Private University Education

ENG 105(MCD)

INTRODUCTION

Education brings enlightenment to individuals; it teaches them about their surroundings

and makes them competent to face the world. Education provides individuals with the knowledge

and skills that they can use in their professional careers. In order to get ready for their

professional careers individuals attend universities. In Bangladesh universities are divided

between public and private universities.

The public universities are very renowned and prestigious. However, recently the private

universities have started to gain a lot of popularity as the quality of education is the same as

public ones if not better. The top rated agencies that measure the quality of universities like

Newsweek and also by University Grants Commission (UGC) have stated that the curriculums

followed by private universities are top notch. The companies that have hired private university

graduates also have the same sentiments and nowadays these graduates are more sought after in

the job market then their public university graduate counterparts.

Most of the private universities follow the US university curriculum. The university curriculum

consists of either two or three semesters annually. Thus annually students take like 10-12

courses. This system is different from the UK university curriculum. The UK system is based

around the year, instead of focusing on semesters their curriculum is based on a yearly basis. The

advantage the private university students enjoy is that they have the freedom to choose a large

number of courses in a year. So if a student works hard he can easily finish his graduation within

three to three and half years. Furthermore there is no problem of session-jut unlike public

universities. However all of this recognition of private universities has come at an expense of

the students’ health.

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BACKGROUND

Private university education is fast overtaking the public university education. As the

public universities have politically affiliated teachers and they allow student politics on campus,

it damages the studying environment. Recently the public universities have become well known

for their student political activities rather then their studying activities. Private university offers a

more calm and collective environment.

The private universities follow the US curriculum. Most of the professors at these universities

also studied abroad under the US curriculum. Hence it provides better education to the students.

However, recently some shocking issues have surfaced. According to the Finnish Student Health

Service (2005), “Our student health survey shows only one student out of four "feels fine". Life

style healthier than ever before, yet sleep deprivation and tension on increase due to excessive

workload.”

Students from Beloit College, Ginzberg, Germany, have claimed that difficulties of sleep,

tiredness, and tension in particular have increased among students in the past four years. Students

said that they suffered from tiredness, while a most of them complained of feeling tense. A huge

portion of the students said they also felt the planning of their future as something stressful.

Every third female and every fourth male student at the university suspects that stress is the

biggest threat to their health. In an interview many stated that they felt their study workload was

too much for them last year. At Durham University they are launching a new stress less program

where they are running a range of events for students, including relaxation workshops, self

defense classes. Advice for coping with the exam season, including relaxation tips.

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AREAS OF RESEARCH

The main topic for research was “Is the current education system of private universities in

Bangladesh affecting the health of students.” I planned to look at the extensive workload faced

by students in private universities is adversely affecting their physical, mental and social health. I

have looked into the curriculum followed by private universities. In public universities they have

only one final exam for each course in a year and each student takes on an average six courses.

But in private universities students have to give approximately thirty exams in a year, not to

mention the other coursework like quizzes, assignments, presentations and case solving.

I also concentrated on the physical health of the students. And I have found out that the health of

students is deteriorating. Students have to face large volumes of work and they have to finish all

these work within a small amount of time. Hence students suffer from dizziness and depression.

Students also have less time to engage in physical activities. Back-to-back coursework frequently

causes students to forgo sleep which is bad for their health. This increased workload has led to

increase in the rate of plagiarism. As students do not have time to complete all their projects,

they either download projects from assignments or reuse their friends past projects.

I further looked into the mental health of students. Due to excessive work students face lot of

stress, they are continuously under pressure to turn in good work and on time. Hence all these

lead to mental troubles like anxiety and panic attacks. This further affects the moods of students

making them angry all the time.

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It is surprising but all these coursework affects the social lives of students. They have less time to

devote for recreational activities like gym, music and drama. Also they get to spend less time

with family and friends.

HYPOTHESIS

Private universities in Bangladesh have either two or three semesters annually. Meaning

on an average students have to study for about ten to twelve courses a year. And on top of this

the students have to continuously face a barrage of quizzes, assignments, projects, cases,

interview, mid terms and final exams for each of these courses throughout the year.

