02/08/2015 1 Principles of Arabic Grammar in Arabic Morphology غــــــــــة الل قواعد الم الصرف عل عربيةMaulana Dr Rafaqat Rashid Saturday 7 th March 2015 Saturday 7 th March 2015 9.45 10.15 Registration 10.15 11.20 Lesson 1 Part 1 Introduction to Arabic Morphology 11.20 11.30 Break 11.30 12.30 Lesson 1 Part 2 The Fundamentals 12.30 13.30 Dhur Salat and Lunch 13.30 14.30 Lesson 2 Part 1 Observing Additional Letters 14.30 14.40 Break 14.40 15.35 Lesson 2 Part 2 Observing the Vowels 15.35 15.45 Break 15.45 16.45 Lesson 3 Part 1 Observing Preceding Words 16.45 17.00 Asr Salat and Break 17.00 18.00 Lesson 3 Part 2 Derived Nouns 18.00 Maghrib and Close
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02/08/2015
1
Principles of Arabic Grammar in
Arabic Morphology عربية يف علم الصرفقواعد اللغــــــــــة ال
Maulana Dr Rafaqat Rashid
Saturday 7th March 2015
Saturday 7th March 2015
9.45 10.15 Registration
10.15 11.20 Lesson 1 Part 1 Introduction to Arabic Morphology
11.20 11.30 Break
11.30 12.30 Lesson 1 Part 2 The Fundamentals
12.30 13.30 Dhur Salat and Lunch
13.30 14.30 Lesson 2 Part 1 Observing Additional Letters
14.30 14.40 Break
14.40 15.35 Lesson 2 Part 2 Observing the Vowels
15.35 15.45 Break
15.45 16.45 Lesson 3 Part 1 Observing Preceding Words
16.45 17.00 Asr Salat and Break
17.00 18.00 Lesson 3 Part 2 Derived Nouns
18.00 Maghrib and Close
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Lesson 1 Part 1
Introduction
How are we normally taught Arabic Morphology?
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A specific topic is taught
Topics are then combined together
to make sense
How should Arabic Morphology
be taught?
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Always demonstrate how it fits in the bigger picture!
Why do students struggle with
Arabic Morphology?
Reason 1
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How does it all translate?
25%
What we do!
50%
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20%
80%
What we could be doing!
That’s what we shall be doing ان شاء هللا
Why do students struggle with
Arabic Morphology?
Reason 2
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Too much rote learning
Overwhelming!!
Vocal physical
• Rather, use as many sensory modes as possible to retain!
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Why do students struggle with
Arabic Morphology?
Reason 3
Too Book Focussed?
Overwhelming!!
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Outcome Focussed?
Drives motivation!!
See immediate results!
Purpose of Teaching علم الصرف
1. Recognise scales of verbs and derived nouns, = to aid the translation of Arabic
3. Know how to conjugate one scale of verbs or derived nouns to another, to aid the writing of Arabic
2. Vocalise scales of verbs or derived nouns, = to aid the fluent reading of Arabic (without harakat)
Recognise similarities and differences between conjugation scales
Repetition and retention of conjugation scales
Know and understand the rules of conjugation
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Our Focus!
• Recognise similarities and differences between conjugation scales
• Repetition and retention of conjugation scales
• Know and understand the rules of conjugation
مفرد
مركب
اسم
فعل
حرف
مفيد
غير مفيد
Beneficial
(Complete Sentence)
Non-Beneficial (Incomplete Sentence)
Compound (Sentence) Single Word
Particle
Verb
Noun
لفظ
Articulation
or Speech
ماضيPerfect Tense
مضارعImperfect
Tense
أمر
Command
نهيProhibition
المصدرRoot Noun
المشتقDerivative Noun
الجامدPrimary Noun
Mapping Arabic Morphology
LESSON 1&2
LESSON 3(i) LESSON 3(ii)
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10%
30%
What we will be doing today ان شاء هللا
The Arabic equivalent to the ‘verb’ in the English Language is the f’il علف
i .e. a word used to describe the performance of an action (‘he did’ fa’ala فعل ,‘ he helped’ nasara نصر ,‘ he hit’ dharaba ضرب .
