1 CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Principles of Human Anatomy Eleventh Edition Gerard J. Tortora & Mark T. Nielsen What is Anatomy What is Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure & the relationships between the structures. Each structure is designed in such a way to carry out a particular function. Several subdivisions within anatomy: Surface Gross Systemic Regional Histology Cytology Levels of Structural Organization Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal Systems of the Body Systems of the Body Integumentary (skin) Skeletal (bones) Muscular (skeletal muscles) Cardiovascular (heart, blood, vessels) Lymphatic (lymph, spleen, thymus, nodes, tonsils) Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves, special senses) Endocrine (hormone-producing glands) Respiratory (lungs and air passageways) Digestive (GI tract, accessory organs) Urinary/Renal (Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra) Reproductive (gonads, ducts & accessory glands) Anatomical Position Anatomical Position The reference point from which anatomical structures are described. Allows directional terms to be clearly defined to describe relationships between structures. Body upright Palms facing forward If the body is lying face down – prone If the body is lying face up - supine 01_02 01_02
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1
CHAPTER 1An Introduction to the Human Body
Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Principles ofHuman Anatomy
Eleventh EditionGerard J. Tortora
&
Mark T. Nielsen
What is AnatomyWhat is Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure & the
relationships between the structures. Each structure is designed in such a way to
carry out a particular function. Several subdivisions within anatomy:
Surface Gross Systemic Regional Histology Cytology
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal
Systems of the BodySystems of the Body
Integumentary (skin) Skeletal (bones) Muscular (skeletal muscles) Cardiovascular (heart, blood, vessels) Lymphatic (lymph, spleen, thymus, nodes, tonsils) Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves, special senses) Endocrine (hormone-producing glands) Respiratory (lungs and air passageways) Digestive (GI tract, accessory organs) Urinary/Renal (Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder & urethra) Reproductive (gonads, ducts & accessory glands)
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position The reference point from which anatomical
structures are described. Allows directional terms to be clearly
defined to describe relationships between structures. Body upright Palms facing forward
If the body is lying face down – prone If the body is lying face up - supine
01_0201_02
2
Directional TermsDirectional Terms Superior vs. Inferior Ventral vs. Dorsal Anterior vs. Posterior Medial vs. Lateral
Note: Medial does not = middle Intermediate – between 2 structures Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral Proximal vs. Distal Superficial vs. Deep External vs. Internal Parietal vs. Visceral
01_0501_05
Planes & SectionsPlanes & Sections Planes are imginary
surfaces that pass through the body.
Sections are cuts of the body or structure made by a plane. Sagittal divides right from
left Frontal/coronal divides
front from back Transverse/horizontal
divides top from bottom
01_0401_04
Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity Spinal/vertebral canal
Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavityMediastinum
Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
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Thoracic CavityThoracic CavityThoracic CavityThoracic Cavity
For the next lecture period:For the next lecture period:
Visit my webpage and download the powerpoint handout for chapter 2 and bring it to class. http://napavalley.edu/apps/comm.asp?Q=P134
Read the sections in the text which discuss the topics on the outline for chapter 2.
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