. Note: For branches placed in the end centre the circumferential tangent is equal to the x-axis of the coordinate system.

Two hemisoherical shells By default the branches are positioned on the upper hemisphere of the sphere. For branches on the lower hemisphere the value has to be changed. For branches placed on the seperating imaginary plane an entry is ignored.

Positioning via polar coordinates – Dished end [Absolute branch positioning – Dished end]

Distance r from end axis, Circumferential position � The position of each branch must be described in the section view of the end in polar coordinates. The distance from the origin has to be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference plane of the end. The circumferencial position must be measured anticlockwise in degrees. For spheres the user first has to define an upper and lower hemisphere, which is seperated by an imaginary plane. The absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings on the sphere has to be described via a coordinate system in the seperating plane. Each branch is positioned by entering the coordinates of the intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference contour and additionaly telling the relevant hemisphere.


Positioning via cartesian coordinates – Dished end [Absolute branch positioning – Dished end]

x-coordinate, y-coordinate The position of each branch must be described in the section view of the end in cartesian coordinates. The position has to be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference plane of the end.


Absolute positioning of welds – Dished end The welds, which were defined on the main body panel (Kind of weld, joint

efficiency factor) can now be placed on the main body. The position of the welds must be described relative to a coordinate system with origin in the axis of the end. If branches are also placed relative to this coordinate system, the program proves, if the determined distance x meets the minimum distance according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.2. Circumferential Position Psl1 - Crown welds A longitudinal weld (meridian weld) in the crown section must be defined by entering the position angle measured anticlockwise in degrees. Circumferential weld at crown section Calculating the crown section reduced strength values caused by a circumferential weld at the rim of the crown section are only taken into account, if the switch is set to "yes". Circumferential Position Psl2 - Knuckle and skirt welds A longitudinal weld (meridian weld) in the knuckle or skirt section must be defined by entering the position angle measured anticlockwise in degrees.


Absolute positioning of welds – Spherical shell The weld, which was defined on the main body panel (Kind of weld, joint efficiency factor) can now be placed on the sphere. The position of the weld must be described relative to the coordinate system in the imaginary saparating plane. For all branches the program proves, if welds are placed inside the influence area of the openings. In this case the allowable stress of the compensation area of the main body is decreased by the joint efficiency factor. Circumferential Position Psl1 A longitudinal weld (meridian weld) in the relevant hemisphere must be defined by entering the position angle measured anticlockwise in degrees. Hemisphere – Meridian weld

Hemisphere 1: up 2: down

By default the welds are positioned on the upper hemisphere of the sphere. For welds on the lower hemisphere the value has to be changed. Connection weld between hemispheres Reduced strength values caused by a connection weld for the two hemispheres are only taken into account, if the switch is set to "yes".


Absolute positioning of branches - Reducer The absolute position of nozzles/branches/openings on a conical shell has to be described measured from a fixed reference point at the large end of the cone. This reference point has to be placed in the intersection of the conical shell with the cylindrical shell. The program determines the relative position of each two adjacent branches and the interaction of each such combination is proved. In total up to 10 branch positions can be entered, while each defined branch has to be positioned at least once, but can be placed several times. As help in the first two lines the position numbers of all entered branches are displayed.

Absolute positioning of welds – Reducer

[Absolute branch positioning – Reducer] Circumferential position of longitudinal welds

The welds, which were defined on the main body panel (Kind of weld, joint efficiency factor) can now be placed on the main body. The position of the welds must be described relative to a fixed reference point at one end of the main body. In case of entries the program proves, if the determined distance x meets the minimum distance according to EN 13480-3, 8.3.2.

Absolute positioning of branches – Reducer

[Absolute branch positioning – Reducer] Position Number - Branch Here the position number of the branch has to be entered, for which the reinforcement should be proved. Distance from reference point, Circumferential position The position of the branch on the main body has to be described by the longitudinal distance from the reference point and its circumferential position. The longitudinal distance has to be measured in the intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference contour of the main body. The same is valid for the circumferencial position measured anticlockwise.

78 •••• Dished end with nozzles EN 13480 PROBAD

Dished end with nozzles

Load conditions – Dished end (see "Recurrent inputs - Load conditions")

Modification of safety factors - Dished end (see "Recurrent inputs – Modification of standard safety factors")

EN 13480 PROBAD Dished end with nozzles •••• 79

Spherical shell resp. dished end

Construction - Dished end

Position number - Dished end Position number, Material reference, Designation (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Type – Dished end

[Types - Dished end] Kloepper type: Kloepper forms are seamless or welded toripherical

(torispheric) ends, for which: Ris = Do and ri = 0.1 * Do (see e.g. EN 13445-3, 7.2.3)

Korbbogen type: Korbbogen forms are seamless or welded toripherical (torispheric) ends, for which:

Ris = 0.8 * Do and ri = 0.154 * Do (see e.g. EN 13445-3, 7.2.4)

Torispherical end: All other torisherical ends have to be entered as

special forms:

Ris ≤ Do and ri ƒ 0.06 * Di and ri ƒ es (see EN 13480-3, 7.1.3)

Semi-ellipsoidal end: Semi-ellipsoidal ends are ends with elliptical section

and with height 1.7 < Di/(2hi) < 2.2. (see EN 13480-3, 7.1.4)

Hemispherical end: Hemipherical ends without cylindrical skirt are proved w/o skirt acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.2. Hemispherical end: For hemipherical ends with cylindrical skirt with skirt acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.2 the wall thickness at half the

fusion facing must be at least equal to the gleich required thickness of an corresponding pipe acc. to EN 13480-3, 6.1.

Spherical shell: Spherical shells are calculated like hemispherical

shells acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.2.


Type of production – Dished end

[Torispherical end – Different wall thicknesses]

1: equal thicknesses es = ek = ec 2: different thicknesses es # ek # ec with equal strenth values 3: different thicknesses es # ek # ec with different strenth values

The type of production is only useful for ends with knucke resp. skirt. In case of type of production 2-3 for proof calculations different wall thicknesses can be entered for the differen regions of the end. If no thicknesses are entered, PROBAD probably determines different thicknesses for the relevant regions. For entered outside diameter the different regions are joint with smooth outside contour, for entered inside diameter with smooth inside contour. Thus for hemispherical and spherical ends the given radius of the sphere, for all other dished ends the given diameter is relevant. In case of equal strength values for FEZEN-materials the material values for the maximum thickness are taken into account. In case of different strength values for FEZEN-materials the material values are determined for each region (skirt, knuckle, sphere) regarding the correspondend wall thickness. It is also possible to enter strength values for each region.

Number of nozzles – Dished end Number of nuzzles, branches resp. openings The number of branches on the main body must be entered. It is sufficient to describe identic branches only once and enter their relative resp. absolute position on the main body later. The program determines the relative positions of the single branche and the interaction of each combination is proved. (see also "Desrciption of branch position – Dished end")

Description of branch position – Dished end Single branches are defined independend from their position on the main body. In further input panels the position of each branch must be described in the section view of the end. The intersection of the branch axis with the chosen reference plane of the end has to be described in the correspondend coordinates (see "Refernce plane – Dished end"). The rectangular coordinates system has its origin in the centre of the end. The axis can be chosen by the user. Polar coordinates: The position of the intersection must be defined by

entering the circumferential angle and the centre distance.

Cartesian coordinates: The position of the intersection must be defined by

entering the X and Y coordinates.


Reference plane – Dished end 1: Inside contour 2: Outside contour 3: Middle of the wall

By default in case of entered outside dimensions of the main body the position and inclination of branches has to be described relative to the outside contour, in case of entered inside dimensions relative to the inside contour of the main body. For hemispherical and spherical ends the given radius of the sphere, for all other dished ends the given diameter corresponds to the reference plane. It is also possible to enter the distance of the branches from the end axis, the circumferent position and the inclination angle measured on a here defined reference plane of the main body.


Material data – Dished end


Fabricaten method – Dished end

1 – warm formed 2 – cold formed

For cold formed ends made of austenitic stainless steel a increased design stress fb is used in the buckling formula aac. to EN 13480, 7.1.3.

Material data - Skirt / Knuckle For ends with different strength values in crown, knuckle and/or skirt (see „Type of production – Dished end“) the system allows the input of additional material data for knuckle resp. skirt, deviating from the crown data (see "Recurrent inputs – Material data").

In case of different strength values for FEZEN-materials the material values are determined for the skirt and knuckle section regarding the correspondend wall thickness. It is also possible to enter strength values for each region.


Geometry – Dished end

Product Standards – Dished end Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard By entering the "Dimensions Standard" parameter, the user can specify the product standard used for dimensioning the component. Once the dimensions standard has been defined, the correspondend diameter and wall thickness can be selected. By default Kloepper form ends are designed acc. to DIN 28011, Korbbogen fom ends acc. to Din 28013.

(see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter – Dished end

[Dished end – General geometry] Diameter - inside Dis, outside Dos Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter.

Crown radius – Dished end

[Dished end – General geometry] Crown radius - inside Ri , outside Ro For torispherical ends other than Kloepper or Korbbogen form either the inside crown radius or the outside crown radius must be entered. Please note the valid

range Ris ≤ Do acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.3.

Wall thickness – Dished end

[Dished end – General geometry] Wall thickness eords incl. allowances – given If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances. In case of an end with equal thicknesses in all regions, the program determines one thickness, which is sufficient for crown, knuckle and skirt. In case of an end with equal thicknesses an thickness entered here is taken also for the knuckle (ek = es) and the skirt (ec = es). In case of different thicknesses an entry is only valid for the crow section. Wall thickness eords incl. allowances – minimum If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. Corrosion allowance c0s – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1s – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2s – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Weld, Crown – Dished end Type of weld - Crown Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zs


(see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

The position of the welds can be described in a later part of the input panels.


Geometry - Knuckle / skirt

Factor beta – Dished end By default the factor beta is determined internally acc. to EN 13480, 7.1.5. A differing value must be entered.

Height of skirt hb – Dished end

[Dished end – General geometry]

By default the height hb of the skirt is determined internally depending on the dimensions standard and the type of the end. A differing value can be entered by the user. The validity of an entry is proved by he program.

For ends other than Kloepper or Korbbogen form the heigth hb has to be entered.

Weld, knuckle, skirt – Dished end Type of weld - Knuckle, skirt Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zb - knuckle, skirt (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

Knuckle radius – Dished end

[Torispherical end – constant wall thickness] Knuckle radius - inside ri, outside ro Either the inside or outside knuckle radius must be entered. In this connection

the valid range ri ƒ 0.06 * Di und ri ƒ es acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.1.3 has to be taken into account.

Height of end – Dished end

[Semi-Ellipsoidal end] Height of end incl. knuckle - inside hi - outside ho For semi-ellipsoidal ends either the inside or outside heiht h inclusive knuckle but without height of skirt must be entered.

Radius of sphere – Dished end

[Hemispherical shell with cylindrical skirt] Radius of sphere - inside Ri , outside Ro Either the inside or outside radius of the sphere must be entered.


Product standards, Knuckle – Dished end Knuckle: Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Wall thickness, Knuckle – Dished end

[Torispherical end – Different wall thicknesses] Knuckle: Wall thickness eordk incl. allowances – given If no thickness for the knuckle is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances, wich is sufficiently designed for the nuckle region. Knuckle: Wall thickness eords incl. allowances – minimum If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. Knuckle: Corrosion allowance c0k – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1k – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2k – inside, outside By default the corrosion and thinning allowance of the crown are taken into account. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Product standards, Skirt – Dished end Skirt: Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Wall thickness, Skirt – Dished end

[Torispherical end – Different wall thicknesses] Skirt: Wall thickness enc incl. allowances – given If no thickness for the cylindrical skirt is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances, wich is sufficiently designed for the nuckle region. Skirt: Wall thickness enc incl. allowances – minimum If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. Skirt: Corrosion allowance c0c – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1c – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2c – inside, outside By default the corrosion and thinning allowance of the crown are taken into account. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

EN 13480 PROBAD Flat end with openings •••• 87

Flat end with openings

Load conditions – Flat end (see "Recurrent inputs - Load conditions")

Calculation with differencial pressure – Flat end In principle flat ends must be proved against calculation pressure. The terms internal and external pressure only define the different directions of the pressure. By default the calculation pressure is regarded as maximum of the internal and external pressure. If the external pressure is relevant, it is used likeinternal. The calulation formulas are identic independend of the direction of the pressure. Negative inputs are regarded as sub-atmospheric pressures and are taken into account in the opposite pressure chamber as positive pressures. If both pressures (internal and external) are existing simultaneously, the calculation happens with the differntial pressure, if the correspondend switch is set.

Modification of safety factors - Flat end (see "Recurrent inputs – Modification of standard safety factors")

88 •••• Flat end with openings EN 13480 PROBAD

Flat end

Design – Flat end

Position number - Flat end Position number, Material reference, Designation (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Type – Flat end

[Types – Flat end]

Types of flat end

Welded flat ends

1: Butt welded with constant neck Figure 7.2.3-1(a) 2: Butt welded with conic neck Figure 7.2.3-1(b) 3: Set on plate Figure 7.2.3-3 (b,c,h) 4: Set in plate Figure 7.2.3-3 (a,d,e,f,g) 5: Butt welded with relief groove Figure 7.2.3-5 Bolted flat ends

11: Bolted end, gasket within bolt circle Figure 7.2.4-1 12: Bolted end with full-face gasket Figure 7.2.4-2

The type of the flat end has to be chosen according to EN 13480-3, 7.2.

Number of nozzles – Flat end Openings in a flat end are openings with a bolted flange or with a nozzle. The number of branches on the main body must be entered. It is sufficient to describe identic branches only once and enter their relative resp. absolute position on the main body later.

Description of branch position – Flat end 1: Polar coordinates 2: Cartesian coordinaten

Single branches are defined independend from their position on the main body. In further input panels the centre position of each branch must be described either in polar or in cartesian coordinates. The radial distance h from the centre of the opening to the inner contour of the shell as well as the distance k between the centres of two adjacent openings is internally determined.