Thus, according to me the amount of workload is far too much for students to handle. I expect to

hear complaints from students regarding how the large amount of coursework adversely affects

their physical health. I also expect to learn that the continuous pressure of having to complete all

these work creates mental pressure and stress amongst the students. Hence they feel more

lethargic, less concentrated and always irritated. With the students having to complete all their

work within a limited amount of time I feel that it must be affecting their social lives as well.

METHODOLOGY

In order to complete my research I required both primary and secondary data. And I

successfully used both the methods to collect the essential data. For my primary data I conducted

a survey, I developed a questionnaire (attached in the appendix). At first I developed the rough

draft got it checked by the instructor and then I developed the final questionnaire. Some of the

techniques I used when developing the questionnaire were:

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To ask questions that directly addresses the study goals.

To give clear and concise instructions on how to complete the questionnaire.

Start with non-threatening and interesting items.

To accommodate all the possible answers.

Not to use vaguely defined words.

And not to imply a desired answer.

For the survey I used a random sampling technique, my sample size was 30 respondents, both

male and female. The sample included students of North South University. And for my

secondary information I took the help of some books and websites. I went to Dhaka University

Public Library and also visited British Council Library to gather books that could give me some

idea about what other researchers have found regarding this topic.

I also visited some sites on the net to gather some more secondary data. But I had to be careful as

there are lots of sites that are fake and claim wrong information, thus I turned on the safe search

mode on the search engines. Thus the search engines highlighted which sites were genuine and

which were fake. In order to search for information on the net I used search engines like Google,

Yahoo and Dogpile.

Based on the answers from the respondents and data collected through the secondary mediums, I

compiled all the relevant data by linking all the information and came to a conclusion regarding

my hypothesis.

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PRIMARY DATA PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS

To proceed further with my research paper I had to collect primary data. Hence I

conducted a primary research. For this I developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey. Thus

I surveyed 30 respondents. The sample included NSU students and a used a random sampling

technique.

After conducting the survey I found the information that I needed for my research. I will analyze

all the questions on my questionnaire to give all the information that I collected.

1. Age-

(a) 15-17 (b) 18-20 (c) 21-23 (d) 24 or above

From the graph we can see the age of the respondents who filled up the questionnaire. On the x

axis we have the number of respondents and on the y axis we have the different age groups.

From the graph we can see that the majority of the respondents belonged to the 21-23 years age

group. Only 3 of them were in the 18-20 group and only one was in the 24 or above group.

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2. Gender-

(a) Male (b) Female

The graph shows the gender of the respondents. From the graph we can see that there are 22

males and 8 females who filled out the survey. Meaning that approximately 30 percent of the

respondents were female and the rest were male. Even though there were more male then female

it did not affect the results of the survey. I wanted to see that if any particular gender finds that

they are being burdened with more pressure. But the result was negative, meaning that both felt

that they had to deal with lots of pressure. No particular gender felt that there was less pressure.

3. Which department you are enrolled in-

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Here we can see the departments the students are enrolled in. the respondents are from three

departments, they are BBA, CSE and ETE. BBA stands for Bachelor in Business Administration,

CSE for Bachelor in Computer Science and Engineering and ETE is the acronym for Electrical

and Telecommunication Engineering. In the x axis we have the names of the department and in

the y axis we have the number of respondents. In the survey 25 belong to the BBA department, 3

to ETE and the remaining 2 in CSE. Thus we can see that the majority of the respondents are in

the BBA department. I considered different departments to see if more workload is being given

to students in different departments. I wanted to see if all the students of all the departments get

more or less the same amount of workload. The findings showed that all the students from the

different departments thought they were given too much workload, hence the amount of

workload does not differ from department to department.

4. What is your current semester-

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Here we can see the current number of semester the students are enrolled in. the x axis represents

the number of respondents whereas the y axis shows the number of the current semester that the

students are enrolled in. We can infer that the most of the respondents are in their 9 th semester,

then comes the 10th semester. I had only one respondent who was in her 12th semester. Well will

be her last semester. The number of students enrolled in the 1st, 4th and 8th semester is 2. My

intention for this question was to see if the students in the latter semesters have to undertake

more pressure then the early stages. And the answer is yes, the students stated that there was

more pressure in the major courses then in the GED or core courses. They felt that that they have

to do too much work in the major courses. The number of quizzes, assignments, projects and

exams are more in the major courses and they are also more intense.

