Principles Practices Dairy Mgt

7/30/2019 Principles Practices Dairy Mgt

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S.K. MondalZonal Project Directorate, Zone-II

Indian Council of Agricultural ResearchSalt Lake, Kolkata


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Indian dairy sector - a full-fledged industry

Basic component of this sector is milk

Availability of milk and requirement

Provision of optimum rearing and living conditions

Prolonged and extensive crossbreeding program

Capability to produce more - more quality feeds and

fodder, more comfortable houses, special health care and

management

Basic knowledge on farm management principles andtheir implementation status at farm level

Capitalization on the newly gained knowledge

Compounding problems of climate change


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Application of various farm management principles

involving breeding, feeding, housing, health care and

production economics

Best possible exploitation of genetic potential of the dairy

cows by providing most suitable production environment,

both internal and external

Level and persistency of milk yield - genetic constitution

and environment provided

Quality milk and suitable marketing avenues - maximumprofitability

Decisions - input situation, availability of probable

alternatives and output situation


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Choosing the best input among all the availablealternatives

Directing all the inputs towards achieving farmgoal(s)Harvesting quality output in optimum quantityCoordinating all the small but important issues

relating to health and productionRegulating timing of production based on market


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Birth - juncture of reproduction and production

Special managerial capability needed

Cow s chance to perform - mothering and milk

Newborns chance to test its own survivability Immediate initiation of pulmonary respiration, least (as far

as possible) chance of getting infection, externally aided

thermoregulation, expression of instinctive behaviours

Expressing the teat-seeking only and almost all portals ofinfection are open

Variation in maternal instinct

Newly born calves - no thermoregulation


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Easing the difficulty in birth

Cleaning respiratory passage

Initiating respiration

Giving naval chord a treat

Feeding colostrum

Letting live in comfortable microclimate

Aseptic handling for the newbornUsing clean and sterilized utensils, equipments

and contacting surfaces


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Mucus removal from mouth and nostrils; A. Respiration Removal of calfweaning at birth

Disinfecting naval chord - ligating and cutting

Birth wt. before feeding of colostrum

Feeding colostrumas soon as possible (preferably within 5-6

h)

Calf identification - by tattooing; hot branding - 1 y

Calf housing - individual calf pens upto 3 months of age

Group housing - licking and intersucking

Close inspection - illness or distress Separate sick calf from the healthy

Regular deworming, vaccination, spraying

Disbudding - within 2 weeks

Removal of supernumerary teat


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Age of the

calf

Colostrum Whole Milk Calf

starter

Hay

Legume

0-4 days 1/10th

of thebirth wt

5-56 days 1/10th of the body

wt

ad lib. ad lib.


wt

ad lib. ad lib.


wt

ad lib. ad lib.


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Growth - relatively irreversible time change in magnitude of

the measured dimension or function (Brody, 1945).

Permanent increase in protoplasmic mass

Advancement of age growth both in body dimension and

body tissue mass

ADG and FCR

Growth follows a sigmoid curve

Factors like species, nutrition, climate, management and

disease Hormones associated with growth are GH, thyroxin,

corticoids, insulin, glucagon, gonadal hormones and leptin etc.


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Feeding of growing calves - protein-rich feeds in

sufficient quantity with comparatively less energy,

vitamins and minerals

ad libitumwater for drinking as almost 80% of tissuegrowth is water

Well proportionate growth in skeletal and other

tissues avoiding over-fattening

Specific age-to-weight ratioRegular observations on body weight, body size, body

dimensions, growth rate, market age/ weight, body

composition, body condition score and slaughter traits

etc.