Geometry – Flat end

Product standards – Flat end Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Wall thickness – Flat end

[Flat end – Butt welded with constant neck] Wall thickness incl. allowances eordaf – given Wall thickness incl. allowances eordaf - minimum Corrosion allowance c0af – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1af – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2af – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Relief groove – Flat end

[Flat end - Butt welded with relief groove] Inside radius ri of the relief groove Depth of relief groove By default the required radius of the relief groove is determined as

ri ƒ 0.25 * es according to EN 13480-3, 7.2.3.4. The depth of the groove must be at least ri. A given radius ri and/or depth of the relief groove enters into the determination of the thickness of the flat end. Rest thickness erg at the relief groove (incl. allowances) By default a minimum thickness erg at the relief groove is internally determined acc. to formula (7.2.3-28). Via this minimum value in case of missing input the program determines a nominal thickness of the flat end at the relief groove taking into account the allowances. An entered rest thickness is compared with the minimum value er acc. to formula (7.2.3-28).

Depth of flange facing – Flat end In case of missing input the flat end is regarded with constant thickness. In case of a nubbin, recess or groove the maximum depth of the flange facing must be entered. The program prooves the actual rest thickness e1 in the flange region according to EN 13480-3, Formel (7.2.4-7).

Material data – Flat end



Connection – Flat end

Geometry of connection – Flat end For circular, welded flat ends with a constant neck the geometric data of the neck must be defined.

Neck – Flat end

[Flat end – Butt welded with constant neck] Product standards – Neck: Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ") Neck diameter - inside Dis - outside Dos Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter. Neck thickness eords incl. allowances - given - minimum If no thickness for the neck is defined, the program evaluates a thickness on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances. If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. Neck Corrosion allowance c0s – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1s – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2s – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Neck: Inside radius ri By default the inside neck radius ri is internally determined acc. to EN 13480-3, 7.2.3.2 ri > eaf. If an entered value does not meet this condition, a correspondend warning is didplayed. Height of neck hs (constant shell thickness eords) The height hs of the neck is measured from the centre of the inside radius ri up to the end of the constant shell thickness. A given height hs is compared with the required length lcyl acc. to formula (7.2.3-5). In case of hs < lcyl a corresponding warning is displayed.

Calculation diameter Deq – Flat end

[Flat end – Butt welded with conic neck] By default the equivalent diameter Deq is internally determined acc. to EN 13480-3, figure 7.2.3-1 to 7.2.3-5.


Factor C1 – Flat end Factor C1 - Operation, Test By default the factor C1 is determined acc. to figure 7.2.3-2 depending on the geometry of the cylindrical shell (thickness es and inside diameter Di) and on the ratio P/f (calculation pressure to design stress of the flat end).


Thick end of neck – Flat end

[Flat end – Butt welded with conic neck] Thick end of neck - Height hs - Thickness es incl. allowances The height hs of the neck is measured from the centre of the inside radius r up to the end of the thick neck end. The thick end of the neck must be completely defined in case of a conic decreasing shell thickness. Thick end of neck – Wall thickness tolerance c1s The wall thickness tolerance c1s is taken into account during the determination of the neck thickness es and thus enters into the calculation of the equivalent thickness eqs acc. to section 7.2.3-2.

Thin end of neck – Flat end

[Flat end – Butt welded with conic neck] Thin end of neck: Diameter - inside Dis1 - outside Dos1 Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter. Tube connection - Height hs1 - Thickness es1 (incl. allowances) The height hs1 is measured from the centre of the inside radius ri up to the begin of the thin tube connection. The thinn end of the neck must be completely defined in case of a conic decreasing shell thickness. Thin end of neck – Wall thickness tolerance c1s1

The wall thickness tolerance δs1 is taken into account during the determination of the thickness es1 of the tube connection and thus enters into the calculation of the equivalent thickness eqs acc. to section 7.2.3-2. The program determines the required thickness es0 for the thin end of the neck with the material strength values of the flat end acc. to EN 13480-3, 6.1.

Neck – Allowances Neck Corrosion allowance c0s – inside, outside Thinning allowance c2s – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Corrosion and thinning allowance are taken into account for both neck thickness es and es1.


Attached shell – Flat end

[Flat end – Set-on] Attached cylindrical shells can be dimensioned resp. re-calculated simultaneous with the flat end calculation. Position number, Material reference, Designation (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ") Diameter - inside Dis, outside Dos Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter. Wall thickness eords incl. allowances If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a thickness for the attached shell on the basis of the dimensions standard and in consideration of all the allowances. If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. Corrosion allowance c0s – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1s – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2s – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Type of weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zs (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

Diameter Do – Flat end

[Flat end – Set-on] By default the diameter of welded flat ends is internally set depending on the measures of the attached shell: Do = Dis for set-in plates Do = Dos for butt welded or set-on plates. For bolted flat ends the outside diameter Do must be entered. The diameter of the flat end serves for the determination of the heat treatment diameter, of the weight and for documentation.

Calculation diameter Di – Flat end

[Flat end – Set-on] By default as calculation diameter Di of the flat end the maximum inside diameter of the attached shell is determined. Metal wastage and tolerance, which lead to a larger inside diameter, are taken into account. The user can enter a calculation diameter differing from the determined value.

Factor C2 – Flat end Factor C2 - Operation, Test


By default the factor C2 is determined acc. to figure 7.2.3-4 depending on the geometry of the cylindrical shell and on the ratio P/fmin.


Gasket within bolt circle, circular – flat end

[Flat end with gasket within bolt circle] Mean gasket diameter G Maximum effective gasket width w Flange with ring groove or Effective gasket diameter Dp Effective gasket width b The maximum effective gasket width w corresponds to the maximum possible seating width of the gasket. It is limited by the gasket width and the contacted flange facings. For flanges without ring groove the theoretical gasket seating width b0 is determined acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-1), for those with flange groove acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-2). Based on this data by default the effective gasket diameter Dp and the effective gasket width b are internally determined according to EN 13445-3,section 11.5.2. or There is also the possibility to enter the the effective gasket diameter Dp and the effective gasket width b acc. to EN 13480-3, section 7.2.4.2 explicitly.

Gasket factor m – Flat end The gasket factor m can be taken from 13480, Table 7.2.4-1. If the gasket factor m depends on the temperature, the temperature of the assembly condition has to be regarded. The gasket factor m serves for the determination of the required thickness of the plate acc. to EN 13480, formula (7.2.4-4) and (7.2.4-5) and for the proof of the bolt pitch acc. to EN 13445, fomula (10.5-1).

Minimum gasket seating pressure y – Flat end If no data is entered for the bolt load FA of the flange for assembly condition, the minimum gasket seating pressure must be entered. It can be taken from EN 13480, Tabelle 7.2.4-1. For circular flat ends with gasket within the bolt circle the minimum gasket seating pressure y is taken into account for the determination of the required bolt load FA in assembly condition (Minimum gasket laod) acc. to formula (7.2.4-3).


Bolt loads acc. to EN 13445 – Flat end If no entries are made, only the required bolt load FA for gasket seating according to EN 13480-3, Formel (7.2.4-3) enters into the calculation as design bolt load. Design bolt load FA - assembly condition

It it possibel to enter the design bolt load FA for the assembly condition explicitly.

or Number of bolts nB Outside diameter dB Shank resp. root diameter dBe Design stress of bolts - Operating fB, Test,Assembly fB,A

As alternative in case of complete input of the bolt data the required bolt load Fop in operation and Ftest in test condition are determined internally according to EN 13445, section 11.5.2 and 11.5.3. For the proof of the assembly condition in formula (7.2.4-2) and (7.2.4-1) the maximum(FA, Fop, Ftest) is taken into account.

Depending on the type of the bolts the shank or the root diameter of the bolts must be entered as effective bolt diameter dBe for the calculation of the actual bolt cross section AB which is compared with the required cross section ABmin.

Also the condition tB [ 2 dB + 6*e1 / (0.5 + m) according to EN 13445, section 10.5.1.3 is proved. The mean bolt pitch tB is determined acc. to formula tB = π * Dt / nB .

Bolt circle diameter Dt – Flat end

[Flat end with gasket within bolt circle] The diameter C of the bolt circle must be entered. It serves for the determination of the required thickness e (centre of flat end) and e1 (flange area) according to EN 13480, section 7.2.4.2.

Gasket, full-face – Flat end

[Flat end with full-face gasket] Flange facing diameter d1 An entered value is compared with the minimum inside diameter of the flange region with reduced wall thickness e1 acc. to EN 13445, section 10.5.3.2.


Material data – Attached shell - Flat end


Here for welded-on or welded-in flat ends the material of the attached shell can be entered. The data serves for the determination of the required thickness of the attached shell.


Openings in flat ends

General branch data – Flat end

Type of branch – Flat end

[Welded-on nozzle – Flat end] Nozzle: In PROBAD a nozzle is a tube with constant wall thickness along its

total lenth. In the first place this thickness is proved against the internal calculation pressure. In the second place it can be regarded as tubular reinforcement of the main body opening in case of correspondend kind of connection.

Opening: An opening with a bolted flange is an opening, to which a pipe

flange is bolted via blind holes. The blind holes must not be reinforced, if according to EN 13480-3, 7.2.5.1 the thickness at the ground of the blind hole is at least 50 % of the diameter dBt of the thread.

Kind of connection – Flat end

[Welded-on nozzle – Flat end]

1: set-on, fully welded (S) 3: set-through, fully welded

Depending on the kind of connection the compensation areas of the nozzle are

determined acc. to figure 7.2.5-3 resp. 7.2.5-4. So e.g. for set-through nozzles the inside prjection is taken into account. For openings with bolted flange an input is ignored.

By default openings in a flat end in case of missing input of the plate thickness are reinforced by increasing the thickness of the flat end. Nozzles are only designed against internal pressure.

The user can influence the required increasung of the flat end thickness e acc. to section 7.2.5.2 by entering an increased nozzle thickness enb

Branch positioning – Flat end

[Single opening – Flat end] Polar coordinatey Distance r from end centre Circumferential position Phi The position of the opening on the flat end has to be defined in polar coordinates. Here the distance from the origin has to be entered. The circumferencial position must be measured anticlockwise in degrees.

Both the centre distance h of each single opening to the inside contoure of the attached shell and the distance k between the centres of adjacent openings is internally determined via the absolute positioning. Cartesian coordinaten x-coordinate y-coordinate Here the centre of the opening must be described in cartesian coordinates.


Geometry of nozzle – Flat end

Product Standards – Nozzle at flat end Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter – Nozzle at flat end

[Welded-on nozzle – Flat end] Diameter – inside dib - outside dob

Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter of the nozzle at the connection to the main body.

Via the diameter and the kind of the connection of the nozzle the equivalent nozzle diameter d is determined acc. to EN 13480, 7.2.5.2. This diameter d enters into the reinforcement calculation via the factors Y1 and Y2 acc. to formula (7.2.5-3) and (7.2.5-4).

Wall thickness – Nozzle at flat end

[Welded-on nozzle – Flat end] Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances – given If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a nominal thickness on the basis of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Wall thickness eordb incl. allowances – minimum If the minimum wall thickness is not specified, the program uses the code-specific one as initial wall thickness. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances"). Corrosion allowance c0b – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1b – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2b – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Projection – Nozzle at flat end

[Welded-on nozzle – Flat end] Nozzle – projection inside lbi, - projection outside lbo

An inside projection is only useful for the kind of "set-in, full strength welded". The inside projection is measured from the inside contour of the flat end. A defined inside projection enters into the calculation acc. to EN 13480, 8.4.3 formula (8.4.3-2) up to the effective length l’. Partial set-in nozzles can be described by input of a negative inside projection.

The program determines the outer effective length of the nozzle acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.3, formula (8.4.3-1). This enters into calculation up to the given outside projection lbo. The outside projection is measured from the outside contour of the flat end up to the weld connecting to the attached pipe.

Weld – Nozzle at flat end Type of longitudinal weld Additional creep range reduction


Joint efficiency factor zb (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")


Opening with bolted flange – Flat end [Opening with bolted flange – Flat end]

Opening diameter d – flat end The opening diameter d enters into the reinforcment calculation via the factors Y1 and Y2 acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.5-3) and (7.2.5-4). Further the diameter d is taken into account for the determination of the weigth of the flat end. Pipe flange diameter - inside Blind hole depth Thread diameter In case of entering the inside diameter dFi of the pipe flange, the depth lt of the blind hole and the diameter dBt of the thread the conditions acc. to EN 13480-3,Abschnitt 7.2.5.1 are proved. If the flange meets the conditions d <= dFi and e – lt >= 0.5 dBt, the blind holes must not be reinforced.

Material data of nozzles – Flat end If no input is done, the material data of the main body is assumed. (see "Recurrent inputs - Material data")

102 •••• Pipe bends and Elbows EN 13480 PROBAD

Pipe bends and Elbows

Load conditions – Bend or elbow (see "Recurrent inputs - Load conditions")

Modification of safety factors - Bend or elbow (see "Recurrent inputs – Modification of standard safety factors")

EN 13480 PROBAD Pipe bends and Elbows •••• 103

Production type – Bend or elbow

Position number - Bend or elbow Position number, Material reference, Designation (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Production type – Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry]

0: Elbow (casting) 1: eint > e > eext Bending via coeffic. Bint, Bext from EN 13480-3, Ann. B 2: e < eint = eext Bending via coefficient B from EN 13480-3, Annex B 5: eint > e > eext Bending via Mannesmann-coeffizients, Edition 1995 3: eint > e > eext Bending via Mannesmann-coeffizients, Edition 1987 4: e , eint , eext via other producing methods

Elbow:

Elbows are castings, where the wall thicknesses on the entrodos and extrados side of the bending can be either entered or be determined via the connecting thickness of a corresponding dimensions standard. Bend thicknesses via binding coefficients Bint, Bext

The wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending are determined internally via the coefficients Bint and Bext resp. B according to EN 13480-3, Annex B and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe Bend thicknesses via Mannesmann bending coefficients

The wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending are determined internally via the Mannesmann bending coefficients (depending on the bending relation Ri/Di resp. R/Do) and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe. The following values are taken from the current Mannesmann catalog „Inductive bended steal pipes“, Edition 1995. According to Mannesmann they are valid for pipes with: - outside diameter from 88.9 mm to 1626 mm - Wanddicken from 6.3 mm to 170 mm - Biegeradien from 200.0 mm to 10000 mm.

