Printing

INTRODUCTION TO PRINTING

AmritaGraphic Design, 4th SemIntroduction To PrintingNational Institute of Design

Printing is the technique of making an impression on paper (or on other substances such as vellum) from inked type (or as the techniques developed, from plates, blocks, or cylin-ders). From this type, the most important aspect of printing is that it permits a large number of copies to be made from each setting of type.

During the period from the invention of printing in Europe until 1700, most books were printed on wooden printing presses, using metal type.

History of printingWoodblock printing (200)Movable type (1040)Printing press (1454)Etching (ca. 1500)Mezzotint (1642)Aquatint (1768)Lithography (1796)Chromolithography (1837)Rotary press (1843)Offset printing (1875)Hectograph (19th century)Hot metal typesetting (1886)Mimeograph (1890)Screen printing (1907)Spirit duplicator (1923)Dye-sublimation (1957)Phototypesetting (1960s)Dot matrix printer (1964)Laser printing (1969)Thermal printing (ca. 1972)Inkjet printing (1976)Stereolithography (1986)Digital press (1993)3D printing (ca. 2003)

THE EARLY HISTORYPrinting is now know to have been first developed in the seventh century in Korea and China, where printing from wooden blocks was developed. The Diamond Sutra, dated 868 is one of the most famous of these early printed works, and combines words and pictures. By the 14th century the technique of printing from metal type had been developed in Korea

TYPE OF PRINTERS

1: Conventional or Impact printers2: Non- conventiona or non- impact printers

CONVENTIONAL NON-CONVENTIIONAL

This is also known as impact printers

Conventional printers produces text and images when tiny wire pins on print head strike the ink ribbon by physically contacting the paper.In all conventional printing pro-cess the image carrrier must be consist of two basic area:1: The image area (hold the ink)2: Thae non-image area (remains un-inked)

This is also knpwn as non-impact printer.

Non-conventional printer pro-duces text and graphics on paper without actually striking the paper.

IMPACT- CONVENTIONAL

1: RELIEF PROCESSRelief printing is the oldest form of printmaking. The most common form of relief printing is woodcut. An ink drawing is made on a wood block. The artist cuts away uninked areas, leaving inked areas raised. Printing ink is applied to the raised surface and a sheet of paper is laid on the block to take an impression by hand or a press.

paper

printed image

inked surface

raised figure

Nowadays it is known as letterpress-printing.

2: FLEXOGRAPHY PRINTINGFlexography (often abbreviated to flexo) is a form of printing pro-cess which utilizes a flexible relief plate. It is basically an updated version of letterpress that can be used for printing on almost any type of substrate including plas-tic, metallic films, cellophane, and paper. It is widely used for print-ing on the non-porous substrates required for various types of food packaging (it is also well suited for printing large areas of solid color)

impression cylinder

plate cylinder

doctor blade

ink-reservoir

Lithography originally used an image drawn (etched) into a coating of wax or an oily sub-stance applied to a plate of litho-graphic stone as the medium to transfer ink to a blank paper sheet, and so produce a printed page. It is used for packaging, com-mercial printing, magazine, labels etc.

3: LITHOGRAPHY PRINTING

impression cylinder

plate cylinder

blanket cylinder

impression cylinder

plate cylinder

blanket cylinder

ink

water

impression cylinder

untrimmed sheets

trimmed sheet

With gravure printing an im-age is etched on the surface of a metal plate, the etched area is filled with ink, then the plate is rotated on a cylinder that transfers the image to the paper or other material.

This process is widely used for packaging purpose, cat-alouge, magazines, printing on foil and plastic.

4:GRAVURE PRINTING (INTAGLIO PROCESS)

printing cylinder (impressino roller)

ink tray

blade to wipe extra inkgravure cylinder

paper

The plate is covered in ink

The ink is wiped off the surface of the plate, but remains in the grooves

Paper is placed on the plate and com-pressed, such as by a heavy roller

The paper is removed, and the ink has been transferred from the plate to the paper

5: SCREEN PRINTINGScreen printing is a printing tech-nique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink or other printable materials which can be pressed through the mesh as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen stencil, forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas.

squeeze

film positive used to expose and harden light sensitive emulsion

screen frame stretchedtightly with fabrics

emulsion attached to fabrics,exposed and develope to wash away the image print areaint ‘squeeze’ through makes prints.

