Principles of Sequencing, Layering and Integrating
Principles of
Sequencing,
Layering and
Integrating
A short history of
the phrase
• A means of articulating how we were proposing to
combine HA/DA in new ways to address the underlying
causes of recurrent crisis in targeted geographic areas
– Making people and places historically treated as a perpetual
humanitarian risk a development priority
• Notion of a Relief to Development continuum outdated
– Opportunity to leverage large DCHA (FFP/OFDA) footprint
• Asset creation, capacity building under recovery and rehabilitation
– Recognized need for development to ‘build on and out’ from this
– Recurrent-ness also meant no ‘handshake’ or one-way transition
• Recognized need for humanitarian assistance in the future
• Sequencing, Layering, and Integrating over-simplified ,
but ‘catchy’ categories to describe this
HA/DA interdependence
– HA as a platform upon which
DA/resilience investments can build
• both in response and recovery
– HA as a means of protecting
DA/resilience gains
• early and appropriate in response to EW
– DA/resilience investments as a means
of reducing recurrent HA needs
• including both programs and policy actions
Sequencing, Layering and Integrating down to
community and HH levels
The Many Flavors of
HA and DA
• JPC principle: Let joint analysis define which types of $
are needed, instead of $ defining analysis
– A departure from the norm in an era of earmarks
– Leverage existing HA/DA with strategic new investments
• Joint analysis of underlying causes of recurrent crisis
(informed by systems thinking) revealed
– Multiple deficits that transcend sectors = causally intertwined
– A need to not only ‘do development’ to build resilience, but to
create the conditions under which development can occur
• Result: the SLI of resources = the SLI of new and
existing HA/DA partners to achieve a shared aim in a
defined, target geography
Sequencing, Layering and Integrating in Kenya’s Arid Lands
OFDA ARC
(HA)
OFDA & USAID K co-funded water program
WFP/FFP FFA
(HA)
REGAL-AG Livestock
(DA)
REGAL-IR
(DA)
integration
sequencing layering
OFDA (HA)
REGIS-IR
(HA/DA)
Layering, Sequencing and Integrating in the Sahel
DCHA/FFP DFAP
OFDA
AFR
BFS
GH
E3
REGIS-AG
(BFS)
WA (DA)
FFP (HA)
Why not just one comprehensive program?
– Complexity; Resilience/recurrent crises are
adaptive, not technical problems*
– Intensity of effort required to achieve ambitious aims
– Opportunity to leverage existing investments and
complement with strategic new investments • To make use of the breadth of USAID resources
– Large-scale social change requires broad cross-
sector coordination (and multiple organizational types)
Technical vs. Adaptive Problems
• Some social problems are technical in that the
problem is well defined, the answer is known in
advance, and one or a few organizations have the
ability to implement the solution
• Adaptive problems, by contrast, are complex, the
answer is not known, and even if it were, no single
entity has the resources or authority to bring about
the necessary change.
– Requires a systemic approach to social change and impact
that focuses on the relationships between organizations and
the progress toward shared objectives
Programmatic Implications
• Multiple HA/DA partners working with the same
households/communities to build out a resilient ‘mosaic’
– How do we translate our collective interest into collective
action …. for collective impact?
– How do we change incentives in support of this?
• USAID and other donors have created and re-enforced an
isolated impact model
• Government, Donor, partner dialog needed
– What else is required to make it work?
USAID and Governments of Niger/Burkina Faso
No formula or ready solutions … but some ideas (Stanford Social Impact Review: Kania and Kramer, 2011)
Final thoughts on SLI and collaboration…
• Collaboration takes time, and none of the
participating organizations has any to spare.
• The expectation that it can occur without a supporting
infrastructure (and incentives) is one of the most
frequent reasons why it fails [SSIR].
Annexes
Joint Planning &
Programming in the Sahel
15
JPC Results Framework: Objective 1 New and existing investments for Burkina Faso and Niger