R /D 1.2 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0. 9.0. 10. 12.

eext(-%) 28.0 26.0 24.0 21.0 20.0 17.5 15.7 14.0 12.5 10.0 8.0 6.8 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.6

eint(+%) 85.0 80.0 60.0 44.0 38.0 29.0 23.0 18.5 15.0 10.0 7.0 5.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 The following values are taken from the outdated Mannesmann catalog „Custom bend steal pipes“, Edition 1987:

R /D 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11. 12.

eext(-%) 23.5 22.2 20.5 18.0 15.9 14.0 11.2 9.4 8.0 6.9 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5

eeint(+%) 40.0 35.0 25.0 17.0 12.5 10.0 7.3 5.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.2 Bend thicknesses via other production methods


The wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side of the bending can either be explicitely entered or internally be determined via entered bending coefficients Bint, Bext and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe. If neither for the wall thicknesses on the intrados and extrados side nor for the bending coefficients Bint, Bext values are entered, the thickness in the elbow is set internally equal to the thickness of the straight part (Hamburger Bogen).


Proof method according to EN 13480-3 1: EN 13480-3, 6.2.3.1 (default)

2: EN 13480-3, 6.2.3.2 (Alternative) 3: EN 13480-3, Annex B (exactly)

For elbows according to EN 13480-3, 6.2.1 the

• default proof method acc. to 6.2.3.1 and

• exactly proof method acc. to Annex B are valid. For pipe bends according to EN 13480-3, 6.2.1 the

• default proof method acc. to 6.2.3.1 and

• alternative proof method acc. to 6.2.3.2 and

• exactly proof method acc. to Annex B are valid.

Production type Proof method according to EN 13480-3

Elbow casting 1, 3

eint > e > eext Bending via coefficients Bint, Bext 1, 2, 3

e < eint = eext Bending via coefficient B 1, 3

eint > e > eext Bending via Mannesmann-coeffizients 1, 2, 3

et, eint, eext via other producing methods 1, 2, 3


Geometry - Bend or elbow

Product standards – Bend or elbow Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter - Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry] Diameter - inside Di, outside Do Depending on the dimensions standard the user has to enter either the inside or the outside diameter.

Wall thickness - Elbow

[Elbow - Geometry] Connection thickness incl. allowances eord – given

Connection thickness incl. allowances eord – minimal

These input values are only relevant for dimension standards, which contain standard measures for elbows. Re-calculation: Entering a correspondend dimensions standard, a standard elbow

can be selected via the nominal diameter and the connection wall thickness e. The other corresponding measures can be loaded to the input panel via the F4-Button "Load".

Dimensioning: If only the nominal diameter is selected for a corresponding dimensions standard, the wall thickness at the pipe connection serves as free parameter. Starting with the minimum thickness of the standard table respectively with an entered minimum thickness, the system determines the table measures for each thickness of the standard table. If a elbow with sufficient wall thicknesses is found, its measures are re-calculated and the results are documented.

Bend thickness incl.allowances - eint intrados

- eext extrados

or

Bending coefficients - Bint intrados

- Bext extrados

For re-calculations the wall thickness at the intrados and extrados of the elbow can be entered.The program proves these ticknesses acc. to EN 13480-3, 6.2.3 bzw. Anhang B.

or For the calculation of pipe bends, which are produced by other production

methods, the bending coefficients can be entered. to determine the intrados and extrados thickness must be entered. Via these entered bending coefficients Bint, Bext and by the wall thickness of the straight pipe the wall thickness at the intrados and extrados of the elbow are determined internally.


Wall thickness allowance proportional - c1int

intrados - c1ext extrados

The wall thickness minus tolerance at the intrados and extrados can be entered in percent. Corrosion allowance c0 – inside, outside

Thinning allowance c2 – inside, outside

(see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")


Wall thickness – Pipe bend

[Elbow - Geometry] Wall thickness incl. allowances eord – given Wall thickness incl. allowances eord - minimum This input describes the pipe thickness before bending. Via the bending coefficients, defined under "production type", the expected wall thicknesses at the intrados and extrados of the bending are determined and are proved. Corrosion allowance c0 – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1 – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2 – inside, outside (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Length – Pipe bend

[Cylinder – Geometry] The input of the length Lcyl of the pipe before bending serves for documentation and for determination of the mass and inside volume.

Weld – Bend or elbow Type of weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zs (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

Position of weld

0: neutral part (S) 1: intrados 2: extrados

Depending on the position of the longitudinal weld the allowable stress is reduced in the corresponding regions: Neutral part: Longitudinal welds in the neutral part are only taken into

account for the part of the straight pipe. Intrados: Longitudinal welds at the intrados of the bend or elbow are

taken into account for the straight pipe and the intrados wall. Extrados: Longitudinal welds at the extrados of the bend or elbow are

taken into account for the straight pipe and the extrados wall.

Bend radius - Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry] For corresponding dimensions standards the bend radius is determined

internally from the standard tables. For all other cases the bend radius must be entered.

Depending from the entered diameter Di resp. Do the bend radius is taken as Ri (in case of entered inside diameter) resp. R (in case of entered inside diameter).

Bend angle- Bend or elbow

[Elbow - Geometry]


The angle of elbows is measured at the transition of the radius into the

straight pipe. It serves for the determination of mass and inside volume of the elbow.

The angle of bended pipes is measured at the transition of the radius into the straight pipe part. It serves for documentation.

Unsupported shell length - Bend or elbow

[Cylinder – Unsupported length]

The unsupported shell length L corresponds to the maximum distance between 2 effective stiffeners. According to figure EN 13480-3, 9.3.1-1 the length L is measured between the widths b of the stiffeners tight to the shell. In case of an attached dished end additional to the cylindrical length 40 % of the height of the end must be entered as unsupported length L according to figure 9.3.1-1.

If no value is entered the unsupported shell length L is set equal to the length at the extrados in case of elbows and equal to the length of the straigt pipe in case of pipe bends.

Bending safety factor x – Pipe bend If the chosen bending method is known as not precise with respect to the

expected bending results, the user can influence the determination of the intrados and extrados wall thickness via entering a bending safety factor x < 1.0.

The expected intrados and extrados net thicknesses are then determined via: eint = (eord - c1) * Bint * x - c2 resp. eext = (eord - c1) * Bext * x - c2

Example: As experience shows for "cold upset bending" the wall thicknesses at the intrados and extrados of the pipe bend are about 5 % lower than determined via the calculation factors Bint, Bext acc. to EN 13480, Annex A. This proportions can be calculated via an input x = 0.95.

Material data – Bend or elbow


110 •••• Reducer with nozzles EN 13480 PROBAD

Reducer with nozzles

Load conditions – Reducer (see "Recurrent inputs - Load conditions")

Modification of safety factors - Reducer (see "Recurrent inputs – Modification of standard safety factors")

EN 13480 PROBAD Reducer with nozzles •••• 111

Form of Reducer

Position-No. - Reducer Position number,Material reference,Designation (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Form – Reducer

[Reducer - Form]

1: concentric 2: eccentric

Reducers with offset between the centre lines of the connected pipes are calculated according to EN 13480-3 6.4.9.

Type of material – Reducer 1: Reducer fitting with continuous material 2: Cone and cylinder with different strength values

By default for the reducer only one material input is expected. For FEZEN-materials the material values for the maximum thickness are taken into account. If the conical shell is connected to the cylinders via corner joint, the material values are determined for each region regarding the correspondend wall thickness. In the joint region the minimum allowable stress is taken into account.

Type of production – Reducer

[Reducer – Geometry]

1: Shell thickness = Run-out thickness ej 2: sj large end # ej small end # e shell thickness

By default the reducer is designed with equal thickness ejl – at the large end (knuckle or corner joint) e - in the conical shell ejs - at the small end (knuckle or corner joint).

It is also possible to design the wall thicknesses of the conical shell and the run-out areas with different wall thicknesses. For standard reducer fittings the type of production is ignored.

Number of nozzles – Reducer Number of nuzzles, branches resp. openings The number of branches on the main body must be entered. It is sufficient to describe identic branches only once and enter their relative resp. absolute position on the main body later. (see also "Description of branch position – reducer")

Reference plane - Reducer 1: Inside contour 2: Outside contour 3: Middle of the wall

By default in case of entered outside diameter of the main body the position and


inclination of branches has to be described relative to the outside contour, in case of entered inside diameter relative to the inside contour of the main body. It is also possible to enter the distance of the branches from a fixed reference point resp. from each other, the circumferential position and the inclination angle measured on a here defined reference plane of the main body.

EN 13480 PROBAD Reducer with nozzles •••• 113

Geometry Reducer

Product standards – Reducer Dimensions standard, Tolerances standard If cone and shell are joint with a knuckle, the run-out area e2 is designed via the dimensions standard of the connected cylinder. In case of a corner joint the run-out area e2 is designed via the dimensions standard of the conical shell. (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ")

Diameter – Reducer

[Reducer – Geometry] Large end: Diameter - inside DiL, outside DoL Small end: Diameter - inside Dis, outside DoS Either both inside or both outside diameters at the large and small end of the reducer must be entered. Depending on the dimensions standard the corresponding nominal diameters can be selected.

Connection thickness – Reducer

[Reducer – Geometry] Large end: Connection thickness ecylL Small end: Connection thickness ecylS In case of standard fittings the connection thickness at the large end can be selected depending on the chosen diameter.

Knuckle radius – Reducer

[Reducer – Geometry] Large end: Knuckle radius rL Small end: Knuckle radius rS If one end of the reducer is produced with knuckle, the corresponding knuckle radius must be entered. If the inside dieameter is entered, also the inside knuckle radius must be entered, in case of entered outside diameter the corresponding outside knuckle radius must be entered.

Wall thicknesses, Run-out lengths – Reducer

[Reducer – Geometry] Large end: Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e1L, Run-out length L1L Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e2L, Run-out length L2L Small end: Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e1S, Run-out length L1S Wall thickness (incl. allowances) e2S, Run-out length L2S The required wall thicknesses in the joint areas and the corresponding minimum run-out lengths are internally determined. Entered values are checked. Conical shell: Wall thickness incl. allowances e ord – entered Wall thickness incl. allowances e ord - minimum In case of a unique wall thickness an entered value is taken for conical shell and for the run-out areas.


Apex angle, Length – Reducer

[Reducer – Geometry] Semi-angle at apex alpha Axial length of conical shell L0 Total reducer length Lt

Either the axial length of the conical shell or the semi-angle at the apex alpha must be entered. If the conical shell is designed without knuckle, the axial lengthis measured up to the corner joint. In case of a knuckle the axiale length L0 is measured up to the intersection of the outside contour of the conical shell and the joint cylindrical shell.

If a total length Lt of the reducer is entered, the actual run-out lengths L1L at the large and L1S at the small end are compared with the required minimum

values.

Axial length between effective stiffenings L (external pressure)

[Reducer – Effective Stiffenings] In case of external pressure the program proves, if the cone-cylinder-joint can be regarded as effective stiffening according to EN 13480-3, 9.4.2. In this case the buckling is proved according to section 9.4.3 with L = Length of the conical shell and

Deq = Dm/cos(alfa). If the cone-cylinder-joint can not be regarded as effective stiffening, the buckling is proved according to section 9.4.4 with

L = axial length between effective stiffenings and Do = Outside diameter at the large end.

If an axial length between effective stiffenings L is entered, the calculation is done with this input value according to 9.4.4.

Allowances – Reducer Corrosion allowance c0i – inside, c0o outside Thinning allowance c2i – inside, c2o outside Entered values for corrosion- and thinning are valid for all parts of the reducer. Wall thickness allowance c1 – proportional, absolute By default, the thickness allowance is internally evaluated on the basis of the tolerance standard. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Weld - Reducer Type of longitudinal weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor z A decisive weld is taken into account during determination of the wall thickness of the conical shell and the run out areas. (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

Material data - Reducer


EN 13480 PROBAD T-Pieces •••• 115

T-Pieces

Load conditions – T-Pieces (see "Recurrent inputs - Load conditions")

Modification of safety factors – T-Pieces (see "Recurrent inputs – Modification of standard safety factors")

Form of T-Piece

Position-No. – T-Piece Main Pipe: Position number,Material reference,Designation Branch: Position number,Material reference (see "Recurrent inputs – Position number")

Type of branch – T-Piece

[Type of branch] T-Fitting: T-Fittings are standard or non-standard T-Pieces produced with one

material. T-Fittings are availabel with constant wall thickness (reduced usage ratio) or with enforced wall thickness in the reinforcement area.

Nozzle: In PROBAD a nozzle is a tube with constant wall thickness along its total lenth. In the first place this thickness is proved against the internal calculation pressure. In the second place it can be regarded as tubular reinforcement of the main pipe opening in case of correspondend kind of connection.

Branch: A branch has an effective length near to the connection with the

main body and a tube connection outside the effective length. Both parts may be of different dimensions. The wall thickness of the tube connection must only resist to the internal pressure. The thickness of the effective part can be regarded as tubular reinforcement.

Kind of reinforcement - T-Piece

[Branch – Kind of reinforcement]

0: Synchronous wall thickness increasing 1: main body increasing

116 •••• T-Pieces EN 13480 PROBAD

2: branch increasing 3: pad reinforcement 4: branch increasing - pad reinforcement 5: pad reinforcement - branch increasing 6: main body increasing - fixed pad

By default in case of dimensioning (missing input of main pipe and branch

thickness) the opening is compensated by increasing both, the thickness of the main pipeand of the branch synchronously. For the wall thicknesse the same ratio is to be aimed at as for the diameters, thus eb/es = Dob/Dos. For main body increasing in case of dimensioning (missing input of main pipe wall thickness) the opening is compensated by increasing the thickness of the main pipe only. Thus the nozzle in case of missing thickness is dimensioned only for internal pressure. However the user has the posibility to choose an individual kind of reinforcement for the branch. For strategy 2 - 5 in case of missing input the main pipe thickness is only designed to carry the iternal pressure. Proving the opening in case of missing inputs the tubular or pad-type reinforcements is designed in the selected order up to the correspondend geometric limit of the rules. Useful Combinations

Type of branch Kind of connection Kind of reinforcement

1 – 7 0 –2. T-Fitting

12 - 14 1

1, 3 0 - 6

6 – 7 0 –2

Nozzle resp. Branch

12-14 1, 3, 6

Reduction factor – Stress loaded areas – T-Piece By default for standard T-Fittings acc. to DIN 2615, section 5 the stress loaded areas are reduced by factor 0.9 to take into account the usual form of radiusbetween main pipe and branch. The same is true for non-standard extruded branches. For all other kinds of connection a reduction of the sterss loaded areas must be entered.

Angle to main pipe axis – T-Piece By default the branch of the T-Pieces is set rectangular to the mein pipe axis.

