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Principles of Location Development … (Sherly Wunas, Veronica
Natalia, Mimi Arifin) 60
PRINCIPLES OF LOCATION DEVELOPMENT FOR HOUSING AND SEAWEED
PROCESSING INDUSTRIAL*
1Sherly Wunas, 2Veronica Natalia, 3Mimi Arifin 1,2 Faculty of
Civil Engineering, 3Faculty of Architecture Engineering University
of Hasanuddin
Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10 Makassar 90245 E-mail :
[email protected]
Abstract Currently, the development of seaweed grows rapidly in
Indonesia, such as in South Sulawesi. The activity is an economic
potency for the low-income community. However, two issues arise :
1) the growth of unlivable informal houses along the coast (Baubau
& Bantaeng), or along the river (Wajo), 2) the drying
container, constructed as needed (along the road, beach/river)
without considering the safety and direct access between the houses
and the location of cultivation, especially in the transport
process after seed binding and post harvest for drying. In the case
of Bantaeng District, seaweed cultivation occurs on the side of the
arterial road along the coast. Para para/drying container is
constructed along the coast (32 km), and about 14 km of it is part
of Bantaeng city center. This condition is vulnerable to traffic
accidents, waves and sea breeze. Thus, production centers grow
according to the working group of fishermen along the coast. The
risk of traffic accidents is a result of carrying the seeds and
products while crossing the arterial road. Therefore, this
discussion is necessary to analyze the needs of the location/space
for livable houses, seed binding, and seaweed drying development
with proper access based on community approach (Case : Bantaeng
watershed region). Data collection was done through surveys, direct
observation and interviews with the farmers and fishermen using
random sampling. Besides, the research method used Focus Group
Discussion. The method of analysis is descriptive-quantitative and
comparative to the standards and related policies. The result shows
that the principle of location development for housing seaweed
processing industry must : 1) separate the housing zone and seaweed
drying zone with north-south orientation to avoid the wind; 2) both
zones should be developed in the watershed that has a direct access
between the local road network and water transport (boat dock).
Keyword : Housing, watershed area, seaweed processing,
community, low income community
INTRODUCTION Currently, seaweed processing activity grows
rapidly in Indonesia. The same condition also occurred in the
region of South Sulawesi. The activity is an economic potency for
low-income community (MBR). In the last five years in Bantaeng
regency, most of fishermen focused in seaweed processing activity
than fishing. This condition is a good turn for more income for the
fishermen. Especially for fisherman who have double job in seaweed
processing and fishing.
However, in relation to those economic activity there are two
issues which arise in the City of Bantaeng : 1) informal housing,
unlivable grow strong on the artery road side along the coast and
in the coastal border, 2) para para / drying container built along
the coast (32 km), and ±14 km of it is part of Bantaeng city
center.
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61 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Informal housing constructions are built without considering the
user's security toward the strong sea breeze and the safety of the
fisherman (seed bonding/Seaweed product). There is a risk when
fisherman carried the product and crossed the arterial road from
the house to the beach, or vice versa. The product is carried by
two people who need to cross the road. That is why it high risks to
traffic accidents.
Seaweed processing activities such as binding seed, harvest and
drying seaweed can be found on strategic vacant land along the
coast. Currently, there are huts/houses, para para/drying
containers constructed along coastal border that should be used for
public activity. This condition is contrary with spatial planning
policy.
Figure 1. Road Side Condition That Used for Seaweed Processing
Activity Along the Coast (± 32 km), High Risk of Accident
Another problem for farmers/fishermen in seaweed processing who
develop housing and drying area is creating land use conflicts
(residential and drying container). The housing became dense, slum,
puddles around the seaweed drying container, resulting unlivable
environment (Figure 2, and Figure 3).
Figure 2. Housing and Settlement Conditions of Seaweed Fishermen
Growing Along The River (Case Study Bantaeng)
The condition of the infrastructure for processing/drying
seaweed, and the quality of the environment is one of the factors
that affects the sale value/quality from seaweed (http :
//www.trobos.com/ Access December 20th, 2013). This value highly
related to post harvest treatment, such as dryness and water
substance. The high value, associated with post-harvest handling,
depending on the drying process and water content contained in
seaweed.
http://www.trobos.com/http://www.trobos.com/
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Principles of Location Development … (Sherly Wunas, Veronica
Natalia, Mimi Arifin) 62
Figure 3. Housing Conditions and Seaweed Fishermen Settlements
on The Waterfront (Case : Baubau)
Base on previous description the interesting point to be
discussed is to analyze the needs of the location/space to develop
livable housing for seaweed fisherman, which is equipped with the
infrastructure to support its activities.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND EXPERIENCE Coastal Region
Characteristic
Subandono (2007) describes that the coastal region consist of
complex system, requiring integrated management. There are 3
components that must be planned in a balanced way : existing
ecosystems, coastal pace used and prevention/mitigation.
Figure 4. Component in Sustainable of Coastal Region Management
(Diposaptono, 2007)
Based on Wunas (2013), the use of public space coast has led to
conflicts between residential land and fishery activities (drying
and selling fish, boat building and boat moorings). Housing form
generally follows the local wisdom. Maintain the shape, structure
and construction material of local traditional house in coastal
areas. Infrastructure and facilities needed to attract residents to
live/work in coastal areas/watershed.
Coastal community group has a very strong togetherness in
fishing and farming. Participation form that can be applied in the
implementation of development is based on the respective strengths
that exist in the society.
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63 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
APPROACH IN LOCATION THEORY/CONCEPT Regional developments should
consider space, distance, and time, in order to determine a
location may consider aspects of workers and economic
efficiency.
According to Weber in Rustiadi et al (2011), the location
selection by smallest cost, in which businesses and consumers are
concentrated in certain centers. Each of these groups can enter the
various markets to compete. Some labor stay in business location.
The approaches in regional marketing are : 1) There is no distance
difference in raw material distribution, labour and capital in the
plains
region of homogeneous 2) Population density is equal 3) Public
taste is constant. Population preferences are the same. Does not
depend on corporate
locations.
M = Market R1R2= Raw Materials P1= Lowest cost Location
Figure 5. Industrial Location Determine Illustrations Base on
Market Analysis of Weber Model
Weber models for basic analysis of market areas : Model 1 : The
cost of production and transport is similar Model 2 : Production
costs is different, while the transport costs is similar Model 3 :
The cost of producing is similar, while the transport costs is
different
Some point need to think about in the approach of industrial
agglomeration (Weber in Rustiadi et all, 2011) : 1) The transport
cost in location determine 2) Two primary location strengths,
namely : the orientation of manpower and export 3) The market area
4) The advantages of localization economy, ie external benefits for
company but internal for
the industry
Determination of the optimum location based on the cost of
distribution (delivery costs) which is the cost of production plus
transportation costs, is described using the market area.
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Principles of Location Development … (Sherly Wunas, Veronica
Natalia, Mimi Arifin) 64
Figure 6. Research Framework
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE ROLE OF FORMAL AND NON FORMAL
INSTITUTIONS The lower strata of society will not easily
participate in the implementation of the procurement organization,
because they are afraid of government officials and their distrust
to outsiders (Oscar Lewis, in Panudju1999). In terms of funding,
according Turner (1976) special housing
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65 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
procurement system is needed in the form of loans to buy land,
to build a home also subsidies other outside assistance so that
coastal communities can build their house. Limited education and
knowledge also led to community participation in implementing the
development plan that does not meet the standards. External parties
are needed in the drafting of the house and the building
permit.
Some basic procedure that should be followed in community
participation implementation are (in URDI Parwoto1997) : 1) All
parties have an equal opportunity to express their opinions. Decide
things that are
directly related to his fate and responsible for all the
decisions that have been agreed. 2) Each attending party must be
received by the other party for what it is and inequality. 3) All
parties must be willing and able to communicate themselves to allow
coordination and
synergy. Each party is willing to merge into a single entity or
collaboration. 4) Each party is required to be welcome/open minded.
5) All parties must be prepared to give their opinions and accep to
ther people's
opinions/criticism.
RESEARCH APPROACH This research is non-experimental and
descriptive exploratory. The location of the research is conducted
in the coastal and watershed of Bantaeng, including Byangloe,
Pajukukang, Lamalaka.
Figure 7. Map of Research Location in Panaikang, Tangtanga and
Calendu Watershed
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Principles of Location Development … (Sherly Wunas, Veronica
Natalia, Mimi Arifin) 66
Basic considerations in the determination of the research
location in Bantaeng are1) Fishermen activities grow strong in
coastal areas. High risk to traffic accident and wind and wave
disaster; 2) Three districts out of eight has 70-80% of population
whose work is a seaweed fisherman, 3) para-para/drying container
and boat moorings in the coastal areas place in public space, 4)
Seaweed processing activity has been secured by the efforts of
economic production (UEP) and business groups (KUBE).