LETTERPRESS OFFSET

* Edge of text will show ink squash due to high pressure.

*At the back of paper slight identation will be seen due to heavy pressure.

*ink intensity will be higher than offset printing due to direct transfer of ink.

example: reciept

Impression will be even in both text and halftone.

*Lines and text are sharp and clear outline.

*solid color are evenly inked.

*better text reproduction than the gravure.

IDENTIFICATION OF PRINTING PROCESS

IDENTIFICATION OF PRINTING PROCESS

GRAVURE SCREEN

*Edge of the text will not be sharp.

*show sawtooth effect at the edge.

*lesser quality than offset.

*reproduction of halftone is very precise because they are not pressed at the paper.

*due to heavy deposition of ink shows slight raised impression. ink intensity is high and even.

*text is relatively blurry

* low quality compared to offset paper.

NON-IMPACT- NON CONVENTIONAL

1: XEROGRAPHYXerography (or electrophotog-raphy) is a dry photocopying technique invented by Chester Carlson in 1938

2: COLOTYPE

collotype, also called Photocollography, photomechanical printing process that gives accurate reproduction because no halftone screen is employed to break the images into dots. In the process, a plate (alu-minum, glass, cellophane, etc.) is coated with a light-sensitive gelatin solution and exposed to light through a photographic negative. The gelatin is hardened in exposed areas and is then soaked in glycerin, which is absorbed most in the non-hardened areas. When exposed to high humidity, these areas absorb moisture and repel the greasy ink. The hardened areas accept the ink, and the plate can be used to print a few thousand copies of the positive image.

but it is not used on large scale.Artist are using it to dublicate their paintings.

3:THERMOGRAPHY

This process produses a glossy raised image by using infrared light. The image is first printed either by letterpress or litho using an adhe-sive ink which is coated with fusi-ble resin containing pigment or a metallic powder. when passes under infrared light the resin pigment is fused to give a hard raised image.

4: DIE-CUTTING

Die cutting is the process of us-ing a die to shear webs of low strength materials, such as rub-ber, fiber, foil, cloth, paper, cor-rugated fiberboard, paperboard, plastics, pressure sensitive adhe-sive tapes, foam and sheet metal.it is mainly use to give a specific shape or design that cannot be accomplish by a straight cut .

5: EMBOSSING DIE STAMPING

Embossing is a process that alters the surface of paper stock or other substrates by providing a three dimensional or raised effect on selected areas. The procedure requires the use of two dies: one that is raised and one that is recessed. The dies fit into each other so that when the paper is pressed between them, the raised die forces the stock into the recessed die and creates the embossed impression.

GENERAL USES:border or highlights surrounding images or information used to get attraction.seals (form of security)corporate papersgovernment papersofficial materialsdistinguish signslogolines

6:INKJET PRINTER

An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers are the most commonly used type of printer.

HAND COMPOSITIONthis type of composition is slow, time consuming and expensive. It is only ideal for one or few lines or display type.There are different-different letter, which needs to be composed manually and thus takes time.

THREE TYPE OF COMPOSITION:HAND COMPOSITIONMACHINE COMPOSITIONPHOTOCOMPOSITION

The Monotype system is a set of two machines, the Monotype keyboard and the Monotype caster, which are used to typeset printed matter.A Monotype operator enters text on a Monotype keyboard, on which characters are arranged in the QWERTY arrangement, keyboard indicates codes which are punched on the paper tape with special keys, The tape is then taken to the Monotype caster, which reads the tape and pro-duces a column of justified type from which the text entered on the keyboard can be printed.

MACHINE COMPOSITION

1: MONOTYPE

The linotype machine is a “line casting” machine used in print-ing. The name of the machine comes from the fact that it produces an entire line of metal type at once, hence a line-o’-type.The Linotype machine operator enters text on a 90-character keyboard. The machine assem-bles matrices, which are molds for the letter forms, in a line. The assembled line is then cast as a single piece, called a slug,

2: LINOTYPE

PHOTOTYPESETTINGPhototypesetting was a method of setting type, rendered obsolete with the popularity of the personal computer and desktop publishing software, that uses a photographic process to generate columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper.it provide fast, flexible and rela-tively inxpensive method.