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(Source: Thomas and Sastry, 2005)


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Proper feeding of good quality feeds and fodder Providing sufficient housing space for comfort (age,

body size)

Intensive heat detection at age of sexual maturity (15-

18 m)

Breeding after attaining optimum age and body

weight

Udder massaging from 7-8 months of pregnancyonwards

Advanced pregnancy Special feeding for their own

growth and the growth for their foetus


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Resorting to either natural service or artificialinsemination for the in-heat

When around 50-60% of their mature body wt Avoiding breeding too early or too late Factors plane of nutrition, feeding system, breed and

care during prime growth period Non-slippery floors Group housingdehorning, perfect grouping as per size

and body condition Careful handling Least disturbance during feeding and resting Shifting to calving quarters in advance


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A healthy new-born and a healthy mother Choice of sire and dam to reduce chances of pregnancy/

parturition related problems Detection of heat and service at proper time Feeding greens, concentrate as per standards to the

nulli- and multi-parous Getting clean, fresh potable drinking water Provision of comfortable housing without much shifting Steamingup during last trimester Proper disinfection of pens before placing Shifting to individual pen only 1 - 2 week (s) prior to

termination of pregnancy Proper care (with kindness) of the advanced pregnants Special care during pre- and peri-partum


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Lactation - production of milk for calfs survival Physiological steps - biosynthesis of milk and its

subsequent let down Associated parts of udder - alveoli (myo-epithelium),

ductules and ducts, gland cistern, teat cistern, streakcanal and teat opening

Hormones - prolactin, oxytocin and vasopressin Lactationcurve as per yield and persistency

Negative energy balance in mother Proper feeding during milking Cow-calf bondingnature and extent Frequency of milking and clean milk production


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Cleaning of new-born and mother

Suckling or milking

Feeding mild laxative diet, rich in all nutrients to

mother and colostrum to calf

Avoid disturbances to youngsRegularity in milking, feeding, washing etc.

Measures to check mastitis, milk fever etc.

Cleaner environment, cleaner milk

Hygienic milking parlour, quality milkReducing chances of calfhood diseases through

HACCP analysis

Attending each calving during the most stressed

situation


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High-yielding cows - weaning and drying off Weaning - separation of calves from their mothers

Preventing young ones from suckling mothers

Three typesAt birth; Early; and Late

Special care - for the weaned calves as well as mothers

Dryingoff - stopping lactation with no damage to udder and

avoiding udder infection (Lamond and Campbell, 1970)

Dry period - when lactation ceases or is made to cease

Abrupt cessation, Intermittent milking and Incomplete milking

Associated management priorities - reducing ration, teat

wiping and teat sealing


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Some common terminologies: Lactation length, total milkyield or lactation yield, wet average, herd average andpersistency of lactation etc.

Ratio of milch and dry cows: 80:20 (+/- 5) Every cow should calve in every 12-13 months interval About 7 to 8 percent of cows should calve in every month Peak yield - within 40-60 days after calving Recently calved cows - separate in one paddock up to 15

days from calving date Daily thrice milking is practised for high yielders (15 lit or

more) to get 10-15% of more milk


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Washing the animals and shed before milkingTying the cows in milking byreOffering concentrate mixture just before milkingTying the leg-knot (if needed), washing the udder

and teats with antiseptic solution and then dryingup the udder with soaked towel

Complete milking within 5-8 minutesAfter milking, opening the leg-knot and recording

milk yield after weighingBefore starting to milk next cow, dipping your

hand in antiseptic solution


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Feed costs - about 60-70% of total cost Fulfilling the requirement for maintenance, actual milk

production, growth and pregnancy

At the beginning of lactation - high energy feeds

Feed intake feeding frequency, length of feeding andrate of eating, size and milk yield, composition and

physical form of the diet and the time access to the

food, climatic condition

Level of concentrate - adjusted to the quality andquantity of the forage

Supplying sufficient nutrients - all the requirements of

the animals in respective stages of growth, reproduction

and production


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Out of total DM required, 2/3rd through roughages(green fodders, silage, hay, straw etc.)