Geometry of T-Piece

Main pipe connection – T-Piece

[T-Piece - Geometry] Product standards: Dimensions standard

Tolerances standard

In case of a standard T-fitting (e.g. according to DIN 2615) missing measures are internally taken from the corresponding standard tables. (see also "Recurrent inputs – Product Standards ") Connection diameter - inside Dis0, outside Dos0

Connection thickness incl. allowances eords0


Depending on the dimensions standard the corresponding nominal connection diameter at the end of the main pipe must be entered. In case of standard fittings the connection thickness can be selected depending on the chosen diameter. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Total length Lcyl – Main pipe

The total length of the main pipe serves for documentation and for determination of the mass and inside volume. In case of external pressure Lcyl is basis for the determination of the unsupported length of the shell. In case of standard fittings the total length is taken from the corresponding dimensions standard tables.

Type of longitudinal weld

Additional creep range reduction

Joint efficiency factor z

(see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

Main pipe at branch – T-Piece

[T-Piece - Geometry] Thickness of main pipe at branch incl. allowances eords

Maximum effective length of main body ls

Near the opening the main pipe can be produced with a reinforced wall thickness es. Especially the parameter "Kind of reinforcement" influences the determined thickness of the main pipe at the connection to the branch. In case of a standard T-fitting the thickness es of the main pipe at the branch is internally taken from the corresponding dimensions standard tables.

By default the maximum effective length ls of the main pipe is determined internally acc. to EN 13480-3, 8.4.1. As maximum value the length of the reinforced main pipe thickness es (measured from the outside contour) can be entered.

Allowances – T-Piece

[General – Wall thicknesses] Corrosion allowance c0s – inside, outside Wall thickness allowance c1s – proportional, absolute Thinning allowance c2s – inside, outside In case of T-fittings the allowances are valid for main pipe and branch, otherwise only for the main pipe. If no value is entered for the wall thickness allowance, the minus tolerance is internally determined via the tolerances standard. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Branch – T-Fitting

[T-Piece - Geometry] Connection diameter - inside dib0, outside dob0

Depending on the dimensions standard the corresponding nominal connection diameter at the end of the branch must be entered. Connection thickness incl. allowances eordb0

If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a nominal thickness on the basis of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances. At the tube continuation the thickness eb0 must only carry the internal pressure. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

118 •••• T-Pieces EN 13480 PROBAD

Outside projection lbo

The outside projection of the branch is measured from the outside contour of the main pipe up to the weld connecting to the attached pipe. In case of standard T-fittings the outside projection is internally taken from the corresponding dimensions standard tables. For non-standard T-Pieces the outside projection must be entered. Branch thickness at the main pipe incl. allownaces eb

Near the main pipe the branch can be designed with a reinforced thickness eb. If no thickness is defined, the program evaluates a nominal thickness on the basis of a given product standard and in consideration of all the allowances. Especially the parameter "Kind of reinforcement" influences the determined thickness of the branch at the connection to the main pipe. In case of a standard T-fitting the thickness eb of the branch at the main pipe is internally taken from the corresponding dimensions standard tables. (see "Recurrent inputs – Wall thicknesses and allowances")

Maximum effective length lb

The program determines the effective length lb of the nozzle acc. gemäß EN EN 13480-3, 8.4.3. By default this value enters into the calculation up to the endered outside projection lbo of the nozzle. For branches as limit of the maximum effective length the length of the tubular reinforcement of the branch can be entered.

Longitudinal weld

Type of longitudinal weld Additional creep range reduction Joint efficiency factor zb (see "Recurrent inputs - Welds")

Weld of nozzle relevant for reinforcement For example according to EN 13445-3, 9.5.2.3 a longitudinal weld in the nozzle must be taken into account during the proof of the reinforcement, if the angle between nozzle weld and line of shell is not greater than 45 degrees.


Material data – T-Piece


EN 13480 PROBAD Controle calculations •••• 121

Controle calculations

Controle calculation - Cylinder with nozzles (see Order: A_hand1, Drawing: z_hand1 File: Handr_Zy)

Calculation pressure internal: Pi = 10.00 bar external: Pa = 1.00 bar Test pressure internal: Ppi = 15.00 bar Calculation temperatur: T = 120.00 deg. C

Cylinder Material number : 1.7335, Plate, Ferritic Dimensions standard : DIN 2448 Tolerances standard : DIN 17175 Efficiency factor : z = 0.85 Outside diameter Do = 508.00 mm Nominal wall thickness en = 11.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 1.375 mm (acc. to DIN 17175: 12.5 %) Corrosion c0i = 1.00 mm Net thickness ea = 8.62 mm (rounded from 8.625 mm) Inside Diameter Di = De – 2 * en = 486.00 mm Corrosion is inside taken into account, minus tolerance on that contour, which is opposit to the entered diameter: Net diameter outside Doa = Do = 508.0 mm Net diameter inside Dia = Doa - 2 * ea = 508.0 - 2. *8.62 = 490.76 mm Net diameter mean Deq = (Dea + Dia) * 0.5 = 499.38 mm (rounded 499.375 mm) Length Lcyl = 2000.0 mm Volume outside Va = (Do *0.5)2 *6 * Lcyl = 405.3659 dm3

122 •••• Controle calculations EN 13480 PROBAD

Volume inside Vi = (Di *0.5)2 *6 * Lcyl = 371.0158 dm3 (Opening of nozzle must be added) Mass M = (Va - Vi)*rho = 269.648 kg (Opening of nozzle must be subtracted)

Internal pressure - operation: Design stress f = K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.78 MPa Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1): pimax = 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa – ea) = 2 * 177.78 * 0.85 * 8.62 / 499.38 = 5.2167 MPa = 52.167 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1): fa = (Doa – ea) * p / (2 * ea) = 499.38 * 1.0 / (2 * 8.62) = 28.966 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1): e = Do * p / (2 * f * z + p) = 508.0 * 1.0 / (2 * 177.78 * 0.85 + 1.0) = 1.6753 mm Effective length of main body acc. to formula (8.4.1-2):

ls = sqrt((Deq * ea) = sqrt(499.38 * 8.62) = 65.609 mm Maximum unreinforced opening acc to formula (8.4.2-1):

dmax = 0.14 * lso = 9.1854 mm Minimum distance to dicontinuity acc. to formula (8.3.2-1):

Wmax = max (0.2 * ls, 3 * ea) = max (13.122, 25.875)

Inside pressure - test: Design stress f = K/s = 300. / 1.053 = 284.90 MPa Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1): (Weld efficiency is ignored acc. to 4.5) pimax = 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa – ea) = 2 * 284.9 * 1.0 * 8.62 / 499.38 = 9.8355 MPa = 98.355 bar


Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1): fa = (Doa – ea) * p / (2 * ea) = 499.38 * 1.5 / (2 * 8.62) = 43.449 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1): e = Do * p / (2 * f * z + p) = 508.0 * 1.5 / (2 * 284.9 * 1.0 + 1.5) = 1.3340 mm


External pressure - operation: Nominal elastic limit S = 266.66 MPa E-Modulus E = 205202 MPa py acc. to formula (9.3.2-1): Rm = 0.5 * Deq = 249.69 mm py = S * ea / R = 266.66 * 8.62 / 249.69 = 9.2060 MPa

= 92.060 bar Determination of the minimum value for pm: Z = 6 * R / L = 3.1415927 * 249.69 / 2000 = 0.39221 � acc. to formula (9.3.2-3): � = 1 / (n2-1+Z2/2) * {1/[(n/Z)2+1]2 + ea2* (n2-1+Z2)2 /[12* R2 * (1-42)] } n = 2: � = 1 / (3+0.392212/2) * {1/[(2/0.39221)2+1]2 + 8.622* (3+0.392212)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)] } = 0.000798547 n = 3: � = 1 / (8+0.392212/2) * {1/[(3/0.39221)2+1]2 + 8.622* (8+0.392212)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)] } = 0.000933359 pm acc. to formula (9.3.2-2): pm = E * ea * � / Rm = 205202.* 8.62 * 0. 000798547/ 249.69 = 5.6570 MPa

= 56.570 bar pr acc. to figure (9.3.2-1): pm / py = 56.570 / 92.060 = 0.61449 pr / py = 0.2505 +

(0.375 – 0.2505)*(0.61449 – 0.5)/0.25 = 0.30751 pr = 0.30751 * 92.060 = 28.3099 bar pa max = (pr / py ) * py / 1.5 = 0.30751 * 92.060 / 1.5 = 18.873 bar.


Required wall thickness is determined by iteration. Results „Plastic deformation acc. to EN 13480, (9.1)“ like internal pressure, but with z = 1.0


Stiffening ring - External pressure - operation: Nominal elastic limit Ss = 256.40 MPa (ferritic) E-Modulus E = 205202 MPa lps acc. to formula (9.3.4-4): lps = 1.56 * (0.5 * Dia * ea)**1/2 = 1.56 * (0.5 * 490.76 * 8.62)**1/2 = 71.746 mm Combined cross-sectional area acc. to EN 13445, (8.5.3-30): Ac = As + ea * lps = 1060 + 8.62 * 71.746 = 1678.45 mm2

= 16.78 cm2 Combined distance of centroid acc. to EN 13445, (8.5.3-27), (since EN 13480 is wrong): lambda = -1 (external position) Rs = Rm - lambda* (0.5 * eas + centroid stiffening) = 249.69 + 4.31 + 50. = 304.0 mm Xc = {.5*ea*ea*lps + As*[0.5*ea+lambda*(Rm-Rs)]}/Ac = {2665.52 + 1060*[4.31 + 54.31]} / 1678.45 = 38.608 mm Combined 2nd moment Ic acc. to EN 13445 (8.5.3-26) Ic = ea3 * lps / 3.+ Is +

As*(0.5*ea + lambda*(Rm-Rs))2 - Ac*Xc*Xc = 15317.86 + 1710000 + 3642482.6 – 2501860

= 2865940 mm4 Theoretic pressure for elastic instability pn

(mistake in formula (9.3.3-1)): pn = 3 * E * Ic / (Rm

3 * Lc) = 3 * 205202 * 2865940 / (249.693 * 1000) = 113.332 MPa = 1133.32 bar Allowable buckling pressure acc. to formula (9.3.3-2): pmax = pn / (k * ks) = 1133.32 / (1.5 * 1.2) = 629.622 bar Yield limit of stiffening acc. to formula (9.3.3-3): pys = Ss * ea * Rf / (Rm

2 * (1 – 0.5*v)) = 256.40 * 8.62 *(254 + 100) / (249.692 * 0.85) = 14.7641 MPa = 147.64 bar Effectve stress in stiffener acc. to formula (9.3.3-4): delta = max {lambda*(Rm – Rf) – Xc + 0.5*ea ; Xc} = 144.31 - 38.608 + 4.31 = 70.012 mm sigma s = k * ks * p * {Ss / pys +

E * delta * 3 * 0.005 /[Rm * (pn-k*ks*p)]} = 1.5 * 1.2 * 0.1 * {256.4 / 14.7641 + 205202*70.012*3*0.005/[249.69*(113.332-0.18)]} = 0.18 *{17.3664 + 215499.04/28252.92}


= 4.49890 MPa Lateral stability acc. to formula (9.3.4-1): C = hs*ew3 + 8*ef*wf3 / ri /

[6*hs2*ew + 6*ef*wf*(2*hs + ef)] = 86.4*4.53 + 8*6.8*253 / 254. / [6*86.42*4.5 + 6*6.8*25*(2*86.4 + 6.8)]

= 0.00854952 pmax inst = E * C * pys/ Ss

= 205202 *0.00854952 * 14.7641 / 256.4 = 101.0211 MPa

= 1010.211 bar


Nozzle at cylinder Material number : 1.7335, Plate, Ferritic Dimensions standard : DIN 2448 Tolerances standard : DIN 17175 Efficiency factor : zb = 1.0 Outside diameter dob = 219.1 mm Nominal wall thickness enb = 6.3 mm Minus tolerance c1b = 0.7875 mm (acc. to DIN 17175: 12.5 %) Metal wastage c0ib = 1.00 mm Net thickness eab = 4.51 mm (rounded from 4.5125 mm) Inside diameter dib = dob – 2 * enb = 206.50 mm Net diameter outside doab = dob = 219.1 mm Net diameter inside diab = doab - 2 * eab = 210.08 mm Net diameter mean deqb = (doab + diab) * 0.5 = 214.59 mm Effective length of nozzle acc. to formula (8.4.3-1):

lb = sqrt((deqb) * eab) = sqrt( 214.59 * 4.51) = 31.11 mm Stress loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):

Afs = (ls + eab) * eas = (65.609 + 4.51) * 8.62 = 604.4258 mm2

Afb = lb * eab = 31.11 * 4.51 = 140.306 mm2

Af = 744.732 mm2

Pressure loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):

Aps = 0.5 * Dia * (ls + 0.5 * dob) = 245.38 * (65.61 + 109.55) = 42980.76 mm2

Apb = 0.5 * diab * (lb + eas) = 105.04 * (31.11 + 8.62) = 4173.239 mm2

Ap = 47153.999 mm2

Note: Since fb > fs , only the minimum may be taken ito account

acc. to (8.3-7). Allowable pressure acc. to formula (8.4.3-6):

pmax = (Afs + Afb) * fs / (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb)) = (744.732) * 177.77 / (47153.999 + 0.5 * (744.732)) = 2.7856 MPa


= 27.856 bar Effective stress at the opening acc. to formula (8.4.3-7):

P = [Afs * fs + Afb * fb + Afp * fp] / [(Aps+Apb) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] = [Afs * fs + Afb*(fb/fs) * fs + Afp*(fp/fs)*fs] / [(Aps+Apb) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] with x1 = min (1.; fb / fs) und x2 = min (1.; fp / fs) P = (Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2) * fs / [(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] and thus farim = P * [(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] / (Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2) In the current example farim = p * (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb)) / (Afs + Afb) = 1.0 * (47153.999 + 0.5 * (744.732)) / (744.732) = 63.8167 MPa


Adjacent nozzles on a Cylinder Position

Centre distance actual : dist = 300.0 mm Centre distance minimum acc. to 8.4.1: distmin = deb/2 + deb/2 + 2 * lso = 219.1 + 2. * 65.609 = 350.318 mm Combined area calculation:

Stress loaded sectional area:

Afcom = 2 * Afs - (dist - distmin ) * eas + 2.* Afb = 2.* 604.4258 - 50.318 * 8.62 + 2.* 140.306 = 1055.7224 mm2 Pressure loaded sectional area:

Apcom = 2 * Aps - (dist - distmin ) * Ris + 2.* Apb = 2 * 42980.76 - 50.318 * 245.38 + 2.* 4173.239 = 81960.9672 mm2 Note: Since there is no longitudinal weld on the pitch, the weld efficiency

factor is ignored.