An imagesetter is an ultra-high resolution large-format com-puter output device. It exposes rolls or sheets of either photo-graphic film or bromide paper to a laser light source. Once the film or paper is developed, a very high quality black and white image is revealed.it is colour blind, that is it does not show the colour. But it has all those colour.

IMAGESETTER

PRINTING PRESS

devided into three main phase:

1: PREPRESS2: PRESS3: POSTPRESS

PREPRESSPrepress is the term used in the printing and publishing indus-tries for the processes and proce-dures that occur before the final printing. The prepress procedure includes the manufacture of a printing plate, image carrier or form, ready for mounting on a printing press, as well as the adjustment of images and texts or the creation of a high-quality print file.

GRAPHIC ART REPRODUCTION is the process of producing a dublicate of the original.

TYPE OF ORIGINAL (ARTWORK):1: LINEART: Image containing only black and white pixels is known as lineart. It is also known as bi-level images.minimum resolution= 1200dpi

2: CONTINUOUS TONE: A grey scale or colour image formate capable of illustrating continuously varying tonal ranges as opposite to line art..It is also known as fulltone.

PHOTOGRAPH WHICH IS NOT SUITABLE FOR REPRODUCTION:

stained, dust and scratchedfaded colour printMatt printUnsharp-print

CARE FOR PHOTOGRAPHS:

do not write at the photographcover with tracing sheetavoid finger printsdo not fold or rolldo not attach with clipdo not touch with oily hand

1:soft picture- It means slightly out of focus or not re-ally “sharp”.

2:Normal-contrast picture

3:High-contrast picture

TYPE OF PICTURE

HALFTONE PHOTOGRAPHY

HALFTONE:Halftone is the reprographic technique that simulates contin-uous tone imagery through the use of dots, varying either in size, in shape or in spacing.

HALFTONE SCREEN:

A sheet of glass or film which breaks the different grey tones of the original into a series of differ-ent size of dots, which gives illu-sion of continuous tone.

SCREEN:printed paper either has color or not at all (meaning there is no such things as little colour). however screen tricks the human eyes into thinking that it differ-ent.

SCREEN RULING:number of lines per inch of screen is screen ruling. mare the number of lines per inch of screen, smaller the average dot produced.The use of finer screen produce more details in the picture.

MOIRE:moires are created when overlapping screen create the appearance of unwanted lines and patterns. to avoid moire patterns halftone dots are kept at different angle in multicolour printing.

in single colour photo screen is put at 45 degree angle because naked eyes can’t see dots at 45 degree angle.

0 degree Yellow

15 degree Cyan

75 degree Magenta

45 degree Black

STACCATO 36

staccato 36 is the most common FM screen used in newspaper today. dots are put randomly on the screen, so there is no issue of angle or moire pattern.

COLOUR

The visible light spectrum can be broken into three predominent bands of colour.REDGREENBLUEwhich is known as primary colour of light.

LIGHT BEHAVIORlight waves can be reflected, absorbed or tranmitted depends upon the objects they contact with.

ADITIVE COLOURAdditive color describes the situation where color is created by mixing the visible light emit-ted from differently colored light sources.Computer monitors and televi-sions are the most common form of additive light.Combining one of these addi-tive primary colors with another in equal amounts produces the additive secondary colors cyan, magenta, and yellow.

A high resolution 24 bit colour mpnitor can display 16.7 million colour while human eye can distiguish only 10 million colour.

SUBTRACTIVE COLOUR

A subtractive color model explains the mixing of paints, dyes, inks, and natural colorants to create a full range of colors, each caused by subtracting (that is, absorbing) some wavelengths of light and reflect-ing the others.

All printing inks contain some impurity, three colour CMY produce muddy brown and thats why black is used.

METHOD OF PRINTING COLOUR ON PAPER:

1: Spot colour printingit is readily available colour, it is already mixed colour, you dont need to mix colour on the paper.