Data were obtained through multiple data collection techniques,
such as : a. Direct observation to the object of study include 1)
space availability in the water front area,
2) land suitability to slope for the construction, 3) condition
of infrastructure in traditional sailing, road network, water
piping systems, electricity and telecommunications.
b. Interview. Conduct a discussion on the problems of 1)
residential space and seaweed processing activity space, 2)
transportation, 3) processing industry, 4) community issues.
c. Discussions with the various local government agencies that
deal with housing and industrial development. Explore the location
possibility for local and national investment.
d. Field note. Write down overall record/things that are found
in the field and during the process of discussion with
stakeholders.
e. Logbook. Describes the entire process of the research
activities
The population of this study was all seaweed farmers/fishermen
throughout the working population in the seaweed processing
activities that live in Bantaeng Regency. Respondents in the study
are determined by purposive/incidentally sample, consists of the
head of the family and seaweed businesses, the actors that are
related to the activities such as : seed binder, drying, boat
owner, motor boat’s driver).
Analysis of space requirements in terms of land suitability
(land sustainability analysis, analysis of solar orientation, wind
direction, extensive analysis of space) for productive housing
development and seaweed processing industry, using a comparative
analysis of the various standards and policies, water depth
analysis in traditional sailing need. Analysis of water and land
transport mobility.
Analysis of regional infrastructure networks (transport)
covering assessed on transport mode that used and owned by seaweed
fishermen, patterns of mobility and type of cargo/freight. Utility
assessed by availability and the needs of water, electrical and
telecommunication from one community of retainer/punggawa of
seaweed fisherman to their seaweed processing activities. Sanitary
sewage system assessed from liquid and solid waste to the
regulations of the Ministry of Environment.
Social systems assessed from the amount of households for each
seaweed community, skipper systems, cooperative systems, systems
that are managed in integrated effort from upstream to downstream,
or partially. Organization system analysis assessed of formal and
non-formal systems, business systems that have been conducted, and
business system that can be developed, approach by Focused Group
Discussion (FGD) method.
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67 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
DISSCUSSION Site Location Analysis
Seaweed processing activities consist of 1) the binding of new
seedlings in rope, 2) cultivation in the sea, 3) harvesting
seaweed, 4) release of the seaweed from rope and cleaning dirt from
sand, rock, etc., 5) drying, 6) washing with fresh water and
draining, 7) bleaching and 8) sieving.
The location in the 8 stage of seaweed processing is choose as
close as possible (short) with the location of cultivation in the
sea, ie along the coast, or at the mouth of the river Bantaeng
(Figure 9).
Figure 9. Seaweed Fisherman/Farmers Illustration Along The
Coastal Area (a. Housing, Boat Mooring, and b. Drying Along The
Beach c. Housing/ Gazebo and Drying Above The Sea)
Housing pattern and site layout in coastal areas are generally
developed in a linear pattern, following the coast geographic, or
follow the arterial road along the coast, as well as the binding
activity of seeds and drying. Drying container or buildings
constructed on the beach side or on the side of the road. The
pattern of housing development is in accordance to Alibasyah
(1989), that describes the characteristic pattern of housing in
coastal areas, developing elongated following the coastal
geography.
Similar things show in the pattern and layout of there sidential
site at the mouth of the river. Housing developed following the
mouth of river geographic shape. However, the housing formed in a
concentric pattern in Bantaeng Regency (Figure 10).
Figure 10. Seaweed Fisherman/Farmers Housing Illustration That
Grow Dense and Slump in Estuaries Area of Bantaeng Regency
The development of housing and supporting infrastructure in
coastal areas or on the river banks is also affected by land
availability as a public space and the location is very strategic
(in the city center and along the arterial road).
The condition of the three site locations (coastal, road side
and estuaries) showed that seaweed farmers/fishermen try to get
closer between residential location, seeding/planting (ocean)
location and seaweed processing location (residential distance to
the container processing
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Principles of Location Development … (Sherly Wunas, Veronica
Natalia, Mimi Arifin) 68
≤800m. This indicates that factors of distance accessibility are
more preferred. In other words, they ignore the risk/disaster
factors such as sea breezes and abrasion (Figure 10).
Distance between building and beach is one of the regulations in
coastal housing development. This regulation made to preserve
ecology/environment in the coastal area. However, the regulations
mostly ignore, as the result buildings develop in shoreline/beach
side or above the water and leads to building risk and beach
ecological destruction.
Building distance from beach is one of the requirements in
housing development. This requirement is to maintain the
sustainability/ecology of coastal environments. This requirement is
ignore by the community. Most building developed on the
shoreline/river or on the water, without considering the building
safety, and ecological destruction.
INFRASTRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF SEAWEED PROCESSING AREA Productive
Housing
Seaweed Fishermen/Farmer’s House is generally shaped as elevated
houses. This house can be categorized as a productive house,
because the ground floor is used for economic activity such as :
binding the seed (±10-15m rope length), cleaning the harvest.
Second floor is used as a residential area. There is 60% of seaweed
fishermen/farmers who stay in unlivable housing (without
sanitation, drainage and waste facility. As well as no sewage
treatment from seaweed processing (washing and drying). Air flow
contaminated with dust and smell come from seaweed processing under
the elevated houses (Figure 11).
Figure 11. Illustration of Seaweed Farmer/Fisherman Residential
as Productive Housing
The conventional way is still used in seaweed drying process.
Drying container (Para-para), is built on vacant land around the
house (in the flatland, on the water, on the road side), with an
average area 24-60 square meter. Generally, by used 6m modules
size, according to the length of bamboo or wood. This condition
cause the housing area becomes dense and slum (60-70% was a built
area) and also low quality of life. For the Seaweed
Fisherman/Farmer, safety is not a concern yet (Figure 12).
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69 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Figure 12. Conventional Drying Container Illustration
Transport Infrastructure Network
Boat is the main mode of transport that is used by Seaweed
Fishermen/Farmers. This mode is a woodboat, measuring ±1,00 x
3,00m. Generally, the type of mode tha tis used is a paddle boat to
carry seed or harvest. Planting seed distance location is
relatively short (
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Principles of Location Development … (Sherly Wunas, Veronica
Natalia, Mimi Arifin) 70
Seaweed washing/cleaning and drying facility built in ±50-100
square meter of the flatland, with a simple and conventional
construction, without drainage. Under the drying container
(para-para) becomes muddy, humid, because the people do not
understand the drying technic that can affect the seaweed quality.
As well as affecting the health and environmental quality.
Environment Utility
Water and electricity infrastructure have reached all housing
site locations. Utilization of renewable energy has not become a
public concern or a concern for the local government yet.
A conventional drying seaweed activity, which requires a wide
space, a lot of time (3-5 days), requires thinking for space
efficiency and improving the quality of production, primarily in
the drying phase.
Farmers approved (100%) that the drying container can be used
together with all the community member. The opinion indicates that
Seaweed Fishermen/Farmers realize that drying space need
rearrangement.
Analysis of Seaweed Processing Actors Activities/Community
Processing activities are generally carried out on government
land (70%). Generally, they used the space that is designated for
public space, particularly in coastal area sand estuaries.
Figure 14. Condition of Conventional Gazebo and Non Formal on
Bank/Local Government Sponsor
Seaweed processing actor communities has been formed by the
fisheries department in the Village of Pajukukang and Kaili. Each
group consists mostly of 10 actors. The labors mostly come from the
family system.
Gazebo for seed binding is the facility that is constructed by
the local government or banks sponsorship. But most of it did not
function optimally because the construction was not in accordance
with the demands of behavior in the seed binding process, such as
wind direction and solar radiation. Figure15 shows the construction
of the gazebo roof slope which should be able to reduce wind and
heat.
The idea is arise on FGD process. Community suggests to unite
resident area and seaweed Processing area. That is why the seaweed
processing location should be move in appropriate area around the
river side. Apparently 80% of them approve in rearrange the
residential and seaweed processing area in the watershed of
Bantaeng. Rearrangement should be complete with boat (35%) and easy
access to cultivating area.
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71 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
CONCLUSION The result of analysis shows the planning concept
needs to consider; 1) the physical aspects of the land,
topography/slope is relatively flat, 2) geography, watersheds that
can support easy access and connectivity to the sea and the land.
And 3) behavior in seaweed processing, such as wind direction and
thermal radiation, 4) land use, bring a variety of activities, such
as residential, the binding of seed, cleaning and drying also
industry activity in seaweed processing.
REFERENCES Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. 2001. Pemberdayaan
Ekonomi Masyarakat Pesisir.
Panudju, B. 1999. Pengadaan perumahan kota dengan peran serta
masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah. Alumni Bandung
Parwoto. 1997. Kemitraan dalam pembangunan perumahan, Prosiding
seminar nasional. Kemitraan dalam pembangunan perumahan di
Yogyakarta. 20-21 Agustus 1997
Rustiadi., et all. 2011. Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah.
Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Jakarta
Subandono, Budiman, 2007. Hidup Akrab dengan GEMPA dan TSUNAMI.
PT. Sarana Komunikasi Utama. Bogor.
Turner, J.F.C. 1976. Housing By People, Towards autonomy in
buiding environments, Marion Boyars London.
Wunas, S. 2013. Housing on waterfront landuse conflict in City
of Kolaka. On Seminar international architecture in urbanize
maritime culture
Wunas, S. dkk. 2007. Pengembangan perumahan swadaya di wilayah
pesisir Sulawesi Selatan, kerjasama Labo perumahan permukiman Unhas
dan Kemenpera Bidang Perumahan Swadaya Indonesia
Wunas, dkk, 2013. Pengembangan sentra produksi rumput laut
melalui dukungan jaringan transportasi di Kabupaten Bantaeng,
kerjasama Litbang Perhubungan.