Allowable pressure between openings:

pmax = Afcom * fs / (Apcom + 0.5 * Afcom) = 1055.7224 * 177.77 / (81960.9672 + 0.5 * 1055.7224) = 2.2752 MPa = 22.75 bar Effective stress between openings:

fa = p * (Apges + 0.5 * Afges) / Afges = 1.0 * (81960.9672 + 0.5 * 1055.7224) / 1055.7224 = 78.1349 MPa


Oblique nozzle at cylindrical shell Calculation as for nozzle above, but longitudinal angle psi = 70o degree to the

normal plane (phi = 20 degree to the normal plane)

Stress loaded sectional areas acc. to chapter (8.4):

Afs = (ls + eab/sin(psi)) * eas = (65.61 + 4.51/sin(70)) * 8.62 = 606.93 mm2

Afb = lb * eab = 31.11 * 4.51 = 140.306 mm2

Af = 747.23 mm2

Pressure loaded sectional area acc. to chapter (8.4):

Aps (right side) = 0.5 * Dia * (ls + 0.5 * dob/sin(psi) + 0.5 eas / tan(psi))

= 245.38 * (65.61 + 109.55/sin(70) + 0.5*8.62/tan(70)) = 245.38 * 183.759 = 45090.78 mm2

According to EN 13480-3, figure 8.4.3-3 the total triangle Apgamma must be taken into account. According to EN 13445-3, formula (9.5-10) half of this triangle is regarded on each side. Apgamma = 0.5 * diab * diab / tan(psi) = 0.5 * 210.08 * 210.08 / tan(70) = 8031.66 mm2

Apb = 0.5 * diab*(lb + eas/sin(psi)+0.5*eab/tan(psi) = 105.04 * (31.11 + 9.17 + 0.82) = 4317.14 mm2

Ap = Aps + Apb + 0.5 * Apgamma

= 53423.75 mm2

Controle calculation – Dished end with nozzle (see Order: A_hand1 Drawing: Z_hand1 File: Handr_Gb)

Calculation pressure internal: Pi = 10.00 bar external: Pa = 1.00 bar Calculation temperatur: T = 120.00 deg. C

Dished end – Kloepper type Material number : 1.7335, Plate, Ferritic (Yield strength entered 256.66 MPa) Dimensions standard : DIN 28011 Tolerances standard : DIN 28011 Weld efficiency factor : z = 0.85


Outside diameter Do = 508.00 mm Nominal wall thickness eord = 11.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 0.5 mm (acc. to DIN 28011) Corrosion c0i = 1.00 mm Net thickness ea = 9.50 mm Inside diameter Di = Do – 2 * eord = 486.00 mm

Corrosion is inside taken into account, minus tolerance on that contour, which is opposit to the entered diameter: Net diameter outside Doa = Do = 508.0 mm Net diameter inside Dia = Doa - 2 * ea = 508.0 - 2. *9.5 = 489.0 mm Net diameter mean e Dma = (Doa + Dia) * 0.5 = 498.5 mm Inside radius of crown Ri = 508.0 mm R = 508.0 + 1.0 = 509.0 mm Rm = R + ea*0.5 = 513.75 mm Ro = R + ea = 518.5 mm Inside radius of knckle ri = 51.0 mm (acc. to DIN 28011) r = 51.0 + 1.0 = 52.0 mm Height of cyl. skirt h = 45.0 mm (acc. to DIN 28011)


Internal pressure - operation: Design stress f = K/s = 256.66 / 1.5 = 171.11 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (7.1.3-1): Crown section es = p * R / (2 * f * z – 0.5 * p) = 1.0 * 509.0 / (2 * 171.11 * 0.85 – 0.5) = 1.7528 mm Knuckle: Calculation beta with net thickness 9.5 mm acc. to 7.1.5 Y = min(e/R; 0.04) = 0.01866 Z = log(1/Y) = 1.72899 X = r/Dia = 0.106339 N = 1.006 – 1/{6.2 + (90*Y)4} = 0.935386 �0.1 = N * (-0.1833*Z3 + 1.0383*Z2-1.2943*Z + 0.837) = 0.706832 �0.2 = max {0.95*(0.56 – 1.94*Y – 82.5*Y2) ; 0.5 } = 0.5 � = 10 * {(0.2 – X) * �0.1 + (X – 0.1) * �0.2 )} = 0.693720 (rounded to 0.6938) Required wall thickness of knuckle acc. to formula (7.1.3-2): ey = � * p * (0.75 * R + 0.2 * Dia) / (f * z) = 0. 69380 * 1.0 * (0.75 * 509 + 0.2 * 489.0) / (171.11 * 0.85) = 2.2875 mm (Knuckle: Result of iteration for the required thickness is different.)

Knuckle: Plastic deformation is dropped for ey > 0.004 * Dia (2.2875 > 1.956) eb = (0.75 * R + 0.2 * Dia) *

[p / (111 fb) * (Dia / r) 0.825](1/1.5)

= (0.75 * 509 + 0.2 * 489.0) *

[1.0 / (111*171.11) * (489 / 52) 0.825](1/1.5)

= 2.321 mm

Skirt:

According to EN 13480-3, 7.1.3 for height of skirt hc [ 0.2 *(Di * ekn) the skirt thickness may be equal to the knuckle thickness. hc = 45 mm > 0.2 * (486 * 11)**1/2 = 14.623 mm. Thus the skirt must meet the requirements for cylindrical shells according to 6.1 erfüllen: Fo.(6.1-1) ezyl = Do * p / (2 * f * zk + p) = 508.0 * 1.0 / (2 * 171.11 * 0.85 + 1.) = 1.7404 mm Allowable pressure Formula(7.1.3-6) ps = 2 * f * z * ea / (R + 0.5 * ea) = 2 * 171.11 * 0.85 * 9.5 / (509 + 0.5 * 9.5) = 5.3789 MPa = 53.789 bar Formula (7.1.3-7) py = f * z * ea / [� * (0.75 * R + 0.2 * Dia)] = 171.11 * 0.85 * 9.5 / [0.6938 * (0.75 * 509. + 0.2 * 489.0)]


= 4.1528 MPa = 41.528 bar Formula (6.1-1) pzyl = 2 * f * z * ea / Dma = 2 * 171.11 * 0.85 * 9.5 / 498.5 = 5.5434 MPa = 55.434 bar


Effective length of main body acc. to formula (8.4.1-2):

ls = sqrt((2*R + ea) * ea) = sqrt((2*509. + 9.5) * 9.5) =98.799 mm Maximum unreinforced opening acc to formula (8.4.2-1):

dmax = 0.14 * ls = 13.8318 mm

External pressure - operation: Nominal elastic limit S = 256.66 MPa E-Modulus E = 205202. MPa Rm = R + ea (acc. to EN 13480-3, 9.5.2) = 509. + 9.5 = 518.5 mm

py acc. to formula (9.5.1-1): py = 2 * S * ea / Rm = 2 * 256.66 * 9.5 / 518.5 = 9.4050 MPa

= 94.05 bar pm acc. to formula (9.5.1-2): pm = 1.21 * E * ea2 / Rm

2 = 1.21 * 205202.0* 9.52 / 518.52 = 83.3521 MPa = 833.52 bar pr acc. to table 9.5.1-1: pm / py = 833.52 / 94.05 = 8.8624 pr / py = 0.57 pa max = (pr / py ) * py / 1.5 = 0.57 * 94.05 / 1.5 = 35.739 bar.


Nozzle at dished end (Crown section) Material number : 1.7335, Plate, Ferritic Dimensions standard : DIN 2448 Tolerances standard : DIN 17175 Efficiency factor : zb = 1.0 Outside diameter dob = 219.1 mm Nominal wall thickness enb = 6.3 mm Minus tolerance c1b = 0.7875 mm (acc. to DIN 17175: 12.5 %) Metal wastage c0ib = 1.00 mm Net thickness eab = 4.51 mm (rounded from 4.5125 mm) Inside diameter dib = dob – 2 * enb = 206.50 mm Net diameter outside doab = dob = 219.1 mm Net diameter inside diab = doab - 2 * eab = 210.08 mm Net diameter mean deqa = (doab + diab) * 0.5 = 214.59 mm Effective length of nozzle acc. to formula (8.4.3-1):

lb = sqrt((deqb) * eab) = sqrt( 214.59 * 4.51) = 31.11 mm Stress loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):

Afs = (ls + eab) * eas = (98.8+ 4.51) * 9.5 = 981.445 mm2

Afb = lb * eab = 31.11 * 4.51 = 140.306 mm2 Af = 1121.751 mm2


Pressure loaded sectional areas acc. to formula (8.4):

gamma = 0. (radial nozzle) delta = deb / (2*Rm) (see EN 13445, F.(9.5-47)) = 219.1 / (2*513.75) = 0.213236 a = 0.5 * Rm * (asin(delta + sin(gamma)) + asin(delta – sin(gamma)) ) = 0.5 * 513.75 * (2 * asin(0.213236)) = 110.3977 mm Aps = 0.5 * R2 * (ls + a) / Rm (siehe EN 13445, F.(9.5-25)) = 0.5 * 5092 * (98.8+ 110.3977) / 513.75 = 52748.564 mm2

Apb = 0.5 * diab * (lb + eas) (siehe EN 13445, F.(9.5-45)) = 105.04 * (31.11 + 9.5) = 4265.6744 mm2

Apphi = 0. Ap = 57014.238 mm2

Note: Since fb > fs , only the minimum may be taken ito account

acc. to EN 13480-3, (8.3-7). Allowable internal pressure acc. to formula (8.4.3-6):

pmax = (Afs + Afb) * fs / (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb)) = (1121.751) * 145.44 / (57014.238 + 0.5 * (1121.751)) = 2.8336 MPa = 28.336 bar Allowable external pressure acc. to formula (8.4.3-6):

pmax = (Afs + Afb) * fs / (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb)) = (1121.751) * 171.11 / (57014.238 + 0.5 * (1121.751)) = 3.3338 MPa = 33.338 bar Effective stress at the opening acc. to formula (8.4.3-7):

P = [Afs * fs + Afb * fb + Afp * fp] / [(Aps+Apb) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] = [Afs * fs + Afb*(fb/fs) * fs + Afp*(fp/fs)*fs] / [(Aps+Apb) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] While x1 = min (1.; fb / fs) und x2 = min (1.; fp / fs) P = (Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2) * fs / [(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] and thus farim = P * [(Aps+Apb+0.5*Apbphi) + 0.5*(Afs+Afb+Afp)] / (Afs + Afb * x1 + Afp * x2) In the current example farim = p * (Aps + Apb + 0.5 * (Afs + Afb)) / (Afs + Afb) = 1.0 * (57014.238 + 0.5 * (1121.751)) / (1121.751) = 51.3261 MPa


Controle calculation – Pipe bend (see Order: A_hand1, Drawing: z_hand1 Input file: Handr_Boro)

Calculation pressure internal: Pi = 35.00 bar Test pressure internal: Pit = 50.00 bar

(Test not corroded) Calculation temperatur: T = 400.00 deg. C

Straight pipe Material number : 1.5415, seamless pipe, ferritic Dimensions standard : EN 10216-2 Tolerances standard : EN 10216-2 Weld joint efficiency : z = 1.0 Outside diameter Do = 88.90 mm Nominal thickness en = 3.20 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 0.40 mm (acc. to EN 10216-2: 12.5 %) Korrosion c0i = 1.00 mm Net thickness uncorroded eat = 2.80 mm corroded ea = 1.80 mm Inside diameter Di = Do – 2 * en = 82.50 mm Corrosion is inside taken into account, minus tolerance on that contour, which is opposit to the entered diameter: Net diameter outside Doa = Do = 88.9 mm Net diameter inside Dia = Doa - 2 * ea = 88.9 - 2. *1.80 = 85.30 mm Net diameter mean Dm = (Doa + Dia) * 0.5 = 87.10 mm Length Lzyl = 500.0 mm Volume outside Va = (Do *0.5)2 *6 * L = 3.10358 dm3 Volume inside Vi = (Di *0.5)2 *6 * L = 2.67281 dm3

Mass M = (Va - Vi)*rho = 3.381 kg

Internal pressure - operation:

Design stress f = K/s = 175.006 / 1.5 = 116.67 MPa Allowable pressure according to formula (6.1-1): pimax = 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa – ea) = 2 * 116.67 * 1.0 * 1.8 / 87.10 = 4.8220 MPa = 48.220 bar


Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1): fa = (Doa – ea) * p / (2 * ea) = 87.10 * 3.5 / (2 * 1.8) = 84.6805 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1): e = Do * p / (2 * f * z + p) = 88.9 * 3.5 / (2 * 116.67 * 1.0 + 3.5) = 1.3138 mm

Internal pressure - test: Design stress f = K/s = 285. / 1.053 = 270.655 MPa Allowable pressure according to formula (6.1-1): (According to input test condition is calculated uncorroded) pimax = 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa – eat) = 2 * 270.655 * 1.0 * 2.8 / 86.1 = 17.6035 MPa = 176.035 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1): fa = (Doa – eat) * p / (2 * eat) = 86.1 * 5.0 / (2 * 2.8) = 76.875 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1): e = Do * p / (2 * f * z + p) = 88.9 * 5.0 / (2 * 270.655* 1.0 + 5.0) = 0.8136 mm


Bend - intrados and extrados: The wall thicknesses at the intrados and extrados of the pipe bend are determined via the Mannesmann bending coefficients Edition 1987 depending on the bending ratio R/Do and the wall thickness of the straight pipe: R / Do = 300. / 88.9 = 3.3745 Mannesmann bending coefficients R /Do ! 3.0 ! 4.0 ! --------+------+------+ eint(+%)! 10.0 ! 7.3 ! eext(-%)! 14.0 ! 11.2 ! Bint = 1.10 - (3.3745 – 3.0) * (1.10 – 1.073) / (4.0 – 3.0)

= 1.0899: Bext = 0.86 – (3.3745 – 3.0) * (0.86 – 0.888) / (4.0 – 3.0)