2:four colour printingdone with CMYK only

OUT OF GAMUT

The phrase “out of gamut” refers to a range of colors that cannot be reproduced within the CMYK color space used for commercial printing.the COLOUR GAMUT refers to the range of colour that can be viewed, display or printed

CALIBRATION

Printer calibration is the process of making the printed image match the image shown on a computer display. Think of calibrating a printer as achieving what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSISYG) printing.It is commonly done with devices that change colour frequently, such as monitor or printer.

CMS: colour managing systemIt manage the colour from one device to other device. It does not cor-rect colour but manage.

SIX COLOUR PRINTING - CMYK+ ORANGE+ GREENThe digital Hexachrome printing process uses CMYK inks plus Orange and Green inks. With Hexachrome you have a wider color gamut and it may produce better, more vibrant images than 4C alone.

GREASTEST TO LEAST NUMBER OF COLOUR IT CAN PRODUCE/ IDENTIFY

1:human eye2:photographis film3: television or computer monitor4:Digital printing equipment5: Offset printing

RGB:The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light is added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue.The main purpose of the RGB color model is for the sensing, represen-tation, and display of images in electronic systems, such as televisions and computers.

CMYK

CMYK stands for Cyan Yellow Magenta and blacK. This model is used for printing. In other words these are the 4 colored inks used inside of color printers. CMYK is a subtractive model, in fact in theory, cyan, yellow and magenta should combine among themselves to absorb all colors and produce black. But because of the small impurities found in all inks, they actually combine to form a muddy brown. This is one of the reasons for the black ink. Another reason is this: colored inks are more expensive than black ink.

LAB stands for Luminance (or lightness) and A and B (which are chro-matic components). According to this model A ranges from green to red, and B ranges from blue to yellow. This model was designed to be device independent. In other words by means of this model you can handle colors regardless of specific devices (such as monitors, printers, or computers). The Luminance ranges from 0 to 100, the A component ranges from -120 to +120 (from green to red) and the B component ranges from -120 to +120 (from blue to yellow).

LAB

HSB

HSB stands for Hue, Saturation and Brightness. According to this model, any color is represented by 3 numbers. The first number is the hue, and its value ranges from 0 to 360 degrees. Each degree repre-sent a distinct color. First there is the red color (0 or 360 degrees) and then there are all other colors (for example yellow at 120 degrees, green at 180 degrees and blue at 240 degrees), up to the violet color. All the rainbow’s colors are represented here. The second number is the saturation. It represents the amount of color or, more exactly, its percentage. Its value ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents no color, while 100 represents the full color. Finally, the third number is the brightness. You can enhance the color brightness adding the white color, or you can reduce it adding the black color. In this case 0 represents the white color and 100 represents the black color. The more this value tends to 0, the brighter the color is. The more this value tends to 100 the darker the color is.

FAKE COLOUROne colour reproduction printed on a coloured sheet is known as fake colour.

SPOT COLOUR

Sometimes even CMYK colour doesn’t give enough control. When you print coloured text or simple graphics, using a single pre-mixed ink gives a less fuzzy look than a combination of four inks. Ink manu-facturers produce large catalogues of pre-mixed colours, including special effects such as metallics, glitter and gloss finish.

The act of decomposing a color graphic or photo into single-color layers. For example, to print full-color photos with an offset printing press, one must first separate the photo into the four basic ink colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). Each single-color layer is then printed separately, one on top of the other, to give the impres-sion of infinite colors.

red filter green filter blue filter split filter

cyan magenta yellow black

RGB image in the computer

COLOUR SEPERATION

COLOUR CORRECTION

SIX MAJOR CORCERN FOR COLOUR CORRECTION:

1: Quality of original image2: Quality of scanned image3: Proper contrast4: Avoid light area6: compensating for the printing process, including the paper being utilized.

DESKTOP PUBLISHIG

Desktop publishing (abbreviated DTP) is the creation of printed materials using page layout software on a personal computer. When used skilfully, desktop publishing can produce printed literature with attractive layouts and typographic quality comparable to traditional typography and printing. This technology allows individuals, busi-nesses, and other organizations to self-publish

PageMaker was one of the first desktop publishing programs, intro-duced in 1985 by Aldus Corporation,[1] initially for the then-new Ap-ple Macintosh and in 1987 for PCs running Windows 1.0

FPO- FOR POSITION ONLY

Every designer can’t buy a exellent quality of scanner, So they scan any image on low quality scanner, put that on layout as they want and during publication that photo replaced by good one.