5. How many courses did you take this semester-

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The graph is showing the number of courses the respondents have taken this semester. The x axis

shows the number of courses that the respondents have taken and the y axis signifies the number

of respondents. The graph tells us that out of 30 respondents, 19 of them took 4 courses this

semester, 8 of them took 3 courses and 3 of them took 5 courses. From here we have learnt that

as students take more courses, they will get more coursework. There is a positive relationship

between the number of courses and the volume of workload.

6. Your motivation for studying-

Just to pass

To get a decent grade

To get an excellent grade

To gain knowledge

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The graph shows the motivation factors of students. The graph shows the motivational factors

that affects how students study; there are four factors just to pass, to achieve a decent grade, to

achieve an excellent grade or to gain knowledge. Well I wanted to find out if all the students give

the same amount of effort for their coursework. And the finding is that no, the motivational

factor influences as to how much effort and time the student devotes for his studies. Like

students who want to gain knowledge devote the most amount of time, and students who just

want to pass give the lowest amount. Although in my findings there are 14 respondents who are

motivated by gaining knowledge but no one wanted to just pass. Hence there is a positive

relation between motivational factor and the amount of input devoted for studying. But it was

surprising to see that more students want to achieve an excellent grade rather then gaining

knowledge, meaning that grades are more important to them than knowledge.

7. Your attitude toward the amount of coursework you were assigned in this semester-

It was not much

It was moderate

It was too much

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The graph represents the students attitude towards the volume of coursework assigned to them.

the x axis represents the attitude of the students and the y axis represents the number of students.

I found out from my survey that majority fo the students feel that they are assigned too much

work, they feel that it is not fair. Some of them think that its moderate and even fewer students

think that its not much. Thus from the survey I did find out that students feel over burdened with

wrok.

8. Give an approximate number for the following questions-

I. The total number of quiz you gave this semester:- _____

II. The total number of assignments you submitted this semester:- _____

III. The total number of projects you prepared this semester:- _____

IV. The total number of exams you sat for this semester:- _____

V. Any other coursework (please specify):- _____

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This diagram shows the average number of coursework that students have to complete in a

semester. The x axis shows the average number of tasks and the y axis shows the name of the

axis. After the survey I found out that on average a student has to give 12 quizzes this semester,

and some students had to give like 20 to 25 quizzes in this semester. The average number of

assignments that students have to submit was 7, with some students having to submit 25

assignments. The average number of project and exams students gave this semester are 3 and 9

respectively. The highest number of projects and exams that students gave were 8 and 15

respectively. I also found out that many students have to give more coursework like

presentations and viva. Thus the students actually have to do huge amounts of work. So I

believe that students are correct in complaining that they have to do too much work.

9. The number of days & hours you devote in preparing for the coursework-

I. Quizzes- _____

II. Assignments-_____

III. Projects-_____

IV. Exams-_____

V. Others (please specify)-_____13

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The graph shows the number of hors that students devote to completing their coursework. The x

axis shows the name of the coursework and the y axis shows the time (hours) that students spend

in completing these tasks. On average a student spends 8 hours in preparing for his quizzes, 10

hours for assignments, 95 hours for projects and 37 hours for exams. Hence I can deduce that

students have to devote a lot of time in preparing for their coursework, hence the more workload

they are assigned the more time they will have to devote and obviously the students will have

health related problems. Some students complained that for the strict faculties the number of

hours needed to prepare increases significantly. Hence this amount of work is not at all

acceptable.

10. Did you give back-to-back exams/quizzes/assignments/projects- (back-to-back refers

to either the same day or in 2/3 days consecutively)

No I did not

Yes, but I could handle it

Regularly and the pressure becomes too much

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From the diagram we can see the attitude of the students towards back to back exams. Back to

back exams mean exams/quizzes/assignments/projects either on the same day or 2/3 days

consecutively. Most of the students accepted that they had to face this situation, with majority

claiming that it was too much pressure and very few saying that they could handle the pressure.

This is a very big problem according to the students, as they have to face it regularly and they

feel that this causes them to get poor grades. Some complained that when they face this situation

they often to have forgo sleep and they face other various physical and mental problems.