= 0.8704 Wall thicknesses:

eoint (actual, nominal) = Bint * eo = 1.090 * 3.2 mm = 3.488 mm eoext = Bext * eo = 0.870 * 3.2 mm = 2.784 mm e0int (net, uncorroded) = Bint * eat = 1.090 * 2.8 mm = 3.052 mm e0ext = Bext * eat = 0.870 * 2.8 mm = 2.436 mm eaint (net, corroded) = e0int – c0i = 3.052 - 1.0 mm = 2.052 mm eaext = e0ext – c0i = 2.436 - 1.0 mm = 1.436 mm Required wall thickness acc. to formula EN 13480, 6.2.3.1 (default method):

Bint = (R/Do – 0.25) / (R/Do – 0.5) = 1.08696 (rounded to 1.0870) Bext = (R/Do + 0.25) / (R/Do + 0.5) = 0.93547 (rounded to 0.9350) Operation: eint = Bint * e = 1.087 * 1.3138 = 1.4280 mm eext = Bext * e = 0.935 * 1.3138 = 1.2290 mm Test: eint = Bint * e = 1.087 * 0.8136 = 0.8843 mm eext = Bext * e = 0.935 * 0.8136 = 0.7611 mm Allowable pressure according to EN 13480, 6.2.3.1 (default method):

Operation – Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1): pmint = 2 * f * z * eaint/Bint / (Doa – eaint/Bint) = 2 * 116.67 * 1.0 * 2.05/1.087 / (88.90 - 2.05/1.087) = 5.0572 MPa = 50.572 bar pmext = 2 * f * z * eaext/Bext / (Doa – eaext/Bext) = 2 * 116.67 * 1.0 * 1.43/0.935 / (88.90 - 1.43/0.935) = 4.0844 MPa = 40.844 bar Test: pmint = 2 * f * z * e0int/Bint / (Doa – e0int/Bint) = 2 * 270.655 * 1.0 * 3.05/1.087 / (88.90 - 3.05/1.087) = 17.6418 MPa = 176.418 bar pmext = 2 * f * z * e0ext/Bext / (Doa – e0ext/Bext) = 2 * 270.655 * 1.0 * 2.43/0.935 / (88.90 - 2.43/0.935) = 16.3013 MPa = 163.013 bar


Effective stress according to EN 13480, 6.2.3.1 (default method):

Operation – Effective stress according to formula (6.1-1): faint = (Doa – eaint/Bint) * p / (2 * eaint/Bint) = (88.90 - 2.05/1.087)* 3.5 / (2 * 2.05/1.087) = 80.742 MPa faext = (Doa – eaext/Bext) * p / (2 * eaext/Bext) = (88.90 – 1.43/0.935)* 3.5 / (2 * 1.43/0.935) = 99.972 MPa Test: faint = (Doa – e0int/Bint) * p / (2 * e0int/Bint) = (88.90 - 3.05/1.087)* 5.0 / (2 * 3.05/1.087) = 76.708 MPa faext = (Doa – e0ext/Bext) * p / (2 * e0ext/Bext) = (88.90 – 2.43/0.935)* 5.0 / (2 * 2.43/0.935) = 83.016 MPa


Controle calculation – Flat end (see Order: A_hand1, Drawing: z_hand1 Input file: Handr_Eb)

Calculation pressure internal: Pi = 10.00 bar

external: Pa = 1.00 bar Calculation temperatur: T = 120.00 deg. C

Butt welded flat end Material number DIN 1.7335, plate, ferritic Dimensions standard 1/1 mm Tolerances standard EN 10029, Cl. A Nominal end thickness eoaf = 12.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 0.5 mm (acc. to EN 10029, Cl.A) Netto thickness eaf = 11.50 mm Cylindrical neck:

Dimensions standard EN 10216-2 Tolerances standard EN 10216-2 Outside diameter Dos = 457.00 mm Nominal thickness eos = 10.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 2.0 mm (20% acc. to EN 10216-2) Netto thickness eas = 8.0 mm Inside diameter Dis = Dos – 2 * eos = 437.00 mm The minus tolerance is taken on that contour, which is opposit to the entered diameter: Net diameter outside Doa = Do = 457.0 mm Net diameter inside Dia = Doa - 2 * eas = 457.0 - 2. *8.0 = 441.0 mm Inside neck radius ri = 13.0 mm (vorgegeben) required ri > eaf = 11.5 mm Calculation diameter Deq = Dia – ri

= 441.0 - 13.0 mm = 428.0 mm

Required effective length according to formula (7.2.3-5): lcyl = 0.5 * ((Dia + eeq) * eeq)**1/2

= 0.5 * (449 * 8)**1/2 = 29.966 mm


Operation: Design stress f1 = K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.778 MPa Coefficient C1 according to formula (7.2.3-2) resp. figure 7.2.3-2: p/f1 = 1 / 177.78 = 0.005625 es/Di = 8.0 / 441.0 = 0.01814 C1 = 0.343 (read) Required end thickness according to formula (7.2.3-1):

eaf = C1 * Deq * (pc / f1)**1/2 = 0.343 * 428.0 * (1 / 177.78)**1/2 = 11.0102 mm Effective stress according to formla (7.2.3-1):

fa1 = pc * (C1 * Deq / eaf)**2 = 1 * (0.343 * 428.0 / 11.5)**2 = 162.9596 MPa Allowable pressure of end acc. to formula (7.2.3-1): Since C1 depends on p, pmax is determined iteratively. p = 1.066 MPa results in C1 = 0.347

pmax = f1 / (C1 * Deq / eaf)**2 = 177.78 / (0.347 * 428.0 / 11.5)**2 = 1.06594 MPa = 10.6594 bar Cylindrical neck:

Required neck thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1):

eas = pc * Do / (2*f1*z + pc) = 1 * 457.0 / (2 * 177.78 * 1. + 1.) = 1.2817 mm Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1):

pma2 = 2 * f1 * z * ea / (Doa – ea) = 2 * 177.78 * 1.0 * 8.0 / 449. = 6.3351 MPa = 63.351 bar Effective stress according to formula (6.1-1):

fa2 = (Doa – ea) * p / (2 * ea) = 449. * 1.0 / (2 * 8.) = 28.0625 MPa

Butt welded end with relief groove Material number DIN 1.7335, plate, ferritic Dimensions standard 1/1 mm Tolerances standard EN 10029, Cl. A Nominal end thickness eoaf = 14.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 0.5 mm (acc. to EN 10029, Cl.A) Netto thickness eaf = 13.50 mm Relief radius ri = 5.0 mm (Min. radius acc. to EN 13445) required ri > 0.25 * eos = 2. mm


Connected shell:

Geometry identic to calculation of butt welded end (see above). The only difference is a higher design stress f2 = 183.33 MPa. Net thickness eeq = 8.0 mm Calculation diameter Deq = Dia

= 441.0 mm


Operation: Design stress f1 = K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.778 MPa Coefficient C1 according to formula (7.2.3-2) resp. figure 7.2.3-2: p/f1 = 1 / 177.78 = 0.005625 es/Di = 8.0 / 441.0 = 0.01814 C1 = 0.343 (read) Coefficient C2 according to formulas (7.2.3-8.....) resp. figure 7.2.3-4: p/fmin= 1 / 177.78 = 0.005625 es/Di = 8.0 / 441.0 = 0.01814 C2 = 0.300 (read) Required end thickness according to formula (7.2.3-6):

ea1 = C1 * Dia * (pc / f1)**1/2 = 0.343 * 441.0 / (1 / 177.78)**1/2 = 11.3446 mm

ea2 = C2 * Dia * (pc / fmin)**1/2 = 0.300 * 441.0 / (1 / 177.78)**1/2 = 9.9224 mm eaf = max (ea1, ea2) = 11.3446 mm Reduced thickkness in relief groove:

Net thickness in the relief groove earg = eaf – ri = 13.5 – 5 = 8.5 mm Required thickness in the relief groove according to formula (7.2.3-28):

erg = eeq * f2 / f1 = 8.0 * 183.33 / 177.78 = 8.2497 mm

Bolted end, gasket within bolt circle Material number DIN 1.7335, plate, ferritic Dimensions standard 1/1 mm Tolerances standard EN 10029, Cl. A Nominal end thickness eoaf = 22.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 0.60 mm (acc. to EN 10029, Cl.A) Netto thickness eaf = 21.40 mm Bolt circle diameter Dt = 480.0 mm Effective gasket diameter Dp = 460.0 mm Effective gasket width b = 10.0 mm Min. gasket seating pressure y = 8.00 N/mm² Bolt loads:

Number of bolts n = 12 Relevant bolt diameter dBe = 15.0 mm Design stress Operation fB = 120.0 N/mm² Assembly fB,A = 160.0 N/mm² Gasket seating FA = 6 * b * Dp * y = 6 * 10 * 460 * 8


= 115.611 kN Required bolt cross section ABmin = FA /fB,A = 115611 / 160 = 722.56 mm2 Internal end load acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-5) H = 0.25 * 6 * Dp * Dp * P = 166.190 kN Seating stress for density acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-6) HG = 2 6 * b * Dp * m * P = 86.708 kN Required bold load acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-8)

Fop = H + HG = 252.898 kN

Required bolt cross section ABmin = FB /fB = 252898 / 120 = 2107.48 mm2 Actual bolt cross section AB = n * 0.25 * 6 * dBe * dBe = 2120.575 mm2 Design bolt load for assembly condition acc. to EN 13445-3, formula (11.5-16)

FA = 0.5 * (Abmin + AB) * fB,A = 0.5 * (2107.48 + 2120.575) * 160.0 = 338.244 kN


Assembly: Design stress fA = 0.95 * K/S = 295.*1.053 = 280.15 MPa Required plate thickness acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.4-2): eA = {3/6 * (Dt – Dp) * FA / (Dp * fA)}**1/2 = {3/6 * (480 – 460) * 338244 / (460 * 280.15)}**1/2 = 7.0801 mm

Operation: Design stress f1 = K/s = 264.44 / 1.5 = 176.29 MPa Required plate thickness acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.4-4): eP = [{0.31 * Dp2 + 3(Dp/4 + 2 b m) * (Dt – Dp)} pc / f1]*1/2 = [{0.31 * 4602 + 3(460/4 + 2*10*3)*(480–460)}*1 / 176.29]*1/2 = 20.7762 mm Required flange area thickness acc. to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.4-5): e1 = [{3(Dp/4 + 2 b m) * (Dt – Dp)} *pc / f1]*1/2 = [{3(460/4 + 2*10*3)*(480–460)}*1 / 176.29]**1/2 = 7.7176 mm e1max = max {e1 , eA}

Central welded on Nozzle Material number DIN 1.7335, plate, ferritic Dimensions standard EN 10216-2 Tolerances standard EN 10216-2 Weld joint efficiency zb 1.0 Outside diameter dob = 88.9 mm Nominal wall thickness enb = 3.2 mm Minus tolerance c1b = 0.4 mm (acc.to 10216-2: 12.5 %) Net thickness eab = 2.8 mm Inside Diameter dib = dob – 2 * enb = 82.50 mm Net diameter outside deab = dob = 88.9 mm Net diameter inside diab = doab - 2 * eab = 83.30 mm Net diameter mean deqb = (deab + diab) * 0.5 = 86.1 mm Effective length of nozzle acc. to formula (8.4.3-1): lb = sqrt((deqb) * eab) = sqrt( 86.1 * 2.8) = 15.53 mm Required nozzle thickness eb = 0.256 mm Stress carrying cross sectional area of nozzle acc. to figure 7.2.5-3: Ar = lb * (eab – eb) = 15.53 * (2.8 – 0.256) = 39.507 mm2


Equivalent diameter d according to formula (7.2.5-5) d = diab – (2 Ar / eaf) * fb / f1 = 83.3 – 2.*39.507 / 12.5 * 0.9735 = 77.146 mm

Required end thickness incl. nozzle: With net inside diameter of end connection Dias = 441.0 mm follows Distance h = 220.5 mm. Factor Y1 according to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.5-3) Y1 = min {2.0 ; (2h /(2h – d))**1/3}

= min {2.0 ; (441 /(441 – 77.146))**1/3} = 1.066196 Factor Y2 according to EN 13480-3, formula (7.2.5-4) Y2 = (Di /(Di – d))**1/2

= (441 /(441 – 77.146))**1/2 = 1.10092 Design stress f1 = K/s = 266.66 / 1.5 = 177.778 MPa Required end thickness without opening acc. to formula (7.2.3-1)(see above):

e = C1 * Deq * (pc / f1)**1/2 = 0.343 * 428.0 / (1 / 177.78)**1/2 = 11.0102 mm Required end thickness incl. opening acc. to formula (7.2.5-1):

eop1 = Y1 * e = 1.066196 * 11.0102 = 11.7390 mm eop2 = C1 * Y2 * Di * (pc / f1)**1/2 = 0.343 *1.10092 * 441.0 * (1 / 177.78)**1/2

= 12.4895 mm


Controle calculation - Reducer (see Order: A_hand1, Drawing: z_hand1 File: Handr_Ke)

Calculation pressure internal: Pi = 25.00 bar external: Pa = 10.00 bar Calculation temperatur: T = 250.00 deg. C

Reducer-Geometry Material number : DIN 1.5415, Pipe seamless, Ferritic Dimensions standard : DIN 2616-2, concentric Tolerances standard : DIN 2616-2 Efficiency factor : z = 1.0 Allowable stress : f = K/s = 205.0 / 1.5 = 136.67 MPa Semi angle at apex alfa = 17 Grad (acc. to Dimensions standard) Total length Lc = 508 mm (acc. to Dimensions standard)

Large End Outside diameter DoL = 508.00 mm Nominal wall thickness eocyl = 11.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 1.375 mm (acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %) Corrosion c0i = 1.00 mm Net thickness eacyl = 8.62 mm (rounded from 8.625 mm) Inside Diameter DiL = Do – 2 * en = 486.00 mm Knuckle radius outside roL = 100.0 mm (Mindestwert nach DIN 2616-2)

inside riL = 89.0 mm net ri = 91.38 mm

Corrosion is inside taken into account, minus tolerance on that contour, which is opposit to the entered diameter: Net diameter outside DoaL = DoL = 508.0 mm Net diameter inside DiaL = DoaL - 2 * ea = 508.0 - 2. *8.62 = 490.76 mm Run-out area e1:

Since wall thickness eo1 = eocyl = 11.0 mm, the net thicknesses are identic in this area. Mean connection diameter Dc = 0.5 * (Doa1L + Dia1L) = 499.38 mm Calculation measure l1 = (Dc * ea1) **1/2 = 65.6099 mm Run-out length –required L1 = 1.4 * l1 = 91.853 mm Run-out area e2:


Since wall thickness eo1 = eocyl = 11.0 mm, the net thicknesses are identic. Calculation measure l2 = (Dc * ea2 / cos(alfa)) **1/2 = 67.092 mm Run-out length –required L2 = 1.4 * l2 = 93.929 mm Diameter (6.4.4-7) Dk = Dc–ea1 – 2r(1-cos(alfa)) – l2*sin(alfa)

= 499.38 – 8.62 – 2*91.38*(1-cos(17)) - 67.092 * sin(17) = 463.158 mm

Small End Outside diameter DoS = 355.60 mm Nominal wall thickness eocyl = 8.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 1.00 mm (acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %) Corrosion c0i = 1.00 mm Net thickness eacyl = 6.00 mm Inside diameter DiS = DoS – 2 * en = 339.60 mm Corrosion is inside taken into account, minus tolerance on that contour, which is opposit to the entered diameter: Net diameter outside DoaS = DoS = 355.6 mm Net diameter inside DiaS = DoaS - 2 * ea = 355.6 - 2. *6.0 = 343.6 mm Run-out area e1:

Outside diameter Do1S = 355.60 mm Nominal wall thickness eo1 = 11.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 1.375 mm (acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %) Corrosion c0i = 1.00 mm Net thickness ea1 = 8.62 mm (rounded from 8.625 mm) Inside diameter Di1S = Do1S – 2 * en = 333.60 mm Corrosion is inside taken into account, minus tolerance on that contour, which is opposit to the entered diameter: Net diameter outside Doa1S = Do1S = 355.6 mm Net diameter inside Dia1S = Doa1S - 2 * ea1 = 355.6 - 2. *8.62 = 338.36 mm Mean connection diameter Dc = 0.5 * (Doa1S + Dia1S) = 346.98 mm Calculation measure l1 = (Dc * ea1) **1/2 = 54.689 mm Run-out length –required L1 = l1 = 54.689 mm

Conical shell Axial shell length L0 = 0.5 * (DoL – DoS) / tan(alfa) = 249.239 mm Diameter - outside (6.4.4-5) De = Dk + 2 ea2 * cos(alfa) = 463.158 + 2 * 8.62 * cos(17) = 479.644 mm Diameter - outside Di = Dk = 463.158 mm


Mean diameter Dm = 0.5 * (Di + De) = 471.401 mm Nominal wall thickness eos = 11.00 mm Minus tolerance c1 = 1.375 mm (acc. to DIN 2616-2: 12.5 %) Corrosion c0i = 1.00 mm Net thickness eas = 8.62 mm (rounded from 8.625 mm)

Reducer-Calculation

Large End Cylindrical pipe conection

Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1): Pmax = 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa – ea) = 2 * 136.67 * 1.0 * 8.62 / 499.38 = 4.7182 MPa = 47.18 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1): fa = (Doa – ea) * p / (2 * ea) = 499.38 * 2.5 / (2 * 8.62) = 72.416 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1): ecyl = Do * p / (2 * f * z + p) = 508.0 * 2.5 / (2 * 136.67 * 1.0 + 2.5) = 4.6043 mm

Run-out area e1

Since wall thickness eo1 = eocyl = 11.0 mm, the proof of cylinder is identic cylindrical connection. Run-out area e1,e2

Reducers with knuckle are proved acc. to 6.4.7.2: eaj = min (ea1, ea2) = 8.62 beta (6.4.7-1) = 0.333 * (499.38/8.62)**1/2 * tan(17)/(1+1/(cos(17))**1/2) - 0.15 = 0.23350 rho (6.4.7-2) = 0.028 * 91.38 /(499.38*8.62)**1/2 * Bog(17)/(1+1/(cos(17))**1/2) = 0.005721 gamma (6.4.7-3) = 1 + rho / (1.2 * (1 + 0.2/rho) = 1.0001 (1.0001325 rounded) Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.4.7-4): Pmaj = eaj * 2. * f * gamma / (Dc * beta) = 8.62 * 2 * 136.67 * 1.0001 / (499.38 * 0.2335) = 20.2081 MPa = 202.081 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.4.7-4): faj = pc * Dc * beta / (eaj * 2.* gamma) = 2.5 * 499.38 * 0.2335 / (8.62 * 2 * 1.0001) = 16.9074 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.4.7-4):


(Iterative determination, since beta and gamma depend on ej.)

Small End Cylindrical pipe conection

Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1): pmax = 2 * f * z * ea / (Doa – ea) = 2 * 136.67 * 1.0 * 6.0 / 349.6 = 4.6910 MPa = 46.91 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1): fa = (Doa – ea) * p / (2 * ea) = 349.6 * 2.5 / (2 * 6.0) = 72.833 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1): ecyl = Do * p / (2 * f * z + p) = 355.6 * 2.5 / (2 * 136.67 * 1.0 + 2.5) = 3.2229 mm

Run-out area e1

Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.1-1): Pma1 = 2 * f * z * ea1 / (Doa1 – ea1) = 2 * 136.67 * 1.0 * 8.62 / 346.98 = 6.7903 MPa = 67.90 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.1-1): fa1 = (Doa – ea) * p / (2 * ea) = 346.98 * 2.5 / (2 * 8.62) = 50.316 MPa Required wall thickness acc. to formula (6.1-1): e1cyl = Do * p / (2 * f * z + p) = 508.0 * 2.5 / (2 * 136.67 * 1.0 + 2.5) = 4.6043 mm Run-out area e1,e2

Connection is proved acc. to 6.4.8: s (6.4.8-1) = ea2 / ea1 = 1. tao (6.4.8-3) = 1 + (s*(1+s*s)/(2*cos(alfa))**1/2) = 2.02259 betaH (6.4.8-4) = 0.4 * (346.98/8.62)**1/2 * tan(17)/2.02259 + 0.5 = 0.88361 Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.4.8-6): Pmaj = ea1 * 2.* f *z/ (Dc * betaH) = 8.62 * 2 * 136.67 / (346.98 * 0.8836) = 7.6849 MPa = 76.849 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.4.8-6): faj = pc * Dc * betaH / (2.* ea1) = 2.5 * 346.98 * 0.8836 / (2. * 8.62) = 44.459 MPa


Conical shell Proof of shell acc. to 6.4.4: Allowable pressure acc. to formula (6.4.4-3): Pmax = 2.* f *z * eas * cos(alfa)/ Dm = 2 * 136.67 *1. * 8.62 * cos(17)/ 471.401 = 4.7797 MPa = 47.797 bar Effective stress acc. to formula (6.4.4-3): fa = pc * Dm / (2.* eas * cos(alfa)) = 2.5 * 471.401 / (2.* 8.62 * cos(17)) = 71.482 MPa


External pressure - operation: Nominal elastic limit S= 205.0 MPa (Ferritic) E-Modulus E = 195500 MPa Proof of stiffening of Junction cone / cylinder:

Deq (acc. to fig. 9.4.3-1) = 0.5 * (Dia1L + Dia1S) / cos(alfa)

= 0.5 * (490.76 + 338.36) / cos(17) = 433.502 mm

Shell length Ls = 0.5 * (DoL – DoS) / sin(alfa) = 260.627 mm Large end: Cross-section area to e1: lA1 = [(Deq * ea1)**0.5 - 0.5* ea1*tan(alfa/2)] = 60.485 mm

A1 = lA1 * ea1 = 521.382 mm2 Cross-section area to e2: lA2 = [(Deq * ea2)**0.5 - 0.5* ea2*tan(alfa/2)] = 60.485 mm

A2 = lA2 * ea2 = 521.382 mm2 Cross-section area A = A1 + A2 = 1042.76 mm2 distance centroid-outs.contour= (0.5* h1 * A1 + 0.5 * h2 * A2) / A = (0.5*8.62 + 0.5*21.806) * 521.382 / 1042.76 = 7.6065 mm Diameter centroid Ds = DaoL – 2 * 7.6065 = 492.787 mm 2nd Moment to e1: Ix1 = 1./12 * A1 * h1 * h1 = 3228.41 mm4 2nd Moment to e2: Ix2 = 1./12 * A2 * [(lA2*sin(alfa))**2 + (ea2*cos(alfa))**2] = 2952.44 mm4 Steiner: Jx = Jx' + Fla * (Distance of centroids)**2 2nd Moment - total Ix = Ix1 + A1 * (Abst. von gem. Schwerpkt)**2 +

Ix2 + A2 * (Abst. von gem. Schwerpkt)**2

= 17512.1 mm4 2nd Moment – required Ix = 0.18 * Deq * Ls * Ds*Ds * pc / Et = 25261.24 mm4 Thus junction cylinder-cone not valid as stiffening !

Buckling proof acc. to 9.4.4:

Since buckling length not entered, it is set internally: Proof length L = Lt = 508 mm Proof diameter Deq = Dc = 499.38 mm py acc. to Formel (9.3.2-1): Rm = 0.5 * Deq = 249.69 mm py = S * ea / R = 205.0 * 8.62 / 249.69 = 7.07718 MPa

= 70.7718 bar


Determination of the minimum value for pm: Z = 6 * Rm / L = 3.1415927 * 249.69 / 508.0 = 1.54414 � acc. to formula (9.3.2-3): � = 1 / (n2-1+Z2/2) * {1/[(n/Z)2+1]2 + ea2* (n2-1+Z2)2 /[12* R2 * (1-42)] } n = 4: � = 1 / (16+0.1.544142/2) * {1/[(4/1.54414)2+1]2 + 8.622* (16+1.544142)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)]} = 0.00307589 n = 5: � = 1 / (25+0.1.544142/2) * {1/[(5/1.54414)2+1]2 + 8.622* (25+1.544142)2 /[12* 249.692 *(1-0.32)]} = 0.0033... pm acc. to formula (9.3.2-2): pm = E * ea * � / Rm = 195500.* 8.62 * 0.00307589/ 249.69 = 20.7598 MPa

= 207.598 bar pr acc. to Table (9.3.2-1): pm / py = 207.598 / 70.7718

= 2.93335 pr / py = 0.822 +

(0.8355– 0.822)*(2.93335 – 2.75)/0.25 = 0.83190 pr = 0.83190 * 70.7718 = 58.8751 bar pa max = (pr / py ) * py / 1.5 = 0.83190 * 70.7718 / 1.5 = 39.250 bar. Required wall thickness is determined by iteration. Results „Plastic deformation acc. to EN 13480, (9.1)“ like internal pressure, but with z = 1.0

EN 13480 PROBAD Graphic Helps •••• 157

Graphic Helps

General

General - Wall thicknesses – Graphic Helps

158 •••• Graphic Helps EN 13480 PROBAD

Cylinder – Graphic Helps

Cylinder – Geometry – Graphic Helps


Cylinder – Unsupported Length – Graphic Helps


Cylinder – Stiffeners – Graphic Helps




Branches, Nozzles, Openings – Graphic Helps

Type of branch – Graphic Helps

Nozzle Branch

Opening Flange ring


Geometry – Nozzle – Graphic Helps


Geometry – Branch – Graphic Helps


Geometry – Opening – Graphic Helps


Geometry – Flange ring – Graphic Helps


Single opening – Nozzle – Graphic Helps

Nozzle – Cylindrical shell – Graphic Helps


Nozzle – Spherical shell – Graphic Helps


Nozzle – Pad-type reinforcement – Graphic Helps


Single opening – Branch – Graphic Helps

Branch – Cylindrical shell – Graphic Helps


Single opening – Opening – Graphic Helps

Opening – Cylindrical shell – Graphic Helps


Opening – Spherical shell – Graphic Helps


Single Opening – Flange ring – Graphic Helps

Flange ring – Spherical shell – Graphic Helps


Single opening – Intruding – Graphic Helps


Adjacent branches – Graphic Helps

Adjacent branches – Cylindrical shell – Graphic Helps


Adjacent branches – Spherical shell – Graphic Helps


Kind of branch – Graphic Helps

Normal branch Access opening (inside closed)


Branch – Kind of connection – Graphic Helps





Branch – Kind of Reinforcement – Graphic Helps

1 Main body increasing 2 Tubular (ring) reinforcement

3 Pad-type reinforcement 4 Tubular / Pad-type reinforcement

5 Pad-type / Tubular reinforcement 6 Main body increasing / Pad given


Inclined branches – Graphic Helps

Branch – Inclination in longitudinal direction – Graphic Helps


Branch – Inclination in circumferential direction – Graphic Helps


Branch – inclination on spherical shell – Graphic Helps


Branch – Positioning – Graphic Helps

Absolute branch positioning - Cylinder – Graphic Helps


Absolute branch positioning – Dished end – Graphic Helps


Relative branch positioning – Cylinder, longitudinal direction – Graphic Helps


Relative branch positioning – Cylinder, circumferential direction – Graphic Helps