Wunas, S. 2011. Kota Humanis, Integrasi Guna Lahan dan
Transportasi. Brillian International.Surabaya
http :
//alattangkapperikananlaut.blogspot.com/2012/08/proses-pengolahan-rumput-laut.html
akses 23 Desember 2013
http : //www.trobos.com/show_article.php?rid=11&aid=2859 (1
April 2011) Publikasi >>Panduan Petunjuk Teknis Leaflet
>> Pengelolaan rumput laut menjadi bahan jadi
dan setengah jadi http :
//sulsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php? Kamis, 06 Desember
2012 09 : 54 akses 23
* Paper presented in the 4th International Seminar On Tropical
Eco-Settlements (ISTEcS) ‘Bringing Coastal Cities Into The Future :
Challenges, Adaption, And Mitigation’, Yogyakarta 21-23 October
2014.
http://alattangkapperikananlaut.blogspot.com/2012/08/proses-pengolahan-rumput-laut.htmlhttp://www.trobos.com/show_article.phphttp://sulsel.litbang.deptan.go.id/ind/index.php
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Mitigation of Abrasion Impact … (Lianah, Amin Fatah, Joko Budi
Poernomo) 72
MITIGATION OF ABRASION IMPACT TO FARMER POND COMMUNITY, A CASE
STUDY OF MANGROVE CULTIVATION
IN URBAN DISTRICT*
1Lianah, 2Amin Fatah, 3Joko Budi Poernomo 1, 2, 3 Biology
Faculty, IAIN Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia
E-mail : [email protected]
Abstract Mangunharjo beach is one of the areas affected by sea
erosion, the cause is a tidal wave. Other areas such as Mangkang
Wetan, Karanganyar and Mangkang Kulon also damaged due to abrasion,
other factors beside global warming, greenhouse effect, melting of
polar ice, tidal flooding, as well as the rising temperature of the
earth's surface which causes the tides, caused unstable waves and
coastal erosion that damages resulted plains and farming areas in
the Mangunharjo Village. Then the farmers to take steps to reduce
the impact of seawater abrasion by mangrove planting. The purpose
of this research is to figure out how to cope with the impact of
sea erosion and management through mangrove cultivation. Data
collection is done by the method of observation, interviews, and a
review of documentations. The result showed that mangrove
cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo is very influential in overcoming
the effects of abrasion, mangrove species diversity in the
Mangunharjo Village numbering about 11 species, namely Avicennia
lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera
gymnorrhiza, sexangula Bruguiera, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora
mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia
alba, Sonneratia casoelaris. but the type of cultivated types
Bruguiera sp. and Rhizophora sp. While developed for planting there
are three types are used, namely Bruguiera sp, Rhizophora sp and
Avicennia sp. This is caused of the three species has its own
advantages and large strong roots that can grip the soil / sand
which is on the coast of the influence of sea water abrasion.
Keywords : Mitigation, impact, abration, community farmers,
coastal erotion
INTRODUCTION The coastal area is a meeting between marine and
terrestrial regions, this area is an area where the interactions
between terrestrial ecosystems and marine ecosystems are very
dynamic and influential, this region was intensively exploited for
human activities such as : central government, residential,
industrial, ports, aquaculture, agriculture and tourism. The beach
has a dynamic equilibrium which tends to adjust the shape of the
profile so that it is able to destroy incoming wave energy. Normal
waves that will come easily destroyed by coastal mechanism, while
the big wave / storm that has great energy though short will cause
erosion (Sumbago Pranoto, 2007).
Abrasion is one of the problems that threaten coastal
conditions, which threaten the coastline so moved backward,
damaging farms and rice fields location on the beach, as well as
threaten the modern an directly adjacent to the sea water. Coastal
erosion is defined as the pullback of
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73 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
the coastline from its original position (Triatmojo, 1999). The
problem of coastal erosion is likely to increase in many areas not
least in Semarang coast. One of the areas experiencing quite severe
abrasion is Semarang Coastal western part of the monument, which
includes District and Western District of Semarang. In the area
quite severe problems that occur in regards to reducing land use in
because of coastal erosion and inundation in the pond. Damage that
occurs along the coast approximately 2 : 25 miles in the District
includes the Village Mangunharjo monument, Wetan Mangkang Village,
Village Randugarut, Karanganyar Village, Village Tugurejo and
approximately 0.5 miles in the District of West Semarang, Village
Tambakharjo (Department of Marine and Fisheries Semarang,
2009).
Various activities or development on the mainland and the coast,
such as deforestation, land clearing, dredging on the coast, and so
on, which causes soil erosion and sand will cause sedimentation or
siltation. Sedimentation is one form of pollution that is not
toxic. The sediment will enter the river or water body and
eventually empties into the ocean or coastal areas. Major natural
disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and hurricanes can
cause damage to the mangrove ecosystem. Large amounts of ash from
eruptions can cover the mangrove ecosystem, both carried by the
wind to the coast and transported by the flooding of the river.
Similarly tsunami and hurricanes can also cause damage to mangrove
ecosystems, although naturally protective coastal mangrove
ecosystem is.
Global climate change (global climate change) can cause damage
to coastal ecosystems, including mangrove ecosystem. Global climate
change is mainly caused by the increased production of CO2 and
other greenhouse gases. Continuing impact of global warming is
melting the ice at the poles, so that the sea level rise, changes
in rainfall, salinity decreased, and increased sedimentation in
coastal and marine areas (Ghufron, 2012). In order for the
widespread effects of abrasion, it must be done with reference to
the handling of spatial planning of coastal areas. As one of the
coastal ecosystem, mangrove forest is a unique and fragile
ecosystem. This ecosystem has ecological and economic functions.
Ecological functions of mangrove forests include : shoreline
protection, prevent the sea water intrusion, habitat (residence),
foraging (feeding ground), the care and rearing (nursery grounds),
where pemijakan (spawing ground) for a variety of aquatic biota, as
well as a regulator of the micro-climate, while the economical
function of industrial use, and producing seeds. Mangrove plants
have unique adaptability to the environment. Bengen (2001),
describes the adaptation of the form : adaptation to low oxygen
levels, causing mangrove roots has a typical power : 1 Type scrawl
has pneumatofora (eg : Avecennia spp., Xylocapus) to take oxygen
from the air; and Type 2 buffer / wand that has lenticels (example
: Rhyzopora spp.), adaptation to high salinity, adaptation to
unstable soil and the presence of tides (Bengen, 2001).
PROBLEMS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD This research was a case study
using qualitative methods and methods desriptif. Sugiyono (2009)
explained that based on the degree of naturalness (natural
setting), the qualitative method is also referred to as
naturalistic method, the method of research carried out at the
place and do not make a natural treatment. Descriptive method in
this study aims to provide an overview of mitigation impact
abrasion sea water with mangrove cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo.
This
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Mitigation of Abrasion Impact … (Lianah, Amin Fatah, Joko Budi
Poernomo) 74
study was conducted for one month, the month of May 2014, the
material scope of this study is to mitigate the impact abrasion sea
water with mangrove cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo monument that
includes the number of farmers cultivating crops and livelihoods
mangrove p. While the scope of this research is the area of the
Forest Area Mangrove Village Mangunharjo which is administratively
located in the region Mangunharjo village, Semarang, with
consideration of these locations have the potential to support the
mitigation of the impact of coastal erosion. The data used include
primary data and secondary data based on the scope of the study.
Primary data is the main data required in this study. Sources of
data in qualitative research is the words, and actions (interview
or observation), the written record through video / audio tapes,
photographs, statistical data (Lexy J. Moleong, 2012). Secondary
data in the form of a general overview of the condition of the
Village Forest Area Mangrove Mangunharjo which include flora and
fauna, landscapes, livelihoods, education level, and the
institutional system of the Village Forest Area Mangrove
Mangunharjo.
Selection of speakers using nonprobability sampling technique
with methode purposive sampling. Informants in this study include
fish farmers, agencies, and experts / academics, amounting to 6
speakers. Determination of the number of sources is not based on
statistical calculations (Lincoln and Guba, 1985 in Sugiyono,
2009), but sources are considered adequate if the data has reached
the redundancy (data sources has been saturated and no new
information), it means that by using the next speaker is virtually
no longer obtained new information that is meaningful (Nasution,
1988) in Sugiyono, 2009).
Data analysis was done by finding and compiling research data
systematically, including organizing the data into categories,
stripped in units, do sistensis, develop into a pattern, choose a
name that is important and will be studied, and making conclusions,
so it is easy to understand by myself and others (Sugiyono,
2009).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The general condition of the Village
Mangunharjo monument. 1. The total area of the village
approximately : 482.370 ha with borders North Java Sea, East
Mangkang Wetan, Southern District of Ngaliyan, and West Mangkang
Kulon. Geographic height of 4 m above sea level, amount of rainfall
is 2,000 m / year, as the hilly topography of the lowlands, the
average temperature is 310C. High orbisitas government center
region of the sea surface temperature minimum / maximum : 28-320C,
the distance from the sub-district administrative center distance
of 9 km, 20 km Semarang city, province 24 km.