11. Did you forgo sleep in completing your coursework-

(a) Yes (b) No

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From my survey I have developed the graph which shows that students do forgo sleep in

pursuing their studies. The graph shows that two-third of the respondents agreed to lose sleep

due to their studies whereas the other one-third said they did not lose sleep. This is a very

disturbing fact that I unearthed. By forgoing sleep many students put themselves at risk to

physical problems as well as mental pressure.

12. In completing all these coursework, did you suffer from- (can circle more than

one option)

Dizziness

Depression

Lack of appetite

Loneliness

Others (please specify)-_____

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This graph shows the different health problems faced by students. The x axis shows the different

types of health problems and y axis shows the number of respondents suffering from it. from the

survey I found out that many students suffer from multiple health problems. The most common

health problem faced by students is depression, due to constant pressure of having to do the work

and lack of entertainment. Many students have also complained that they suffered from

dizziness, others stated that in some cases they lose their appetite due to all the stress. Some even

said they felt lonely because they have to spend most of their time alone by themselves. Hence I

have found out that assigning too much work is actually having very bad effects on students.

Instead of making them more knowledgeable the teachers are making them more sick.

13. Do you feel that the workload creates- (can circle more than one option)

Continuous mental pressure

You feel your brain stops working (feel exhausted)

Anxiety

Panic attacks

None of the above, I feel fine’

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The graph shows more health problems faced by students. the x axis shows the number of

respondents who suffer from these health issues and the y axis represents the health issues. Here

also students complained that they suffered from more than one fo the health problems. Most of

them alleged that anxiety is one of the biggest problems, they said that as they have to

continuously give one quiz/exam/project after another it makes students very nervous. The

pressure of having to do well in order to achieve a good grade always creates extra stress on the

students and hence they suffer from continuous mental pressure, panic attacks and they feel

exhausted all the time. But very few students claimed that they did not feel any extra preussre.

14. Does the current workload affect your mood-

I am always angry

Do not feel like talking to others and wasting time

I scream at other people without any valid reason

No, it does not affect my mood

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The graph shows the mood of the students. the x axis shows the different moods of the students

and the y axis shows the number of students who face these mood problems. Here also studetns

calimed that they faced more than one problem. 13 of th respondents identified that they were

constantly angry, whereas 8 of them agreed that they do not feel like talking with others, and

some other people also claimed that the volume of coursework did not affect their moods. And

others claimed that they tended to scream at others. But it was shocking to find that the students

were under so much pressure that it has started to affect their moods and pretty soon will affect

their mental health.

15. Does the current workload affect your social life-

I am able to attend all the functions/parties

Have to skip one or two sometimes

Have to skip regularly

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From the graph we can understand that the huge volume of coursework is affecting the social

lives of students as well. Most of the respondents confessed that due to studying they had to

forgo some of the parties regularly. The students were very angry and dissatisfied with this

problem. they felt that the teachers have no right to take their lives away. They distressed

because they do not think that this problem will get solved. They believe that in the fute it will

become even more worse. Some of them said that they do attend all the parties but at the expense

of studying and this does negatively affect their grades. Also the studetns with good CGPA

claimed that in order to do well they regulary have to skip parties.

16. How often you are able to engage in recreational activities- (like sport, gym,

music, drama and etc.)

Daily

Few days a week

Once a fortnight

Once a month

Hardly ever

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The graph represents how often the respondents engage in recreational activites. The x axis

shows the regularity with which they attend the activities and y axis shows the number of

respondents. Most of the students stated that they could engage in different types of recreational

activites like gym, music and drama like once or twice a week. Next came the students who were

able to engage in recreational activites once every month, then hardly ever but a few of them did

it everyday but at the expese of their studies. The students who are not so serious regarding

studies involve daily in such activities, but most of them are serious to some extent and have to

miss out on the action. But everyone is dissapointed on the fact that they have very little time to

enjoy their favorite activities.

17. How often do you spend time with your friends-

Daily

Few days a week

Once a fortnight

Once a month

Hardly ever

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This diagram shows how regularly the respondents hang out with their friends. From the

information collected it seemd they are very dissapointed that they cannot spend more time with

their friends. Most of the respondents (13) hang out with their friends few days a week, then

there are those people who cannot live without their friends with 6 rsponses. Next is the group

who meet their friends once a month, and those who meet their friends once a fortnight. And

there were no responses about hardly meeting with friends. Again the students criticized the

NSU teachers for not understanding student sentiments. They feel that the teachers have

forgotten how they did not liked being pushed to studying all the time. They think that the

teachers are trying to take the wrath that they themselves faced with their teachers. Hence I came

to the conclusion that in order to do well a person cannot spend a lot of time with his/her friends.