Relative branch position – Adjacent longitudinal welds – Graphic Helps


Spherical shells resp. dished ends – Graphic Helps

Types - Dished end – Graphic Helps

Kloepper type (torispheric) – Graphic Helps


Korbbogen type (torispheric) – Graphic Helps


Torispherical end – constant wall thickness – Graphic Helps


Torispherical end – Different wall thicknesses – Graphic Helps


Semi-Ellipsoidal end – Graphic Helps


Hemispherical shell without cylincrical skirt – Graphic Helps


Hemispherical shell with cylincrical skirt – Graphic Helps

Spherical shell – Graphic Helps



Dished end – General geometry – Graphic Helps


Flat end – Graphic Helps

Types – Flat end – Graphic Helps

Flat end - Butt welded with constant neck – Graphic Helps


Flat end - Butt welded with conic neck – Graphic Helps


Flat end – set-on – Graphic Helps


Flat end – set-in – Graphic Helps


Flat end - Butt welded with relief groove – Graphic Helps


Flat end with gasket within bolt circle – Graphic Helps


Flat end with full-face gasket – Graphic Helps


Branches – Flat end – Graphic Helps

Welded-on nozzle – Flat end – Graphic Helps


Set-through nozzle – Flat end – Graphic Helps


Opening with bolted flange – Flat end – Graphic Helps


Single opening – Flat end – Graphic Helps


Adjacent openings – Flat end – Graphic Helps


Pipe bends and Elbows – Graphic Helps

Elbow – Geometry – Graphic Helps


Reducer

Reducer - Form – Graphic Helps


Reducer - Geometry – Graphic Helps


Reducer – Run-Out Length – Graphic Helps


Reducer – Effective Stiffenings – Graphic Helps


Reducer – Ineffective Stiffenings – Graphic Helps


T-Piece

T-Piece - Geometry – Graphic Helps

EN 13480 PROBAD Index •••• 221

Index

A

Absolute branch positioning - Cylinder - Graphic Helps

187

Absolute branch positioning - Dished end - Graphic

Helps 188

Absolute positioning of branches - Cylinder 72

Absolute positioning of branches - Dished end 72

Absolute positioning of branches - Reducer 77

Absolute positioning of branches on dished end 72

Absolute positioning of welds - Cylinder 72

Absolute positioning of welds - Dished end 75

Absolute positioning of welds - Reducer 77

Absolute positioning of welds - Spherical shell 76

Adjacent branches - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps

176

Adjacent branches - Graphic Helps 176

Adjacent branches - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps

177

Adjacent openings - Flat end - Graphic Helps 212

Adjacent welds - Cylinder 56

Allowances - Branch 61

Allowances - Nozzle 59

Allowances - Reducer 114

Allowances - T-Piece 117

Angle to main pipe axis - T-Piece 116

Apex angle, Length - Reducer 114

Attached shell - Flat end 93

B

Bend angle- Bend or elbow 108

Bend radius - Bend or elbow 108

Bending safety factor x - Pipe bend 109

Bolt circle diameter Dt - Flat end 96

Bolt loads acc. to EN 13445 - Flat end 96

Branch - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps 171

Branch - Inclination in circumferential direction -

Graphic Helps 185

Branch - Inclination in longitudinal direction - Graphic

Helps 184

Branch - inclination on spherical shell - Graphic Helps

186

Branch - Kind of connection - Graphic Helps 179

Branch - Kind of Reinforcement - Graphic Helps 183

Branch - Positioning - Graphic Helps 187

Branch - T-Fitting 117

Branch inclination on a cone 56

Branch inclination on a cylinder 56

Branch inclination on the spherical shell 73

Branch positioning - Flat end 98

Branches - Flat end - Graphic Helps 208

Branches, Nozzles, Openings - Graphic Helps 163

C

Calculate 23

Calculation diameter Deq - Flat end 90

Calculation diameter Di - Flat end 93

Calculation pressure internal Pi, external Pe 31

Calculation temperature t 31

Calculation with differencial pressure - Flat end 87

Circumferential pitch only - Cylinder 49

Codes and Standards 7

Comment 30

Connection - Flat end 90

Connection thickness - Reducer 113

Construction - Dished end 79

Controle calculation - Flat end 142

Controle calculation - Pipe bend 138

Controle calculation - Reducer 149

Controle calculation - Cylinder with nozzles 121

Controle calculation - Dished end with nozzle 131

Controle calculations 121

Copy, Move and delete branches 57

Crown radius - Dished end 83

Cylinder 48

Cylinder - Geometry - Graphic Helps 158

Cylinder - Graphic Helps 158

Cylinder - Stiffeners - Graphic Helps 160

Cylinder - Unsupported Length - Graphic Helps 159

Cylindrical shell with nozzles 47

D

Data management levels 15

Data Management System 11

Depth of flange facing - Flat end 89

Description of branch position - Cylinder 49

Description of branch position - Dished end 80

Description of branch position - Flat end 88

Design - Flat end 88

Design pressure PS 31

Dialog input 5

Diameter - Bend or elbow 106

222 •••• Index EN 13480 PROBAD

Diameter - Bore db 59

Diameter - Cylinder 48

Diameter - Dished end 83

Diameter - Flange ring 65

Diameter - Nozzle 59, 61

Diameter - Nozzle at flat end 99

Diameter - Opening 64

Diameter - Reducer 113

Diameter Do - Flat end 93

Dimensions standard - Stiffener 51

Dished end - General geometry - Graphic Helps 200

Dished end with nozzles 78

Documentation 28

Documentation - Selection of input files 28

Drawing - Copy 18

Drawing - Delete 18

Drawing - List of load conditions 19

Drawing - Load condition 18

Drawing - Load condition - Copy / Delete 19

Drawing - Load condition - Display, Selection 19

Drawing - Load condition - New 19

Drawing - New / Open / Modify 17

Drawing Level 17

E

Edit the 'pfad'-file 23

Effective length - Branch 63

Effective length - Flange ring 66

Effective length - Nozzle 60

Effective length - Opening 64

Elbow - Geometry - Graphic Helps 213

Evaluation of test pressure 31

F

Factor beta - Dished end 85

Factor C1 - Flat end 91

Factor C2 - Flat end 93

FEZEN-Material data 36

File - Copy from any directory 21

File - Copy into another drawing 20

File - Copy into any directory 20

File - Delete 21

File - Go to 22

File - New / Open 20

File - Rename 21

File - Save, Save as 21

File level 20

Flange ring - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 174

Flat end 88

Flat end - Butt welded with conic neck - Graphic Helps

202

Flat end - Butt welded with constant neck - Graphic

Helps 201

Flat end - Butt welded with relief groove - Graphic

Helps 205

Flat end - Graphic Helps 201

Flat end - set-in - Graphic Helps 204

Flat end - set-on - Graphic Helps 203

Flat end with full-face gasket - Graphic Helps 207

Flat end with gasket within bolt circle - Graphic Helps

206

Flat end with openings 87

Form - Reducer 111

Form of Reducer 111

Form of T-Piece 115

Free Material Data 39

Further interaction of branches 71

G

Gasket factor m - Flat end 95

Gasket within bolt circle, circular - flat end 95

Gasket, full-face - Flat end 96

General 1, 11, 29, 157

General - Directories and files 14

General - Main menu - Help 13

General - Results 13

General - The drawing - level 13

General - The order-level 12

General - Wall thicknesses - Graphic Helps 157

General branch data 54

General branch data - Flat end 98

General Calculation Strategy 3

General Data 30

General form of the input panels 6

General run of calculation 3

Geometry - Bend or elbow 106

Geometry - Branch - Graphic Helps 165

Geometry - Dished end 83

Geometry - Flange ring - Graphic Helps 167

Geometry - Flat end 89

Geometry - Knuckle / skirt 85

Geometry - Nozzle - Graphic Helps 164

Geometry - Opening - Graphic Helps 166

Geometry of branch 61

Geometry of connection - Flat end 90

Geometry of cylindrical shell 48

Geometry of flange ring 65

Geometry of nozzle 59

Geometry of nozzle - Flat end 99

Geometry of opening 64

Geometry of pad 68

Geometry of T-Piece 116

Geometry Reducer 113

Graphic Helps 157

H

Height - Flange ring 65


Height - Pad 68

Height of end - Dished end 85

Height of skirt hb - Dished end 85

Height, width - Stiffener 52

Help 28

Hemispherical shell with cylincrical skirt - Graphic

Helps 198

Hemispherical shell without cylincrical skirt - Graphic

Helps 197

I

Inclined branches - Graphic Helps 184

Inspector 30

Introduction 1

K

Kind of branch 54

Kind of branch - Graphic Helps 178

Kind of connection 55

Kind of connection - Flat end 98

Kind of reinforcement 55

Kind of reinforcement - T-Piece 115

Kloepper type (torispheric) - Graphic Helps 192

Knuckle radius - Dished end 85

Knuckle radius - Reducer 113

Korbbogen type (torispheric) - Graphic Helps 193

L

Length - Cylinder 48

Length - Pipe bend 108

Load condition reference 31

Load conditions 31

Load conditions - Bend or elbow 102

Load conditions - Cylinder 47

Load conditions - Dished end 78

Load conditions - Flat end 87

Load conditions - Reducer 110

Load conditions - T-Pieces 115

M

Main pipe at branch - T-Piece 117

Main pipe connection - T-Piece 116

Material Data 36

Material data - Attached shell - Flat end 97

Material data - Bend or elbow 109

Material data - Cylinder 50

Material data - Dished end 82

Material data - Flat end 89

Material data - Nozzles, Branches, Flange rings 67

Material data - Reducer 114

Material data - Reinforcement pad 69

Material data - Skirt / Knuckle 82

Material data - Stiffener 53

Material data - T-Piece 119

Material data of nozzles - Flat end 101

Material input 36

Materials 28

Maximum usage ratio of the components 32

Mean Length Lc around stiffeners 51

Minimum gasket seating pressure y - Flat end 95

Modification of safety factors 32

Modification of safety factors - Bend or elbow 102

Modification of safety factors - Cylinder 47

Modification of safety factors - Dished end 78

Modification of safety factors - Flat end 87

Modification of safety factors - Reducer 110

Modification of safety factors - T-Pieces 115

Modification of standard safety factors 33

N

Name of order, drawing, input file 30

Neck - Allowances 92

Neck - Flat end 90

Nozzle - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps 168

Nozzle - Pad-type reinforcement - Graphic Helps 170

Nozzle - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 169

Nozzles / Branches / Openings 54

Number of nozzles - Cylinder 49

Number of nozzles - Dished end 80

Number of nozzles - Flat end 88

Number of nozzles - Reducer 111

Number of stiffeners 51

O

Opening - Cylindrical shell - Graphic Helps 172

Opening - Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 173

Opening with bolted flange - Flat end 101

Opening with bolted flange - Flat end - Graphic Helps

210

Openings in flat ends 98

Order - Copy from any directory 16

Order - Copy into a new order 15

Order - Copy into any directory 15

Order - Delete 16

Order - Materials 17

Order - New / Open / Modify 15

Order - Standards 16

Order - Standards-Copy 16

Order - Standards--Input 17

P

Pipe bends and Elbows 102

Pipe bends and Elbows - Graphic Helps 213

Pitch - Adjacent branches 70

Position number - Bend or elbow 103

224 •••• Index EN 13480 PROBAD

Position number - Branch 54

Position number - Cylinder 48

Position number - Dished end 79

Position number - Flat end 88

Position number - Pad 68

Position number - Stiffener 51

Position number, material reference, designation 35

Position numbers - Adjacent branches 70

Positioning - Stiffener 51

Positioning via cartesian coordinates - Dished end 74

Positioning via polar coordinates - Dished end 73

Position-No. - Reducer 111

Position-No. - T-Piece 115

Pressure increasing factor - reinforcement calculation

56

Pressure parts 2

Product Standards 43

Product standards - Bend or elbow 106

Product Standards - Branch 61

Product Standards - Cylinder 48

Product Standards - Dished end 83

Product Standards - Flange ring 65, 68

Product standards - Flat end 89

Product Standards - Nozzle 59

Product Standards - Nozzle at flat end 99

Product standards - Reducer 113

Product standards, Knuckle - Dished end 86

Product standards, Skirt - Dished end 86

Production type - Bend or elbow 103

Projection - Flange ring 65

Projection - Branch 63

Projection - Nozzle 60

Projection - Nozzle at flat end 99

Proof method according to EN 13480-3 105

R

Radius of sphere - Dished end 85

Recurrent inputs 29

Reducer 214

Reducer - Effective Stiffenings - Graphic Helps 217

Reducer - Form - Graphic Helps 214

Reducer - Geometry - Graphic Helps 215

Reducer - Ineffective Stiffenings - Graphic Helps 218

Reducer - Run-Out Length - Graphic Helps 216

Reducer with nozzles 110

Reduction factor - Stress loaded areas - T-Piece 116

Reference plane - Cylinder 49

Reference plane - Dished end 81

Reference plane - Reducer 111

Reinforcement pad 68

Relative branch position - Adjacent longitudinal welds -

Graphic Helps 191

Relative branch positioning - Cylinder, circumferential

direction - Graphic Helps 190

Relative branch positioning - Cylinder, longitudinal

direction - Graphic Helps 189

Relative positioning of branches - Cylinder 70

Relief groove - Flat end 89

Results 24

Results - Copy 24

Results - Delete 24

Results - Display 24

Results - Display panel 24

Results - Print 24

Results to PDF 25

Results to Word 25

Revisor 30

S

Semi-Ellipsoidal end - Graphic Helps 196

Set-through nozzle - Flat end - Graphic Helps 209

Settings 26

Settings - Company 27

Settings - Display 26

Settings - Print 26

Settings - Printer in DOS-Mode - List 27

Settings - Printer in Windows-Mode - List 26

Single opening - Branch - Graphic Helps 171

Single Opening - Flange ring - Graphic Helps 174

Single opening - Flat end - Graphic Helps 211

Single opening - Intruding - Graphic Helps 175

Single opening - Nozzle - Graphic Helps 168

Single opening - Opening - Graphic Helps 172

Special profile - Stiffener 52

Spherical shell - Graphic Helps 198

Spherical shell resp. dished end 79

Spherical shells resp. dished ends - Graphic Helps 192

Starting the System 8

Stiffeners 51

T

Test load in corroded condition 32

Test pressure Pt 32

Test temperature tt 32

The FEZEN-Material Database 40

The order-level 15

The User Surface 8

Thick end of neck - Flat end 92

Thin end of neck - Flat end 92

Torispherical end - constant wall thickness - Graphic

Helps 194

Torispherical end - Different wall thicknesses - Graphic

Helps 195

T-Piece 219

T-Piece - Geometry - Graphic Helps 219

T-Pieces 115

Two hemisoherical shells 73

Type - Dished end 79


Type - Flat end 88

Type of branch 54

Type of branch - Flat end 98

Type of branch - Graphic Helps 163

Type of branch - T-Piece 115

Type of material - Reducer 111

Type of production - Reducer 111

Type of production - Dished end 80

Types - Dished end - Graphic Helps 192

Types - Flat end - Graphic Helps 201

U

Unsupported shell length 51

Unsupported shell length - Bend or elbow 109

W

Wall thickness - Cylinder 48

Wall thickness - Dished end 83

Wall thickness - Elbow 106

Wall thickness - Flat end 89

Wall thickness - Nozzle 59, 61

Wall thickness - Nozzle at flat end 99

Wall thickness - Pipe bend 108

Wall thickness allowance proportional - c1int intrados

107

Wall thickness, Knuckle - Dished end 86

Wall thickness, Skirt - Dished end 86

Wall thicknesses and allowances 45

Wall thicknesses, Run-out lengths - Reducer 113

Weld - Bend or elbow 108

Weld - Cylinder 48

Weld - Flange ring 66

Weld - Nozzle 60

Weld - Nozzle at flat end 99

Weld - Pad 68

Weld - Reducer 114

Weld, Crown - Dished end 83

Weld, knuckle, skirt - Dished end 85

Welded-on nozzle - Flat end - Graphic Helps 208

Welds 46

Width - Flange ring 65

Width - Pad 68