2. The area of paddy land : 0.00 Ha technical irrigated rice,
irrigated fields of technical half 50.00 ha, 30.00 ha of rainfed
lowland rice fields tidal 0.00 Ha. While the number of people this
year for the 2793 male, 2814 female person, last year the
population of 2711 people men, women 2741 people, the percentage of
male development of approximately 3.02% and 2.66% of women.
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75 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Table 1. Population Village Livelihood Mangunharjo NO Livelihood
Population 1. Farmers 99 2. Farmers Mangrove 6 3. Peasants 161 4.
Fishermen 163 5. Entrepreneur 13 6. Industrial Workers 266 7. Labor
Building 122 8. Merchants 142 142 9. Transportation 59 59 10.
Employees (Civil, Military and Police) 103 11. Retired 23 12.
Farmer 688 13. Other 133617 Total 5607
Source : Monograph Village Mangunharjo, May 2014
In terms of quantity, with a small number of residents who work
as farmers mangrove, then it becomes an obstacle for the mitigation
of the impact of sea erosion, but in quality to see the enthusiasm
of the population, especially those with coastal environmental
concerns, a group of farmers who are members of sustainable
mangrove, mangrove farmer groups times pesantren, as well as the
awareness of the various government agencies, private foundations
and NGOs concerned about the environment such as mangrove biota,
green comunity, etc., then this factor can be a force to support
the mitigation of the impact of coastal erosion Mangunharjo
village.
Physical Condition and Landscape Mangunharjo Mangrove Forest
Areas. Mangunharjo mangrove forest there is a river flowing in
Mangunharjo, this river ecosystems associated with coastal brackish
waters Mangunharjo, physically mainland coast consists of a
collection of land Mangunharjo and sedimentation of rivers
Mangunharjo results. Ecologically, the area consists of mangrove
trees, aquaculture areas, and habitats of flora and fauna. From the
hydrological aspect, Mangunharjo mangrove forest directly adjacent
to coastal waters, various environmental components above interact
to form a unique ecosystem and has great potential.
FLORA AND FAUNA OF MANGROVE FOREST AREAS MANGUNHARJO Flora and
fauna role in improving farm productivity. Therefore, the existence
of the flora species must still be considered to maintain the
ecological sustainability of mangrove forests, taking into account
its ecological function in the short term and long term.
Mangrove species diversity in the Village Mangunharjo numbering
about 11 species, namely Lanata Avicennia, Avicennia marina,
Bruguiera cylindrical, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sexangula Bruguiera,
Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa,
Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia casoelaris. but
the kind that is cultivated or nursery that is kind of Bruguiera
sp. and Rhizophora sp. While developed for pleanting Mangunharjo
mangrove on the beach there are three types that are used, namely
Bruguiera sp, sp Rhizophora and Avicennia sp.
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Mitigation of Abrasion Impact … (Lianah, Amin Fatah, Joko Budi
Poernomo) 76
Mangrove cultivation in the Village Mangunharjo Mangrove
cultivation by the farmers monument Mangunharjo ponds, mangrove
nursery trick as follows : Drying nurseries Structuring beds set up
a distance of 15 cm straight line. If the dry season waring / net /
black nets to reduce the temperature of the heat. Structuring or
recharging ground white or black color polybag plastic content of
the soil,
polybag diameter of 15 cm length 10 cm width. When all was given
manure. If no fertilizer then we let stand for 1 week. Then we fill
the new 6 / plugs in good seed Rhizopora, Avicennia, and Bruguiera.
Fill the water at the location of the nursery until polybag sink,
if not sink into a double
work should water the seedlings.
Figure 1. Seed While Still in Polybags
Within the emerging 1.5 months, age 2 months leaved 2, age 3
months leaved 4, new 4 months old ready for harvest.
Yields later partly sold and partly transferred into the sea to
reduce the effects of abrasion.
Figure 2. Plant Already 4 Months Old
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77 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
KINDS OF MANGROVE BEACH IN MANGUNHARJO VILLAGE Rhizhopora
Mucronata
Tree reaching 25 m height, tunjang root, the single composition,
cross, elliptical shape, a tapered tip, a length of 15-20 cm, seeds
vivipari, Phenology : year-round flowering and fruiting in
October-December. Flowers : 4-8 interest groups arranged two by
two, the crown : 4, white, hairy, petals 4 strands stamens 8, the
size of 3-4 cm, short stamen pistil very short. Fruit : 2.0 to 2.3
cm diameter, yellowish green color, neck cotyledons, fruit
cylindrical, can float.
Rhizhoporastylosa
Height of trees up to 6 cm, tunjang root, the single
composition, cross, elliptical shape, sharp tip, a length of 10-18
cm, seeds vivipari. Flowers : 8-16 or more, arranged two by two,
dependent, 4 crowns, white, petals 4 strands, green yellow, stamen
8, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter. Stamen long and thin.
Fruit : diameter of 1.5-2.0 cm, length> 30 cm. Color : green
hypocotyl
Rhizhopora Apiculata
Height of trees up to 15 m tall, tunjang roots, the single
composition, cross, elliptical.
Avicennia Alba
Height of trees reaching 15 m tall trees, the roots of breath,
such as a pencil, the single composition, cross, shape lanceolate
to elliptical, pointed tip, 10-18 cm long. Kriptovivipari seeds,
leaves have salt glands.
Avicennia Marina
Tree / shrub, up to 8 m, the roots of breath, the single
composition, cross, elliptical shape rounded up to the pointy end,
a length of 5-9 cm, kriptovivipari seed type.
Sonneratia Alba
Shrub tree height reaches 12 cm, roots breath, the single
composition, cross, elliptical shape, rounded tip, 5-11 cm length,
type kriptovivipari seeds, leaves have salt glands.
Sonneratia Caseolaris
Trees shrubs, up to 16 m, the roots of breath, single shaped
arrangement, cross, tee up a round shape, egg breech, rounded ends,
5-10 cm size, year-round flowering phenology, fruiting
May-June.
Brueguieragymnorrhiza
The tree reaches 20 m height, knee and banir small roots, single
stack, intersects the tapered tip of the ellipse, shape, size 8-15
cm long, phenology, seed type vivipara : flowering fruiting all
year round, in July-August. Flowers : flower arrangement crown
width, single, white to tan, petals 10-14 strands, red, size 3-5 cm
long.
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Mitigation of Abrasion Impact … (Lianah, Amin Fatah, Joko Budi
Poernomo) 78
Brueguiera Cylindrica
The tree reaches 20 m height, knee and banir small roots, single
stack, intersects the tapered tip of the ellipse, shape, size 8-15
cm long, phenology, seed type vivipara : flowering fruiting all
year round, in July-August. Flowers : flower arrangement crown
width, single, white to tan, petals 10-14 strands, red, size 3-5 cm
long, the ends of each crown-shaped tapered. Fruit : diameter of
1.7 to 2.0 cm, length 20-30 cm, dark green to purple with brown
blotches, slippery surface, cylindrical fruits.
Brueguiera Gymnorrhiza
Its a form of high trees reach 15 cm, root benir knee and minor,
single stack, cross, eliptical, tapered tip, size 6-9 cm, type seed
vivipara. Flowers : large, single flower, leaf, underarm white
crown, until brown, petals 10-14 strands, greenish yellow, 3-4 cm
size, the ends of the strands of the crown are blunt. Fruit : size
of 1.5-2 cm diameter, green to purple, with streaks of brown,
slippery surface, a short cylindrical fruits.
Brueguierasexangula
Height of trees reach 15 cm, root benir knee and minor, single
stack, cross, eliptical, tapered tip, size 6-9 cm, type seed
vivipara. Flower : width, single flower, leaf, underarm white
crown, until brown, petals 10-14 strands, greenish yellow, size 3-4
cm, tip blunt crown strands.Fruit : 1.5-2 cm diameter, green to
purple, with streaks of brown, slippery surface, a short
cylindrical fruits.
Based on the results of research conducted, mangrove cultivation
led to the first plateau damaged by erosion, sedimentation and
silting are now experiencing and the distance to the beach can be
returned settlement about 500 m, so calculated annually coastal
areas experiencing sedimentation or silting of 33 m per year,
ranging 1999 fish farmers began planting mangroves to promote the
cultivation of his own, until now in 2014 about 0.5 km farmers have
to take back the plain seawater abrasion affected.
Mangrove species diversity in the Village Mangunharjo numbering
about 11 species, namely Lanata Avicennia, Avicennia marina,
Bruguiera cylindrical, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sexangula Bruguiera,
Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa,
Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia casoelaris but the
kind that is cultivated or nursery that is kind of Bruguiera sp.
and Rhizophora sp. While developed for pleanting Mangunharjo
mangrove on the beach there are three types that are used, namely
Bruguiera sp, sp Rhizophora and Avicennia sp. This is because the
three species has its own advantages and strong roots so that it
can grip the soil / sand which is on the coast of the influence of
sea water gelombak abrasion.
Mangrove plant species diversity in the Village Mangunharjo
because of donations and sponsorship roles farmer sets up a
mangrove nursery ponds to perform, so as to achieve 15 species, but
amounts there is little or uneven. Cultivation analysis mangroves
to mitigate the effects of coastal erosion. Based on the image 1.
There are three research element or called social situations /
events of nature in the form of a tidal wave abrasion, including :
first farmers,
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79 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
both the cultivation and breeding activities are carried out by
fish farmers Mangunharjo, third place of cultivation and planting
of mangroves in the area of the pond and Mangunharjo beach.