IMAGE SCANNER

An image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner—is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image.

DRUM SCANNER:Drum scanners capture image information with photomultiplier tubes (PMT), Reflective and transmissive originals are mounted on an acrylic cylinder, the scanner drum, which rotates at high speed while it passes the object being scanned in front of precision optics that de-liver image information to the PMTs. Most modern color drum scan-ners use three matched PMTs, which read red, blue, and green light, respectively. Light from the original artwork is split into separate red, blue, and green beams in the optical bench of the scanner.

FLATBED SCANNER:A flatbed scanner is usually composed of a glass pane (or platen), under which there is a bright light (often xenon or cold cathode fluorescent) which illuminates the pane, and a moving optical array in CCD scanning. CCD-type scanners typically contain three rows (arrays) of sensors with red, green, and blue filters.

document to be scannedglass plate

movable light source

movable mirrorfixed mirror

CCD capture device

FILE FORMATE

A file format is a particular way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. Any list of file formats would contain both propri-etary and open source.Since a disk drive, or indeed any computer storage, can store only bits, the computer must have some way of converting information to 0s and 1s and vice-versa. There are different kinds of formats for different kinds of information.

MAIN TYPES:1: JPEG: joint photography expert groupit is used in a number of image file formats. JPEG/Exif is the most common image format used by digital cameras and other photo-graphic image capture devices; along with JPEG/JFIF, it is the most common format for storing and transmitting photographic images on the World Wide Web.[citation needed] These format variations are often not distinguished, and are simply called JPEG.this is known as lossy formate.

2: TIFF: Tagged image file formateit is a file format for storing images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and both amateur and professional photog-raphers in general. it is loseless image file.

3: EPS: encapsulated post script: EPS files are more or less self-con-tained, reasonably predictable PostScript documents that describe an image or drawing and can be placed within another PostScript docu-ment.

DOWN SAMPLING

The programmes offers three methods of reducing the image resolu-tion:1: Subsampling: low quality but fast2: Average downsamplling: better quality but slower3: Bicubic downsampling: Best quality, slowest method

IMPOSITION

“imposition” means the arrangement of pages on the press sheet so that when folded the pages read consecutively.Imposition is one of the fundamental steps in the prepress printing process. It consists in the arrangement of the printed product’s pages on the printer’s sheet, in order to obtain faster printing, simplified binding and less waste of paper.Correct imposition minimizes printing time by maximizing the num-ber of pages per impression, reducing cost of press time and materi-als. To achieve this, the printed sheet must be filled as fully as possi-ble.

IMPOSITION IS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT PARAMETERS:1: Format of the product: The size of the finished page determines how many pages can be printed on a single sheet:Number of pages of the printed product: The compositor must deter-mine how many sheets are to be printed to create a finished book.

2: Stitching/binding method: The compositor must understand how the sheets are placed to form the signatures that compose the fin-ished book.

3: Paper fiber direction: Many papers have a “grain,” reflecting the alignment of the paper fibers. These fibers must run lengthwise along the fold, which influences the alignment, hence the position, of the pages on the printed sheet.

4: Finishing and binding: what will be the final size and what will be the type of binding.

TYPE OF IMPOSITION

1: ONE SIDED IMPOSITION: this is the simplest form of imposition. One printing plate is used to print on one side of the sheet. it is com-mon in small, offset press operation.

2: SHEET-WISE IMPOSITION: A printing layout in which separate plates (and film flats) are used to print the front and back of a single press sheet. Completely different pages appear on each side of the sheet.

3: PAGE HALF SHEET WORK: one prining plate is used to print bothnside of the paper. After printing on one side paper, paper is turned and print with the same plate, and the paper is cut into half giving two signature from one plate.

1 2

4 3 2 1

3 4

4: GANGED IMPOSITION: when there is different size of job then in order to utilise the whole paper different jobs are arranged in a wey so that more number of job can fit in one side of whole paper.