1/3rd through concentrate mixture (15% DCP and70% TDN)

At least 1/3rd

of total roughage from green fodderand rest by dry fodderFrequent but light feeding in advanced pregnant

and early lactationLaxative feed in advanced pregnancyGroup feedingtotal feed in 2-3 turnsLeast cost feed formulationBalancing of ration through standard procedure


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Basic housing principles - provision ofcomfortable micro-climate

Optimizing the productionFloor spacesize, non-slippery & proper slope

Feeder, waterer etc. - specific sizes and shapesPlanning for systems of waste disposal - layoutSuitable shed cleaning procedures - layout and

planning levelConstruction designs and materials - based on the

weather conditions and animals behaviouralexpression in comfort


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Preventive care and routine treatment Regular vaccination, spraying and deworming as per

schedule Immediate segregation from general herd Prompt recovery from illness Overall herd mortalitynot more than 2.5-3% Special care during monsoon and winter to reduce calf

mortality For ectoparasites, dipping/ spraying of the adults and

dusting in case of calves Regular cleaning and washing of the various paddocks/

sheds Disposal of farm wastes for hygienic maintenance Cleanliness improves productivity


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Judicious use of disinfectants

Preventive disinfection - shed, animals, equipments

and environment

Disinfecting conveyances ofanimals transport

Providing disinfectant solution at the entrance of farm

(foot bath/ dip)

Washing of newly purchased animals with

disinfecting solution

Dusting and cleaning of roof and structural elements Farm implements and equipments - by soaking in a

bath of disinfectant or by power sprayed machine


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Heifers - breeding at about 200kg or at least 15-18months of age; Bulls: contemporary, vigour

Heat symptoms by 45-60 days after calving Careful and systematic heat detection (early morning

hours) by bull parading Maximum conception rate - A.I. between 8-18 hours of

estrus period with quality semen Cows with prolonged heat - two A.I. between 8-10

hours interval Repeat breeders, if found uneconomic - culling Pregnancy diagnosis - within 45 days of last A.I. For monitoringreproductive records (bull & cow)


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Stress - condition when animal feels discomfort

- response of animals to stressors

Seasonal stress - animals discomfort due to change in

measured meteorological variables Summer stress - reduction in feed intake, depressed feed

efficiency, decline in quality and quantity of milk,

decreased growth rate and aberrant behavioural

responses Duration and intensity of stress

Reducing direct and indirect effects

Coping up mechanism of the animal body


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Assisting in homoeostasis (reducing the weatherinclemencies and providing comfortable micro-climate)

Protecting against thermal extremes Improving nutritional status Maintaining quantity & quality of production Considering the animals own adaptive principles Designing management as per the seasonal pattern of

animals behaviour Breeding of animals selected for thriftiness

Preparing season-wise chart for various managementoperations Keeping records on stress indicators Executing breed specific management options


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Management, as such, is an art and science of judiciousputting all the available resources together to obtaindesired quality and quantity of produces

It is rather process of taking correct decisions in asituation that is continually changing, be itenvironmental, input situation or production-to-consumption channel.

Putting management principles in action

Implementing the management decisions taken

Output situation market seasonality and peak ofquality production


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(Adapted from: Hahn, 1976; WMO, 1988)


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A. Replacement

(a) Calf mortality1. At birth = Calves dead at birth =


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(b) Culling

1. Culling rate = Total culled =


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D. Herd Structure(In a self replacement herd with 15-20%annual replacement and 5% overall mortality)

1. Milch and dry cows ratio = 75: 25

2. Percent of cows in a herd = Total cows = 55% of total animals

3. Percent of breeding

heifers = Heifers above 18 months age = 20% of total animals(18 months age upto AFC)

4. Percent of young = Young females (6-18 months) = 15% of total animals

female (6-18 months)

5. Percent of female = Females calves (0-6 months) = 10% of total animals

calves (0-6 months)6. Av. stage of lactation = Total days in milk by all cows/ =


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Dairy farm management is an important aspect forquality production in optimum quantity.

Every stage of life is crucial for better mgt.All the farm mgt. practices should be chosen

based on typical underlying principles that areprincipally guided by physiology and behaviour.

Adapted genotypes perform better in comfortablehouses and under healthy and hygienic farmenvironment.

Management decisions must be taken keeping allthe input-output scenario in view.

Integration of correct principles with the farmactivities is best reflected by performance

indicators.


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Principles Practices Dairy Mgt

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