CONCLUSION 1. Mangrove cultivation in Sub Mangunharjo very
influential in overcoming the effects of
abrasion, based on the research conducted, mangrove cultivation
led to the first plateau damaged by abrasion, is now experiencing
sedimentation or silting and distance to the beach can be returned
settlement about 500 m, so the calculated per year experiencing
coastal sedimentation or silting of 33 m per year, from 1999 fish
farmers began planting mangroves to promote the cultivation of his
own, until now in 2014 about 0.5 km farmer has taken back the plain
seawater abrasion affected.
2. Diversity of mangrove species in the Village Mangunharjo
numbering about 11 species, namely Lanata Avicennia, Avicennia
marina, Bruguiera cylindrical, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sexangula
Bruguiera, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora
stylosa, Rhizophora lamarcki, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia
casoelaris. but the kind that is cultivated or nursery that is kind
of Bruguiera sp. and Rhizophora sp. While developed for pleanting
Mangunharjo mangrove on the beach there are three types that are
used, namely Bruguiera sp, sp Rhizophora and Avicennia sp. This is
because the three species has its own advantages and strong roots
so that it can grip the soil / sand which is on the coast of the
influence of sea water gelombak abrasion.
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Rineka Cipta. Diarto, Hendrarto,Boedi, Suryoko,Sri, 2012,
Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan
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Eidman, Koesoebiono., D.G. Bengen., M. Hutomo., S. Sukardjo. PT.
Gramedia Nybakken, J.W. 1992. Biologi Laut Suatu Pendekatan
Ekologi.
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Eidman., Koesoebiono., D.G. Bengen., M. Hutomo., S. Sukardji.
PT. Gramedia Pustaka. Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Di Wilayah Pesisir Tropis.
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ALFABETA, 2009. Triatmodjo, B. 1999. Teknik Pantai, Beta Offset,
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* Paper presented in the 4th International Seminar On Tropical
Eco-Settlements (ISTEcS) ‘Bringing Coastal Cities Into The Future :
Challenges, Adaption, And Mitigation’, Yogyakarta 21-23 October
2014.
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81 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
IMPACT DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSE BUILDING
WITHOUT QUALITY CONTROL
Johnny Rakhman Research Institute for Housing and Human
Settlements, Agency for Research and Development
Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Jl. Panyawungan,
Cileunyi Wetan, Kabupaten Bandung 40393
Email : [email protected]
Abstract Recovery after the earthquake and tsunami in Banda Aceh
has been done, according to the main needs of mass housing
construction procurement with considerable amounts. Housing
reconstruction is done by involving contractors and most involve
local communities in an effort to empower the community itself. In
accordance with the plan that houses built required should be
resistant to earthquakes and the smallest size that is type 36, but
the government wants to ensure that the building of the house
really resistant to earthquakes, thus necessary to check the
reliability of the structure of the house building both visually
and in technical test, so that the residents feel safe and
comfortable. Visual observation and technical test of 65 randomly
house has been done with the results that can be delivered, among
others, that of as many as 65 home does not meet the requirements
of earthquake-resistant buildings, although visually building the
house looks good does not happen significant damage, but as we can
from the observation technical field, many of the details of
reinforcement that does not fit with the image of planning as it
was determined that the building must comply with the requirements
of earthquake-resistant buildings, so that the building has been
standing need to be treated in the repair and strengthening or
retrofitting of structures primarily in general and in the special
reinforcement details.
Keywords : Reconstruction, investigation, building code,
repairing, retrofitting
BACKGROUND Reconstruction has be done like the study site in
Aceh in the form of housing construction has started since
mid-2005, one of the housing reconstruction is through the
development of community empowerment pattern held by the people of
Banda Aceh itself, which has made the construction of housing
non-stage type 36 1,000 homes, whose construction has been
completed in accordance with a predetermined schedule, so that
before the handover to the people of Aceh, the home building needs
to be done visually investigation and testing the reliability of
the home building structure in detail, and has been done
investigation of 65 houses in the village of Baro and Blang Oi, so
that the residents feel safe and comfortable.
The building houses made of : 1. Main structure consists of
reinforced concrete structures on the sloop, columns, beams and
horses. 2. Non structure consists of a masonry wall plastered as
filler portal structure and function as
a room divider section.
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Impact Development … (Johnny Rakhman) 82
3. Roof Construction consists horses combined concrete and
wooden horses were used as a binder between the corrugated iron
roof coverings with wooden purlins.
4. Given Aceh is an earthquake-prone area, so that the building
is designed resistant to earthquake hazard.
Damage does not occur in the building, but supposedly there are
some things that do not follow the implementation of the plans
include : on any bonds reinforcement at each connection point of
the main structure, so it needs to be investigated in detail and
reliability testing on the part of the main structure.
Purpose and Goal
Purpose of investigation and testing is to get the data types or
less complete destruction of the house visually and forecasts
quality reinforced concrete, the entire house has been
completed.
The goal is to determine further steps according to the level of
damage and incomplete in existing buildings, so that the building
meets the technical requirements of the applicable.
METHODOLOGY Search Data and Documentation Building
The necessary checks that the technical data regarding home
building which includes shop drawings or as built drawings,
specifications, material quality test results during execution, and
pictures of construction work.
Visual Inspection
This examination includes a series of activities related to
observation visually home building conditions for the existence of
deflection, cracks, damage and conformity with the plans of
other.
Testing Materials
This type of testing that is conducted is not destructive
testing (non-destructive) and slightly damaged (semi-destructive)
to determine the quality of the material of the structural
components installed by testing directly in the field using a
specific test equipment.
This type of testing field in question is : 1. Forecast Testing
Concrete Compressive Strength Concrete Surfaces with Hammer
(Hammer Test) The test was performing by means of Concrete
Hammer (Hammer Test) with the aim to estimate the compressive
strength of concrete surface.
2. Test Data Analysis At this stage, the entire field test data
obtained will be processing to determine the conditions attached to
the concrete quality structural components of the building areas /
locations that have been examin, as well as recount attached
structure to determine which types of technical recommendations to
follow up on corrective measures.
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83 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Re-structure Calculations Houses Type 36
Strength Building Structure Analysis of the power house
structure type 36 that there is very dependent on the strength
component of the main column and main beams are determined by the
dimensions, material quality, number and diameter of reinforcement,
and loading received. Strength of structural components is
determined by eligibility reliability that “Strong plan must be
greater than the strong need“ or the strength section to be able to
bear the burden of the existing work.
Re-structure calculations to determine the level of reliability
of the structure of the building done using the SAP program.
Home building structures showed that the structure of the house
is still within safe limits, which in turn results in comparison
with theoretical calculations to obtain Cracking Moment by using
the formula :
with :
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑓𝑟 . 𝐼𝑔
𝑦𝑡 (1)
and 𝑓𝑟 = 0,7 𝑓𝑐 ′ (2)
fr = Concrete tensile stress that causes cracks Mcr = Cracking
moment Ig = The moment of inertia of the cross section of concrete
(bxh3/12) Yt = Distance from the neutral line to the cross section
of the outer fibers
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Visual Inspection
Visual inspection activities carried out to determine the
condition of the location and condition of the component - the
component mounted structure in detail, such as the components of
the sloop, beams, columns and concrete horses including parts -
parts supporting or non-structural components that are able to
interfere with or diminish the quality of each - each structural
component. The results of the examination of the 65 homes that have
been done show that the building that serves as a dwelling house,
while the findings in the field on the important parts in the main
structure which is not in accordance with the plans, such as the
joint meeting of the columns and beams are supposed to be cutting
the size of the 40D turns on the field was found to be in
accordance with the plans as described in the following table
(Rakhman J, 2006).
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Impact Development … (Johnny Rakhman) 84
Table 1. Investigation Results No. Cases Remark 1.
The main reinforcement in the beam that looks excess is not bent
as binding on the column reinforcement
2.
The main reinforcement in the beam and column connections are
visible only bent any, so it's not a perfect bond between the
reinforcement of columns and beams
3.
The main reinforcement visible columns do not use the short
length of the distribution, so it is not a perfect bond between the
reinforcement of columns and beams, as well as the beam should be
cast in concrete but the picture looks filled with red brick.
4.
The main reinforcement visible columns do not use the short
length of the distribution, as well as the main reinforcement bars
are too short, so it is not a perfect bond between the
reinforcement of columns and beams.
5.
Joint between columns with masonry walls that have no visible in
plaster cuttings / anchors are installed.
6.
Truss roop pedestal - a wooden roop used only bricks and tied
not perfect by a reinforcement overstek.
7.
Stand purlins on wooden truss had been held by a single nail
without wood.
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85 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Seen from observations in the field are still many houses are
already finished but did not follow the plans that already exist,
so these factors greatly affect the quality of home building
structure attached.
Overall damage - significant damage to components of the
building structure and non-structural components (IAEE 1986)
installed almost.
Examination Material Quality Test
The test results home building type 36 by using test equipment
Concrete Hammer (Hammer Test) (ASTM) as seen in the following
summary :
Estimates of concrete compressive strength testing were conduct
on the concrete surface by using a concrete hammer (Hammer Test).