Job A

Job B Job CJob B

5: SIGNATURE IMPOSITION:To form a booklet or something like that a large single sheet is folded and trimmed, where the number of pages should be the multiple of four

Example: One large sheet is printed with 8 pages on each side. The solid lines are for cutting. The dashed lines are where the paper is folded. Once cut and folded the pages form a 16 page booklet or signature.

6: WORK AND TURN IMPOSITION: The work-and-turn layout uses a single plate for each color to print both sides of the paper. After the first side of the press sheet is print-ed, the paper is flipped over side-to-side and fed through the press again. When flipping, the top and bottom are not inverted. The top of the first side is the top on the second side.

6 5 3 4 4 3 5 6

7 8 2 1 1 2 8 7

7: WORK AND TUMBLE IMPOSI-TION:

The work-and-tumble layout pro-duces the same image on both sides of a sheet with one image carrier or plate. However, with work-and-tumble, it is difficult to control the print register be-cause, unlike work-and-turn and sheetwise layouts, the side used as the gripper edge is changed when the sheet is turned. There-fore, work-and-tumble layouts are used only when work-and-turn or sheetwise impositions will not work with the dimensions of the paper being used.

GRANING:

TYPES:Ball grainingBrush grainingSandblast grainingChemical graining

PLATE MAKING PROCESS

1: CONVENTIONAL PLATE MAK-ING PROCESS:

metal used is aluminiumgrainingcounter etchingapplying lightsensitive coatingdryingexposingdevelopingetchinglacqueringinkingremoving stencilgumming

2: PRESENSITIZED PLATE MAK-ING PROCESS:

exposingdevelopinggumming

DIAZO: A chemical which is sensitive to UV light. It is used to coat paper or film for making prints.

3: COMPUTER TO PLATE PRO-CESS (CTP):

Image is sirectly generated on PS plate from the general file.

Trapping is a term most com-monly used in the prepress in-dustry to describe the compensa-tion for misregistration between printing units on a multicolor press. This misregistration causes unsightly gaps or white-space on the final printed work. Trap-ping involves creating overlaps (spreads) or underlaps (chokes) of objects during the print pro-duction process to eliminate misregistration on the press.

TRAPPING:

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INK

Ink ingredients fall into 3 main catagories:1: Pigment2: Vehicle3: Modifiers/ Additives, which contains: Dryers Waxes Antiskinning Agent Extenders Distillates

DRYER: Speed up the ink drying process

WAX: Reduce the possibility of ink transfer from one sheet to back of another sheet.It improve slip and scuff resist-ance of ink.

ANTISKINNING: prevent the ink from drying too rapidly and skin-ning over.

EXTENDERS: increase the cover-age of the pigment in the ink.

DISTILLATES: increase the flow of the ink.

HOW DOES INK GET DRY?

ABSORPTION: the best example is newspaper.

OXIDATION: comes in contact with air and top surface get harden.

PRECIPITATION HEAT: used in tin printing, after printing goes into dryer for drying.

CRYSTALLISATION: If time between each-other printing is more and if ink dries, it will not accept next color.

INK RELATED PRINTING PROBLEM

SETOFF: ink transfer from one to another sheet by too much of ink.

SLOW DRYING: It is a common problem. when dries slowly it may smudge and smear on the printed surface.

POOR BINDING AND RUB: when ink got actually dry but the pig-ment can be actually rubbed off the surface.

INK ADHESION: Result of setoff and slow drying ink, which usually the result of poorly adjusted press setting.

MOTTLING: It is the uneven appearance in the solid portion of a printed document which is caused by uneven absorption of ink, non-absorbent paper, wrong ink for the perticular paper used.

TYPES OF COATING:1:Overprint varnish2: Aqueous coating3: EB ink/ coating

OVERPRINT VARNISH: it is applied during the printing process or as an off-line paocess, it is much like a solvent based ink. overprint varnish is available in glossy, dull or satin finishes.

AQUEOUS COATING: Usually applied during the printing process, can be applied as an all over coat or in pattern or sppot coaating.

EB INK COATING: it is like UV coating, EB (electron beam) is an energy coating, but it is hardend with the use of concentrated beam of high energy electron.

UV COATING: it comes in a liquid or paste form and remain as a liquid or paste until exposed to UV light.