1 A word referring to an action i.e. “he hit”, “they were named”, “hit him” etc.
2 A word which is understood independent of other words i.e. not like the حروف , which are dependent on other words
i.e. he sat, they were named
3 A word that has tense; past, present or future. It also has an agent (subject فاعل ) that carries out the action. i.e. “he sat”, “he is sitting”, “he will sit” are verbs because “he” is doing the action. “to sit” is not a verb, but is a noun مصدر , because no one is doing the action, rather it is a term we use to describe what a person does when he seats himself.
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English: He sought help
Three words are used to form the meaning of this sentence
Arabic: ر نص است
Only one word is used to form the same meaning of a sentence in Arabic
There is a massive difference between a
verb in English and a فعل in Arabic
How does one Arabic verb give such depth in meaning to a whole sentence?
7. Which person is the action in. Is it about me/us [1st person], you [second person], or him/ she/ them [third person].
1. The action (i.e. to hit, to sit)
2. The tense, past, present or future (i.e. he sat, he is sitting, he will sit)
3. Whether the action is in the affirmative or in the negative (i.e. he hit, he did not hit)
4. The number of agents doing the action (i.e. they hit, he hit, them two hit)
5. The gender of the agents doing the action (i.e. he hit, she hit, they [women] hit)
6. Whether the action is active or passive in its voice (i.e. he hit [active], he was hit [passive])
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How does the فعل change to give such meaning?
3. Interjecting / placing letters in different parts of the word
1. Change of the order of the 3 base letters
2. Change of the vowels on the حركات
letters
1. Change of the order of the 3 base letters حروف أصلي = change the meaning
لقو Climb
pan nap
لوق Speech
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2. Change of the vowels حركات on the letters = changes the meaning
noble ب س ح
ب س ح
ب س ح
calculate
assume
3. Interjecting letters in different parts of the word change the meaning
ن ص رEnd-Suffix Pre-fix
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Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
رن ص 1. number of
agents doing the action
Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
ر ن ص 1. number of
agents doing the action
1 person
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Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
ان ص ر 1. number of
agents doing the action
2 people
Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
وان ص ر 1. number of
agents doing the action
3 or more people
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Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
رن ص 2. the gender of agents doing
the action
Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
ر ن ص 2. the gender of agents doing
the action
1 male
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Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
ت ن ص ر 2. the gender of agents doing
the action
1 female
Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
رن ن ص 2. the gender of agents doing
the action
3 or more females
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Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
رن ص 3. The
grammatical person
Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
ر ن ص 1 male third person
3. The grammatical
person
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Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
رت ن ص 1 male second person
3. The grammatical
person
Add letters to the end of the word. We term this, placing an ‘end-suffix’
رت ن ص 1 male first person
3. The grammatical
person
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Placing/ Interjecting letters in different parts of the word change the meaning
ن ص رEnd-Suffix Pre-fix
Add letters to the beginning of the word. We term this, placing a ‘Pre-fix’
ر نص ي 1. To make it in the imperfect tense
of the verb
He is helping/ will help
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Add letters to the beginning of the word. We term this, placing a ‘Pre-fix’
ر نص ت She is helping/ will help
2. The gender of agents doing
the action (Imperfect Tense)
Add letters to the beginning of the word. We term this, placing an ‘Pre-fix’
I am helping/ will help
3. The grammatical person
(Imperfect Tense)
ر نص ا
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Add letters to the beginning of the word. We term this, placing an ‘Pre-fix’