The result is an estimate of the strength of concrete as follows :
1) The main column with a values
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Impact Development … (Johnny Rakhman) 86
Material Quality materials used in modeling the structure is :
fc’= 10.18 MPa fy = 240 MPa (ϕ≤ 12 mm)
Regulations, Standards, and the Program of Computer Applications
Regulations and standards used in the structural analysis is : 1.
Imposition Planning Guidelines for Home and Building (SKBI –
1.3.53.1987) 2. Earthquake Resilience Planning Procedures for
Buildings (SNI-1729-2012) 3. Planning Procedures for Concrete
Structures for Buildings (SNI- 2847-2012) 4. American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) 5. American Concrete Institute (ACI
318-02)
Computer Applications Program Computer application programs used
are SAP2000 Nonlinear.
Loading
Type Loading Dead Load Dead load is the weight of its own
structure including any additional elements that are considered a
single entity remains with him. Determination of the amount of dead
weight that can be used as a reference standard design is referring
to SKBI-1.3.28.1987, i.e. : 1. Steel Castings = 7850 kg/m3 2.
Reinforced Concrete = 2400 kg/m3 3. Concrete Normal (mashed) = 2200
kg/m3 4. Wood Class II = 780 kg/m3 5. Cover the roof (zinc) = 11
kg/m2 6. Ceilings = 10 kg/m2 7. Mechanical/electrical = 10
kg/m2
Life Load Load point person for roof maintenance = 100 kg Load
rainwater = 20 kg/m2
Wind Load Wind loads on the building site is the house of type
T36 : v = 25 kg/m2
Roof Angle = 30 derajat Coefficient Wind in the press area :
0,02α – 0,4α the suction area : 0,4
Earthquake Load Earthquake loads according to the earthquake
zone on the 5th.
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87 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Load Combination Combination of loading on structural analysis
is : DL = Dead load and self-weight of the building LL = Live load
RL = Load rainwater Wf = Wind loads on the building left Wr = Wind
loads on the building right Eqx = Seismic load of the building left
Eqy = Seismic load of the building right
No. Fix Load Temporary Load
DL LL RL Wf Wr EQx EQy 1 1,4 2 1,2 1,6 0,5 3 1,2 1,0 1,6 4 1,2
1,6 1,0 5 1,2 1,6 1,0 6 1,2 0,5 1,6 7 1,2 0,5 1,6 8 1,2 1,0 1,0 9
1,2 1,0 1,0 10 0,9 1,6 11 0,9 1,6 12 0,9 1,0 13 0,9 1,0
Re-Structure Calculations Houses Type 36
Strength Building Structure The results of calculations cracking
moment in the beam can be seen in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Moment Calculation Results Cracks in Beams Component
Notation Size/Value Sat.
Balok Utama h 150 mm Yt 150 mm Ig 4,2 x 107 mm fc’ 10,18 Mpa fr
2,23 Mpa
Mcr 6,24 x 105 or 0,0624 N.mm or t.m
The calculation of the load acting on the beam : Crack control :
Due to Dead Load :
- heavy beams = 0,150 m x 0,150 m x 2,4 t/m3 = 0,054 t/m2 -
Weight ceiling = 0,011t/m2
q DL balok = 0,065 t/m2 q DL Balok = 0,065 t/m’
MDL = 1/12 . q . l2 = 1/12 . 0,065 . 2,82
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Impact Development … (Johnny Rakhman) 88
= 0,042 t.m < Mcr = 0,0624 t.m
Cracks due to dead load is not going occur Due to Life Load : q
= 0 t/m2
M LL = 1/12 . q . l2 = 1/12 . 0 . 2,82
= 0 t.m MDL + MLL = 0,042 t.m + 0 t.m
= 0,042 t.m < Mcr =0,0624 t.m Cracking does not occur when
the dead load and live load work
Capacity Control Sectional Beam Strength : From the search
results to dismantle concrete components in the field of the
obtained amount of reinforcement that exist in house building
structural components of type 36, which can be analyzed strength
capacity of the structural components, as shown in Table 3 below
:
Table 3. Strength Analysis of Beams Notation Main Beam h (mm)
150 b (mm) 150 d (mm) 135 d' (mm) 15 As (mm) 2ϕ12 As' (mm) 2
ϕ12
226.2 ρ 0.01005 ρ' 0.01005
ρ min 0.00583 ρ-ρ' 0.00000
fc’ (MPa) 10.18 fy (MPa) 240
Mn ( N.mm) 6612500 Mn ( t.m) 0.661
øMn (N.mm) 5292121 øMn (t.m) 0.529
150 mm
Beam Cross Section
150 mm
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89 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Load acting on the main beam, i.e. : MDL + MLL = 0,042 t.m still
smaller than the cross section of the ability or capacity to bear
the burden of cross-sectional strength øMn = 0.529 t.m
So based on the analysis that has been conducted on Building
Structure Type 36 can be concluded that Strong plans larger than
necessary.
In general, comparison of each - each cross-section of the power
capacity of concrete beam structural components can be seen in
Table 4.
Table 4. Capacity Comparison of Structural Concrete
Components
Code Capacity Plan (Tm)
M need (Tm) Ket. øMn
Main beam 0.529 0.183 Comply
In general, comparison of each - each cross-section of the power
capacity of the structural components of concrete columns as shown
in the chart above that the internal forces that occur in the field
is still smaller than the capacity of the column cross section.
Re-structure calculation results show that the structure of the
building houses 36 types of non-stage after some improvements are
still able to carry the load capacity, so the calculation of the
structure in 3D modeling not seen any one of the components of the
structure are not able to bear the burden of serviceability, so
that the structure type 36 can be populated with a safe and
comfortable from earthquake hazards based regulation Indonesian
National Standard (SNI -1729-2012) that Banda Aceh is located in
Zone 5 as seen in Indonesian Earthquake area Maps with peak
acceleration of bedrock with a return period 500 years.
CONCLUSION Based on visual outcome and testing directly on house
building type 36, it can be concluded : The results of visual
investigation on houses that have been completed, the findings
obtained in several houses that line the main reinforcement
detailing columns and beams are not in
Interaction Diagram Column 15 x 15 cm2
-100 -75 -50
-25 0
25 50 75
100 125 150 175
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Momen ( Mnx) kN-m Mu vs Pu Mnx vs Pn Keadaan Seimbang
Aks
ial (
Pn
) kN
-
Impact Development … (Johnny Rakhman) 90
accordance with the plans, not attached cuttings / anchor in the
relationship column with masonry walls and casting imperfect in
some column, so it must be some solution for the repair and
strengthening of.
Quality estimate the concrete surface mounted on the building
structure houses 36 types of 65 homes ranging from 6.42 MPa - 24.57
MPa with value - average is 10.18 MPa.
The results of quality tests estimate the compressive strength
of the concrete surface mounted on some lower house, is because the
concrete is still relatively young age (less than 28 days), so that
the concrete surface testing is not perfect.
The results of the re-calculation of house building structure
type 36 using structural analysis program for 65 homes that have
been strengthened shows that the existing building structure is
able to bear the burden of the earthquake to the region 5 in
accordance with the requirements of SNI -1729-2012 (Earthquake
Resilience Planning Procedures for Buildings and House), so it is
necessary to repair and reinforcement in structural components.
RECOMMENDATION To meet the requirements of Earthquake Resilience
Planning for Buildings and Houses in accordance with SNI
-1729-2012, the construction of houses wherever necessary to
supervise the good quality at the time of execution of the
following : a) Implementation shall be in accordance with the plans
that have been approved. b) In connection reinforcement on the
corners between the columns and beams on the image
to fit the plan. c) At the center of the reinforcement
connection between the columns and beams on
customized with images plan. d) Each of the relationship between
the columns and masonry walls in order to be retrofit
with installing cuttings/anchor.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the co-researchers who have
participated in completing this activity and also we would like to
thank the Head of Research Institute for Human Settlements, Prof.
Dr Anita Firmanti, to support these activities.
REFERENCES Johnny Rakhman, 2006, Housing Construction
Observation Reports Non Stage Type 36 in
Banda Aceh, NAD. SNI-1726-2012, Earthquake Resilience Planning
Procedures for Buildings. IAEE Committee on Non-Engineered
Construction, 1986, Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant
Non-Engineered Construction. SNI-2847-2012, Planning Procedures
for Concrete Structures for Buildings. ASTM, American Society for
Testing and Materials. ACI 318-02, American Concrete Institute
SKBI–1.3.53.1987, Imposition Planning Guidelines for Buildings.
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91 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION HOSTEL BUILDING FINANCIAL TRAINING
MINISTRY IN BINTARO
Cecep Bakheri Bachroni Research Institute for Housing and Human
Settlements, Agency for Research and Development
Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Jl. Panyawungan,
Cileunyi Wetan, Kabupaten Bandung 40393
E-mail : cecep _ [email protected]
Abstract This building will be used as a dorm for education and
training Ministry of Finance. The structure of on open-frame
reinforced concrete building with foundation group, power boats for
the central part of the building one point foundation consists of 3
rod, and for the building consists of 2 rods. Order structure and
details of beams and columns can be seen in Figure I. Dimensions
foundation power boats oj 20 em x 25 em and stick as deep as 6 111
(depth of hard ground is 1101yet known). Total height
11,98111building with a height of floors-I is 4,13 111. the height
of the floor in the 2nd and 3rd floors each is 3.40 m. The crack
occurred on a wall in the basement bathroom, wide cracks > 4
/11111 thick wall translucent and couples, these cracks occurs only
on the l st floor (Ground Floor). The crack occurred on a wall in
the basement stairs is cracked hair adjust happened to plastering
only. Cracking that occurs in the structure of the stairs due to
the 1//0Fe/l/e1l1 of the soil under the foundation of the stairs.