Some of the benifites of UV coating includes:greater opacitycolour stabilitydeeper and more vibrant colour and colour tonesharper graphicshigher glossuniform surface to give lables a more vibrant lookscuff resistanceinstantaneous curingallow for inline die-cuttingchemical resistancebetter outdoor enduranceenvironmental safe, no organic compounds are produce.

Aqueous coating

overprint varnish

UV coating

PAPERThe word “paper” is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek, the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, draw-ing or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and dry-ing them into flexible sheets.

PROCESS:raw mamaterial

chipping

pulping

bleaching

additives

removing water

paper

TYPE OF PAPER:1: NEWSPRINT PAPER: News-print is a low-cost, non-archival paper most commonly used to print newspapers, and other pub-lications and advertising material. It usually has an off-white cast and distinctive feel. It is designed for use in printing presses that employ a long web of paper (web offset, letterpress and flexograph-ic) rather than individual sheets of paper. Newsprint mainly con-sists of wood pulp.

2: WOVE PAPER: Wove paper is a writing paper with a uniform surface, not ribbed or water-marked. It is used in publishing, filtering, and chromatography.

3: BOND PAPER: Bond paper is a high quality durable writing paper similar to bank paper but having a weight greater than 50 g/m2. v . It is now used for let-terheads, other stationery and as paper for electronic printers. Widely employed for graphic work involving pencil, pen and felt-tip marker, bond paper can sometimes contain rag fibre pulp, which produces a stronger, though rougher, sheet of paper.

4: TRACING PAPER: Tracing paper is a type of translucent paper. It is made by immersing uncut and unloaded paper of good quality in sulphuric acid for a few seconds. Tracing paper is resistant to oil, grease and to a large extent impervious to water and gas.

5: MAPLITHO PAPER: the top surface of this type of paper is smoother. It is used for books and leaflet.

6: OFFSET PAPER: It is rough on both side. It has more rag con-tent and good for holding.

7: DUPLEX PAPER: duplex paper is two sheets of paper or cardcover that are laminated together. It is used for making cartons and other .

8: CARTRIDGE PAPER: Car-tridge paper is a high quality type of heavy paper used for illustra-tion and drawing.

9: CHROMO PAPER: China clay (kaolin) is coated on one side. The coating on one side could be glossy or matt as per requirement of the customer.It is Mainly used for self adhesive stickers, calendars , posters, labels and for applications where only one side has to be printed.

10: ART PAPER: Normally, china clay (kaolin) is coated on both sides of the paper. This fin-ish of both the sides is same, be it glossy or matt.It has less absorbsion of ink and give good ink depth.

It is used for Brochures, calendars, magazine covers, magazine text, where high quality printing is required.

11: CARDS: It is thicker and more durable than normal writ-ing or printing paper, but thin-ner and more flexible than other forms of paperboard. Card stock is often used for business cards, postcards, playing cards, catalog covers, scrapbooking, and other uses which require higher du-rability than regular paper. The texture is usually smooth, but can be textured, metallic, or glossy.

12: MIRROR COAT: It is coated with china clay with mirror finish-ing.

13: RECYCLED PAPER: It is made from waste paper, usually mixed with fresh wood pulp. If paper contains ink, it must be deinked.

IF EVERYONE RECYCLED THEIR PAPER EVEEYDAY, IT WOULD SAVE 41000 TREES.

14: COATED PAPER: Coated paper is paper which has been coated by a compound to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface gloss, smoothness or reduced ink absorbency. Kaolinite or calcium carbonate are used to coat paper for high quality printing used in packaging industry and in maga-zines.The coating formulation may also contain chemical additives as dis-persants, resins, PE: to give water resistance and wet strength to the paper, or to protect against ultraviolet radiation.