18. Your comment about “is the current education system of private universities in

Bangladesh adversely affecting the health of students.”

This was the open ended question that I presented to the students. I got the type of answers that I

thought I would. Most of them complemented me for taking up this topic for my research. They

felt that I might be able to give them a voice. But all of them claimed that teachers gave too 22

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much pressure. They also felt that as CGPA has become the center of attention, thus students

care only about getting a good grade not learning. Most of them agreed that as so much work is

given students have no other option but to employ some unethical practices in order to get all the

work done within the limited period of time. They felt that it is utmost important that NSU

administration and faculty become aware of this problem and solve it before something bad

happens to the students.

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SECONDARY DATA PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS

In order to prove my hypothesis I need secondary data supporting my primary findings.

Hence for my secondary data information I went to different libraries to collect information. In

these libraries I went through a variety of books, magazines, journals and websites. At first I

went to the library that was nearest to me and to which I had easy access to, NSU library. After

renewing my library membership I started to go through all the books that were available

regarding my specific topic. I also went to other libraries like the Dhaka University Public

Library and the British Council Library.

After going through many journals and books I did find some important information regarding

my topic. There is lots of secondary data supporting my hypothesis. According to Kadison and

DiGeronima (2004), university is not only about studying but it also involves lots of projects,

assignments and various types of workshops. Thus, all this workload can sometimes become too

much for students to handle. And this leads to mental breakdown. Hence they suggested that the

students should maintain an efficient schedule and students should stick by it.

“Students should not pile up all their work till the deadline, they should take some time off from

their studying and visit their parents, partners and friends, they should eat healthy food like green

vegetables and avoid fast food as it induces more tension, the students should mix honey with

their milk and drink it every night. Honey is said to have anti oxidants that help the mind to

relax.” (Pascucci, 2008). These are some of the techniques that the author of the book titled

Campus Clam University: The College Student’s 10-Step Blueprint to Stop Stressing & Create a

Happy, Purposeful life has recommended to the students to help them deal with all the mental

stress.

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Locket (2007), a student of Harvard University, argued that as students we have to accept these

huge volumes of coursework. She states that she also went through a lot of trouble but still she

managed. She alleged that students get carried away with all the partying and unruly life

associated with universities, but instead they should try to remember that they have enrolled into

universities to gain higher degree of education to establish their life. She also mentions that

success comes with hard work.

On the topic of excessive homework, Shuster (2007) points out that students could have used this

time to gain practical knowledge and enjoyed life, instead of being locked up in a room and

doing their homework. The author believes that theory is only good for the books, but in real life

it is the practical knowledge that will help a student. The author says that studies should not only

be based on books but should involve going to workplaces, meeting with other people and

sharing their experiences and attending workshops.

Canterbury Christ Church University has officially accepted that students do face health

problems like anxiety, stress and depression at universities. But they have identified that

excessive coursework is only one of the many reasons that leads to such health problems.

According to Student Counseling and Mental Well-being (2008), the counselors at Canterbury

Christ Church University offer psychiatric sessions to students suffering from such health issues.

A recent research conducted by Gewertz (2006) found that students nowadays are facing too

much pressure with their studies. The research surveyed professors, students and parents about

the amount of workload that students have to face. This Pew Research Center poll finding was

part of a larger global study conducted by the Washington-based research organization. It offered

an astonishing result to the increasingly popular picture of U.S. students as being overburdened.

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Student Workload (1996) is a site maintained by the students of Ruhr University Bochum. Here

the students wrote down their views to their professors regarding the amount of coursework

assigned. They are stating that professors at universities need to understand that the students are

overworked, stressed out and depressed. They are calling out to their professors to reduce the

amount of readings and writing assignments.

Also according to Finnish Student Health Service (2005), university students in Finland are in

better physical shape then they were three years ago. Because the students have reduced

smoking, drinking and adopted more healthy eating habits. But they carried out a research where

they surveyed 3000 students. Their results were shocking, “Difficulties of sleep, tiredness, and

tension in particular have increased among students in the past four years. A third of the students

say they suffer from tiredness, while a fifth of them feel tense. A fifth of the students also

experience the planning of their future as something stressful. Every third female and every

fourth male student suspect stress is the biggest threat to their health. A third of the interviewed

felt their study workload was too much for them last year,” (Finnish Student Health Service,

2005).