From observations of visually invisible there are signs of a
decrease of the foundation. Which is a decrease in soil cover by 5
- 10 cm. Pictures - -I ShOlVS a decrease in soil cover. Cracks on
structural beams and columns cannot be seen as covered by as well
as cracks on the ceiling column cannot be seen because it is
covered by the ornament of the plywood.
Keyword : Cracks, open frame reinforced, foundation, structural
beam, soil cover
PRELIMINARY Background
The dormitory building of education and training Ministry of
Finance consists of three (3) floor. The building was constructed
in the year 2011 is a multi year and standing above the ground
cover which was formerly marshland. The main structure of the
building is a reinforced concrete open-frame. Foundation beams with
a stake. This building will be used as a dorm for education and
training of the Ministry of Finance. After the completion of
construction in 2012 began to emerge of a non-structural cracks of
cracks - on the wall of the couple (infill wall) as shown in the
chart room walls of every floor, due to the concerns of the owners
ever done just my assessment by planners as consultants responsible
for planning the building, thought to be the loss of structure and
construction of the building, just my assessment of the Gourmand
LAPI ITS that checks the pillar of the stake was suspect there are
some parts that did not work on powerboats up to land hard on the
predetermined depth. Various polemics arose resulting in the
building owners are increasingly concerned at the conditions are
further suspect buildings can collapse gradually. Furthermore in
order to ensure the reliability of the structure and
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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Preliminary Examination Hostel … (Cecep Bakheri Bachroni) 92
building construction the Ministry of Finance asked for help for
the initial examination via direct mail, addressed to the head of R
& D Center of Settlement, bodies of R & D, Public Works
Ministry have been made with a number; S-327/pp. 6/2014 dated 24
March 2014, and there after made the delivery team of researchers
for examination early on 7-9 May 2014 to look at the real
conditions in the field and can provide technical advice in
retaining these problems.
Purpose and Goals
The purpose of this activity is to conduct the initial
inspection ofthe condition of the dormitory building Pusdiklat KNPK
who suffered cracked on walls the building.
The purpose of this initial examination is to provide technical
advice and follow-up It takes on a dormitory building Pusdiklat
KNPK with reference to the technical requirements that apply.
Scope of Activities
Initial examination of the structure of activity scope of
building KNPK Pusdiklat this include the following : a. Preparation
of the Examination b. Technical data collect KNPK (Pusdiklat
building plans pictures, shop drawing, as built
drawing and others) c. Examination of implementation plans and
drawings (shop drawings and as built drawing) d. Direct
examination, the situation at the dormitory building that is visual
inspection fisic
conditions of buildings, inspection of cracks that occurred on
the wall and the structural components, as well as checks on the
conditions of the ground
e. Analysis and discussion as well as recommendations or
suggestions of alternative settlement proposal problem
f. Reporting
THE METHODOLOGY INSPECTION General
The methods was used in the examination of the initial
activities to problems building Pusdiklat KNPK this is done by two
methods : the method of qualitative and quantitative methods.
Qualitative methods are carried out through technical data searches
of buildings consisting of a report design planning, planning
drawings, shop drawing and inspection of the condition of the
building structure visually, also conducted an interview or FAQs as
well as listening to a description of the building officials.
Quantitative methods are performed with the measurement of cracks
and structural components of the examination of the beams, columns
and walls that occur in field. All the data obtained will be relied
upon in the analysis and evaluation to provide alternative
proposals for solving problems in the recommendation.
Technical Data Search
Building Data 1. The name of the building : Dorm Pusdiklat KNPK
Ministry of Finance 2. Location : JL. 5 Main Bintaro, South
Tangerang 3. Owner : Ministry of Finance
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93 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
4. Number of Floors : 3 (three) Floor 5. Materials structure :
reinforced concrete 6. Function : boarding training 7. The
Foundation : reinforced concrete pole
Technical Data The data obtained from the officials who
submitted to the research team is as follows : 1. Images of dorm
Pusdiklat development planning KNPK 2. Images of shop drawing
Pusdiklat Boarding KNPK 3. Pictures us built Dormitory Pusdiklat
drawing KNPK
FIELD INSPECTION RESULTS Results of the Data Review Image of As
Build Drawings
The structure of an open-frame reinforced concrete building with
foundation group, powerboats for the central part of the building
one point foundation consists of 3 rods and for the the building
consists of 2 rods. Order structure and details of efecting of
framework beams and columns can be seen in Figure 1. Dimensions
foundation powerboats of 20 em x 25 em and stick as deep as 6 in
(depth of hard ground is not yet known). Total height 11.98111
building with a height of floors-I is 4, 13 m, the height of the
floor in the 2nd and 3rd floors each is 3.40.
Figure 1. Frame Structure and Reinforcement
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Preliminary Examination Hostel … (Cecep Bakheri Bachroni) 94
Data Field Review Results
Visual inspection results, cracks occur in the structure of the
staircase and walls in the room stairs and cracks in the basement
bathroom. The crack occurred on a wall in the living room the
ladder is not structural but spread throughout all the patterned
field wall from floor-I up to 3rd floor. Figure-3 show floor plans
and location of the crack.
Figure 2. The Foundation Piles Reinforcement or Columns and'
Beams Plan Binder (Tie Beam)
The crack occurred on a wall in the basement bathroom. Wide
cracks> 4 111m thick wall until translucent and couples. These
cracks occurs only on the 1st tloor (Ground Floor). The crack
occurred on a wall in the basement stairs is cracked hair and just
happened to plastering only. Cracking that occurs in the structure
of the stairs due to the movement of the soil under the foundation
of the stairs. From observations of visually invisible there are
signs of a decrease of the foundation, which is a decrease in soil
cover by 5 - 10 em. Pictures - 4 shows a decrease in soil cover.
Cracks on structural beams and columns cannot be seen as covered by
as well as cracks on the ceiling column cannot be seen because it
is covered by the ornament of the plywood.
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95 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Figure 3. Floor Plan-l and The Location of Cracks and Crack
Type
RESULTS AND DISCUTION General
The location of the building is the former swamp that piled up
as deep as 3 m, hoarding is done in 2010 and thereafter carried out
construction work in 2011. Construction jobs begins with the
foundation of powerboats with a depth of 6 m (based on the as built
drawing), using a system of mashed (hammer).
Calculation of The Capacity of The Beam-Hanger
Analysis of one of the existing binding beams, i.e. beam bearing
load the wall above and one beneath a heap of soil based on the
image of the as built drawing dimensions and reinforcement as
follows :
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Preliminary Examination Hostel … (Cecep Bakheri Bachroni) 96
Support
Field
Dimensi 300 x 600 300 x 600 Top Reinf : 5D22 2D22 Bellow Reinf :
3D22 4D22 Steeroops : D10-100 D10-200 Extra Reinf : 2D10 2D10
Load Calculation of T. Beam ; 30/60, Ł = 7.20, t Wall = 5 m SDL
= 150 kg/m2 x 7.2 m = 1080 kg/m DL = 0.3 x 0.6 x 2400 kg/m3 + 5 x
0.12 x 1700 kg/m3 = 1452 kg/m LL = 250 kg/m2 x 7.2 m = 1800 kg/m
Total = 4332 kg/m q = 42.4969 kN/m Mu = 1/8ql2 = 1/8 42.5 7.22 =
275.4 kNm Vu = = 153.0 kNm
Based on existing data, then performed an evaluation to
determine the capacity of the structure to the work styles in the
table below;
Doble Reinf Beam Dimention, space
T. Beam (TB1) 30/60, L=7.2m
Areas Reviewed Field Supporting Bending Load Mu (kN-m) 275,40
306,00 Shear Load Vu (kN-m) 153,00 153,00 Wide sectional (mm) 300
300 High (mm) 600 600 Tensile Reinf (btg) 4 3 Diameter (mm) 22 22
Compressive Reinf. 2 5 Diameter (mm) 22 22 Concrete cover (mm) 50
50 Diameter of a circle (mm) 10 10 Steeroops Space (mm) 200 100
Sectional Shear (bh) 2 2 Concrete Cuality fc' (MPa) 20 20
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97 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Advanced table Bending Reinf. fy (MPa) 400 400 Shear Reinf. fs
(MPa) 400 400 Shear Reduction Factor 0,80 0,80 Bending Reduction
Factor 0,60 0,60 As (mm2) 1520,53 1140,40 As' (mm2) 760,27 1900,66
Av (mm2) 157,08 157,08 Shear Reinforcement Ratio 0,50 1,67
Effective high d (mm) 529,00 529,00 s (mm) 71,00 71,00 Crack
Bending Mr. (kN-m) 13,18 13,18
Bending Capacity, Mnk Ta (kN) 608 456 b1 0,85 0,85 Try and Error
... a (mm) 103,90 103,90 x (mm) 122,24 122,24 es' 0,0013 0,0013 ey
0,0019 0,0019 fs' (MPa) 264 264 ( Cc + As' * fs' ) (kN) 731 1032 =
Ta (kN) 608 456 zCc (mm) 477,05 477,05 zCs' (mm) 458,00 458,00 Mnk
(kN-m) 344,73 482,65 ØMnk (kN-m) 275,79 386,12
Shear Capacity, Vn Vc (kN) 118,29 118,29 Vs (kN) 166,19 332,38
Vn (kN) 284,48 450,67 ØVn (kN) 170,69 270,40 Requirement of Bending
ØMnk > Mu Ok Ok Requirement of Shear ØVn > Vu Ok Ok Momen
Capacity Ratio 100% 79% Shear Capacity Ratio 90% 57%
Analysis of the Beam Fractured
The hair cracks occur on the walls in the basement stairs is
thought to occur only on plastering only as a result of the use of
mixed materials of plastering or cement and sand at the time
finishing less than perfect. Cracked which took place on the wall
in the bathroom, where the couple created on the wall beams
fastener (Tie Beam) and beam it directly focuses on the soil pile,
thus worthy of the crack is thought to occur due to the movement of
consolidation of the soil cover. It is feared that these cracks
occurred because of the capacity of the beam-hanger (Tie Beam) is
unable to shoulder the burden of a wall to do the appropriate
recount stipulated in the SNI 2847 : 2013 Structural Concrete of
the requirements for the Building. Results of the recount was still
binding beams capable of supporting a load of the existing wall,
the cracks occurred in the structure of the staircase is allegedly
due beams that are still within the limits of deflection
license.