PAPERS ARE OF TWO STANDARD:1: British standard2: International standard

In India still the british standard papers are used.some of the popularly known papers are:Foolscap: 13.5” X 17’’Demy: 17.5” X 22.5”Medium: 18”X 23”Royal: 20”X25Crown: 15”X 20”Imperial: 22”X 30”

When smaller side of paper is multiplied by 2, you get double size of the paper.i.e.crown = 15”X20”double crown = 20”X30”quard crown = 40”X 30”

FOLIO- when paper is devide into half on longer side called folio.

half of folio is 4to half of 4to is 8to 8to half is 16mo

The A, B, and C series are trimmed paper size:A SIZE: most commonA0 is an area of one square metre.A0= 841mmX1189mmA1=A0/2= 594mmX841mmA2= A1/2= 420mmX594mmA3=A2/2= 297mmX420mmA4=A3/2=210mmX297mmA5=A4/2=148mmX210mmA6=A5/2= 105mmX148mmA7=A6/2= 74mmX105mm

B SIZE: Cover an intermediate need for special application suchas oversize document and posters.

B0= 1000mmX1414mmB1= 707mmX1000mmB2= 500mmX707mmB3= 353mmX500mmB4= 250mmX353mmB5= 176mmX250mmB6= 125mmX176mm

C SIZE: mainly used for envolopes, A4 sheet will fit into C4 envolopes, A6 sheet will fit into C6 envolopes and so on.

C0= 917mmX1297mmC1= 648mmX917mmC2= 458mmX648mmC3= 324mmx458mmC4= 229mmX324mmC5= 162mmX229mmC6= 114mmX162mm

PAPER CHARACTERISTIC FOR PRINTING:Flatness

dimensional stability

proper relative humidity (5-6%)

minimum curling tendency

pick resistance(the coating should not peales off during printing)

Freedom from active chemical

Free from lint and dust

Optical property: brightness, opacity, smoothness, refractiveness

POSTPRESSfolding collatinggatheringbindingpackaging

COLLATING: Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order.

BINDING: Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It usually involves attaching a book cover to the resulting text-block.

some types of book binding:Pad bindingcutboard bindingflexible bindinghard bindingspiral bindingcomb binding

SPIRAL BINDING:basically it is made by punching holes along the entire length of the spine of the page and wind-ing a wire helix (like a spring) through the holes to provide a fully flexible hinge at the spine. Spiral coil binding uses a num-ber of different hole patterns for binding documents. The most common hole pattern used with this style is 4:1 pitch (4 holes per inch).

COMB BINDING:A curled plastic “comb” is fed through the slits to hold the sheets together. Comb binding allows a book to be disassembled and reassembled by hand with-out damage.

WIRE-O-BINDING:Wire bound books are made of individual sheets, each punched with a line of round or square holes on the binding edge. The binding involves the use of a “C” shaped wire spine that is squeezed into a round shape using a wire closing device. Double wire binding allows books to have smooth crossover and is affordable in many colors. This binding is great for annual reports, owners manuals and software manuals.

PAD BINDING:It is a form of binding where glue is applied to the top (or side) of a pad of paper, effectively adhering them together. Because there is no cover holding the pad togeth-er, individual pages can be torn out easily and cleanly.

PERFECT BINDING:The sections are rough-cut in the back to make them absorb the hot glue. The other three sides are then face trimmed.

FIELD VISIT

ART-O-PRINT

FOUNDER: MR. BIREN AMIN Art-O-Print is a partnership firm established in April 1996, spe-cialise in printing and packaging materials.It manufacture large and small volumes of various products - cartons (including Braille car-tons), labels, product literature, brochures, folders, stationery, calendars and corrugated boxes of 3 ply to 9 ply, etc.They have all prepress, press and postpress workflow in same place.are one of the leading manu-facturers, exporters dealing in Pharmaceutical Packaging Mate-rials, Batch Counters and Pop-Up Cards such as Printing & Packag-ing, Cartons, Leaflets, Pharma Literatures, Visual Aids, Greeting Cards, Table Calenders, Foam Sheet Banners, Pharmaceutical Cartons, FMCG Cartons, Metalize Board Carton, Folding Literatures, Wet Glue Labels, Shopping Bags, Batch Counter Machines, Phar-maceutical Packaging Materials and Pharmaceutical Printing Materials.

Visiting this place was a new, different and great experience for me. We visited two places, in which one was totally about corrugated cardboard. We saw and learn how to make 3ply, 5 ply etc cardboard and finally how it got the shape of a carton.

Other place was from printing to packaging. Where we saw how dif-ferent types of job get printed and finally get ready for the packaging.