According to Practical Advice - Coping with Depression (2008), “the reasons for depression are

overworking, excessive tiredness and interrupted sleep patterns due to dedicating too much time

for studying. Hence we are advising students not to take up too much pressure at once.” Practical

Advice - Coping with Panic Attacks (2008) states that, “students suffer from panic attacks

because of continuous stressful period and high adrenaline levels at certain times. The students

mostly get them during exams and on assignment submission days.”

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CONCLUSION

After conducting my primary and secondary research I have come to the conclusion that

my hypothesis “Is the current education system of private universities in Bangladesh affecting

the health of students” has been proved correct. All the students I surveyed agreed with me and

the findings of previous researches also supported me. Thus the current education system does

affect the physical, mental and social health of students. It causes depression, loneliness, anxiety,

panic attacks, lack of appetite and also negatively affects social status.

But I would like to take this opportunity to discuss how the research can be carried forward. I

only identified that student’s health is being adversely affected, but I did not look into how this

problem could be solved. Since the university students are the future it is very important to stop

this excessive workload from becoming a major problem. To gain further insight into this issue

we need to get the professors side of the point regarding excessive workload. Since they are

assigning the work and also they have faced all this volume of work it is important to know their

viewpoint.

Limitations of the Study

I had encountered several constraints while conducting the research. For every research,

extensive or focused, there can be a number of limitations and it is necessary to address them to

make the research precise and unmistakably defined. Limitations give a view from where we

need to consider the outcome and thus it enables to better judge the derived result.

The limitations of this study can be listed as–

First, the time when I had to conduct this survey was actually the last part of the

semester, when students are mostly very busy with their own works. As a result, when I

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stopped the respondents to participate in my survey they were found to be in great haste,

and many of them were unable to participate.

Secondly, I had to limit the number of questions as minimum as possible, otherwise there

was a high chance of finding participants unwilling to attend in the survey. I used very

generic questions and familiar mode of questionnaire so as to match with the

respondents’ orientation.

Furthermore, the time period was limited, and I had to conduct this survey within a very

limited time frame of abut 1 month, where preparing questions and taking approval from

the course instructor was also an imperative part of my survey.

Another limitation that I had to undergo was the lack of sincerity of many participants.

Several of the respondents lost the survey paper when they took it to their place as they

were unable to fill up the paper right on spot. As a result, I had to redo those papers again

and within a limited time, it hindered the progress.

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REFERENCE

1. Kadison, R., & DiGeronima, T. F. (2004). College of the Overwhelmed: The Campus

Mental Health Crisis and What To Do About It. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

2. Pascucci, M. (2008). Campus Clam University: The College Student’s 10-Step

Blueprint to Stop Stressing & Create a Happy, Purposeful life (L. Mortimer, Ed.).

Illinois: Campus University Press.

3. Lockett, S. M. (2007, April). Home Sweet Homework: A Parents Guide to Stress-

Free Homework and Study Strategies That Work. California: Adams Media

Corporation.

4. Shuster, K. (2007, October). Is Homework a Waste of Time? Florida:

Heinemann/Raintree.

5. Student Counseling and Mental Well-being (2008, December). Retrieved March 23,

2009, from http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/support/student-support-services/students/

counselling/index.asp

6. Gewertz, C. (2006, September). Pope says educators should challenge and engage

students, not overload them. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from

http://ed.stanford.edu/suse/faculty/displayFacultyNews.php?

tablename=notify1&id=581

7. Student Workloads (1996, October). Retrieved March 24, 2009, from

http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/toomuch1.html

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8. Finnish Student Health Service. (2005, February). Student health survey: Only one

student out of four "feels fine". Retrieved March 24, 2009, from

http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Student+health+survey+Only+one+student+out+of+f

our+feels+fine/1101978491101

9. Practical Advice - Coping with Depression (2008, September). Retrieved March 24,

2009, from http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/support/student-support-services/students/

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10. Practical Advice - Coping with Panic Attacks (2008, September). Retrieved March

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practical-advice/coping-with-panic-attacks.asp

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