Evaluation results above indicate that the structure of the
component beams are qualified in holding the elastic style, as well
as the style of the slide that occurred in the structure of the
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Preliminary Examination Hostel … (Cecep Bakheri Bachroni) 98
component. In this examination are only analyzed due to gravity
loads only, so the damage and cracks that occur on a component of
the beam is not due to gravity loads. Some possible causes cracks
on walls due to occurred in the binding beams components are still
within the limits of license.
Figure 4. The Ground Cover Has Decreased
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion
The results of the initial inspection, the situation analysis
and visual data can be summed up as follows : a. Cracking that
occurs on the wall of the stairs due to the flower angles of
stucco. b. The cracking that occurs in the bathroom space with a
width of 4 mm as a result of the
movement of consolidation less land compressed enough. c.
Cracked on the structure of the staircase is also due to the
consolidation of less land
compressed. d. Based on visual observations, there is no
indication of the decline of the foundation. e. Results of the
calculation of the capacity of the beam-hanger (T-Beam) shows the
results
qualified technical. Suggestions
The follow-up that we suggest needs to be done to assess the
reliability of building IE : Test-Sondir and soil parameters.
- Detailed Test structure (Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity, Core
Drilled, Hammer Test, Proforneter/R -bar).
- Recount-building as a whole.
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99 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF HOUSE IN CIREBON
Yulinda Rosa Research Institute for Housing and Human
Settlements, Agency for Research and Development
Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Jl. Panyawungan,
Cileunyi Wetan, Kabupaten Bandung 40393
E-mail : [email protected]
Abstract In this research, public perception of house is
studied. The success of housing program for the community is
affected by the public positive perception of the program.
Perception is formed through the process of cognition, affection,
and cognation. These three processes will be analyzed. Data used in
this research is the data in 2010. Sample is collected through the
multi-stage sampling method with a systematic technique. The number
of sample used is as many as 480 household heads. Data is analyzed
by using descriptive and correlation methods, along with the using
of Excel program software and SPSS (Statistical Package for the
Social Software). The result of the analysis shows that the
relationship degree between cognition and affection factor ( =
0,156) and between cognition and cognation factor ( = 0,151) are
very low. While the relationship between affection and cognation
factor shows a higher correlation than the two previous
correlations, but still categorized as low correlation ( =
0,202).
Keywords : Perception, community, house, Cirebon, public
INTRODUCTION Public perception of house is one of the important
factors which influence the house demand. This data can be used as
the foundation in determining the housing provision program, for
either contractor or policy makers.
Perception is the cognitive process to feel the surroundings by
choosing, organizing, and interpreting information (Daft, 2003 in
Kristanto, 2006). Perception is the brain’s interpretation of
feelings. A good and correct perception is needed since perception
is the basic of character building which leads to behavior (Barent,
1977 cited in Harihanto, 2004). Perception can be formed through
heredity and individual factors. The heredity factors include
talent, interest, willingness, feeling, fantasy, and respond which
are innate. Individual factors include education, social
environment, and social status (Thorndike, 1968 in Harihanto,
2004). Other external factors which can affect perception is age
(Munn, 1974), income (Malickson and Nason, 1977), value/belief and
experience (Bailey, 1982 and Sarinen, 1976), gender (Powel, 1963),
memory, social condition, expectation (Edmund and Letey, 1973;
Sarinen, 1976). Perception is formed through the cognition,
affection, and cognation process. The cognition process includes
accepting, understanding, and thinking. The affection process
includes feeling and emotions, willingness, and values. The
cognation process includes action or treatment as a respond to the
cognition and affection processes (Haryadi and Setiawan, 1995).
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Public Perception of House … (Yulinda Rosa) 100
One of the housing provision programs offered to people with low
income is the 1000-tower-flat program. This program is aimed to
provide liveable residence with affordable price in the city center
as high-rise apartments or rent flats (rusunawa) and owned flats
(rusunami) which was initiated in 2007. Eventhough in the end this
program becomes one of the targets, with not touching MBR. Since
all houses which are built through this program are not for
possession but for residential, therefore they are rented. This is
because not all people can afford a house (Tribun, 2015). In 2015,
the government launched a new program which is the sejuta rumah
program, or a-million-houses program.
Before it is implemented, each program, especially those which
involve people, should be socialized and positive perception should
first be built about the program. As an alternative, the program
can be adjusted with the existing perception in the community.
Adjusting program with the existing perception will be easier
compared to the first performed process, the positive perception
building program. Changing the people perception is not an easy
job, it needs a planned steps. If this program were executed with
negative perception, program failure will be occur. Therefore, in
this paper public perception of house in Cirebon is studied.
METHOD Data sample is as many as 295.764 people, spread in five
districts and twenty two villages, 247 citizens associations (Rukun
Warga) dan 1.352 neighborhood associations (Rukun Tetangga) with
multi-stage and systematic sampling technique. Multi-stage sampling
is a sampling technique conducted in steps; selecting districts
from city, selecting villages from districts, and selecting citizen
associations (RW) from villages. While selecting RW from each
village is conducted by systematic sampling technique with the
formulation as follow :
Period = the number of RW/ the number of village = 247/30 = 8,23
rounded to 8
This makes the number of RW to use as sample is thirty one RW.
From each RW, one neighborhood (RT) is randomly selected with
fifteen or sixteen household heads, which makes the total number of
sample is 480 people.
Data from each sample is taken by using both closed and open
systematic questionnaires. Data is processed by using descriptive
analysis technique and Spearman correlation analysis. Correlation
is used to test the closeness of relationship between two variables
which have ordinal measurement scale. Ordinal measurement scale is
numbers which show order from the highest to the lowest based on
particular criteria. The formulation to get the Spearman
coefficient of correlation (Riduwan, 2004) :
𝑅𝑠 = 1 − 6 𝑑𝑖
𝑛𝑖=1
𝑛3−𝑛 (1)
di = the gap between ranks n = the number of rank
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101 Journal of Human Settlements Vol. 7 No. 2 September 2015
Data is processed by using soft wares of excel program and SPSS
(Statistical Package for the Social Software). Public perception of
house is measured in three factors : 1. Cognition factor, measured
through these indicators :
1) The meaning of house 2) The function of house
2. Affection factor, measured through these indicators : 1)
Residence needed 2) Expected house status 3) Needs of bedroom 4)
Needs of RTH 5) Agree with the idea of flats
3. Cognation factor, measured through these indicators : 1) The
reason to stay in the area 2) The reason in buying or choosing a
house 3) Status of the owned house (land/building) 4) The frequency
of family sleep over 5) The existence of RTH
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Based on the 480 sample of household
heads, public description in Kota Cirebon can be described as
follow : Cognition Factor
Public cognition perception related to house is measured through
two indicators : 1) The function of house, functioned as what ? 2)
The meaning of house, as a place like what ?
Respondent which consider house as shelter is 44.4% and which
consider house as a place to foster family is 50.2%, while which
consider house as a place to socialize and self-express is 9%.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs mentioned that each individual has
basic needs which are described as a hierarchy or stairs. There are
five basic needs (from the lowest to the highest) : 1)
Physiological need; 2) The need of security; 3) The need of sense
of belonging and affection; 4) The need of appreciation; 5) The
need of self-actualization.
Maslow hypothesizes that after people have fulfilled the low
level need, they will fulfill the need of the next level. If they
are in the highest level but they have not yet fulfilled the basic
need, they can return to the need of previous level. based on that
theory, public perception of meaning in Kota Cirebon is still on
the level one and two. House is defined as shelter (physiological
need) and as a place to give the feeling of secure and comfort to
family (the need of security). These two levels below show that the
standard living i