You are helping/ will help
3. The grammatical person
(Imperfect Tense)
ر نص ت
Add letters to the beginning of the word. We term this, placing an ‘Pre-fix’
Soon you will help
3. Change of meaning (Imperfect Tense)
ر نص ت س
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Add letters to the beginning of the word. We term this, placing an ‘Pre-fix’
He sought help
3. Change of meaning (Perfect Tense)
ر نص است
Placing/ Interjecting letters in different parts of the word change the meaning
ن ص رEnd-Suffix Pre-fix
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Placing/ Interjecting letters in different parts of the word change the meaning
ر ص ت ن ا 3. Change of meaning
(Perfect Tense)
He prevailed
Placing/ Interjecting letters in different parts of the word change the meaning
ر ص ن ص
3. Change of meaning (Perfect Tense)
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Placing/ Interjecting letters in different parts of the word change the meaning
ر ص ن
3. Change of meaning (Perfect Tense)
He baptized
وف اال صلي ة لعف الحر فاء الكلمة
الكلمة عين
الم الكلمة
ة ة الم الك لم ع ين الك لم ة ف اء الك لم فعل
e.g. نصر فعلScale
صر ن ن ص ر فعل
عل استف استنصر ن ص ر
مفعلن منصران ن ص ر
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وف اال صلي ة الحر
وائد حروف الز
ل ع ت ف ا فاء الكلمة
عين الكلمة
الم الكلمة
Term Meaning Example
Just triliteral (i.e. no ثالثى مجردauxiliary radicals) كتب
Triliteral with auxiliary ثالثى مزيد فيهradicals نب ت ج ا
Just quadriliteral (i.e no رباىع مجردauxiliary radicals) ثر بع
Quadriliteral with auxiliary رباىع مزيد فيهradicals بل ت سر
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Exercise 1a
1. مع ا س 2. يف تح 3. ر ب تض 4. ئل ي س 5. مان يك ر
Lesson 1 Part 2
The Fundamentals
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Step 1 Step 2
Step 3 Step 4
Step 5 Step 6
6
Six Steps Approach
STEP 1
ل ي ة ف االص و الحر RECOGNISE
لعف فاء الكلمة
الم الكلمة عين الكلمة
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Recognise similarities and differences between conjugation scales
ي م ضار ع ماض
STEP 2
Perfect Tense ending in the
end-suffix
Imperfect Tense ending in the end-suffix
+ Signs of imperfect tense as pre-fix
ع عالمة المضار
Past ي ماض
Present حال
Future تق ب ل م س
IMPERFECT TENSE PERFECT TENSE
ي ماض
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Past ي ماض
Present حال
Future تق ب ل م س
IMPERFECT TENSE PERFECT TENSE
م ضار ع
Recognising the differences between the endings of
Perfect and Imperfect Tense
Understanding of Pronouns
ضمائر
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Third Person
غائب
الواحد
المذكر
He
ه و
Third Person
غائب
المذكر
التثنية
Them (2)
ا ه م
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Third Person
غائب
المذكر
الجمع
Them (>2)
ه م
Third Person
غائب
المؤنث
الواحد
She
هي
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Third Person
غائب
المؤنث
التثنية
Them (2)
ا ه م
Third Person
غائب
المؤنث
الجمع
Them (>2)
ه ن
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Second Person
حاضر
المذكر
الواحد
You (1)
ا نت
Second Person
حاضر
المذكر
التثنية
You (2)
ا ا نت م
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Second Person
حاضر
المذكر
الجمع
You (>2)
ا نت م
Second Person
حاضر
المؤنث
الواحد
You (1)
ا نت
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Second Person
حاضر
المؤنث
التثنية
You (2)
ا ا نت م
Second Person
حاضر
المؤنث
الجمع
You (>2)
ا نت ن
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First Person
متكل م
المذكر
المؤنث
الواحد
I (1)
ا نا
First Person
متكل م
المؤنث
المذكر
التثنية
الجمع
We (>2)
ن حن
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اضي م Perfect Tense ending
in the end-suffix
رن ص
Third Person
غائب
ل ف ع He
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Third Person
غائب
ل ف ع Them
(2)
Third Person
غائب
ل واف ع Them (>2)
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Third Person
غائب
ت ف ع ل She
Third Person
غائب
ت افع ل Them
(2)
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Third Person
غائب
ن ف ع ل Them (>2)
Second Person
حاضر
ت ف ع ل You (1)
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Second Person
حاضر
اف ع ل ت م You (2)
Second Person
حاضر
ت م ف ع ل You (>2)
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Second Person
حاضر
ت ف ع ل You (1)
Second Person
حاضر
اف ع ل ت م You (2)
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Second Person
حاضر
ت ن ف ع ل You (>2)
First Person
متكل م
ت ف ع ل I
(1)
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First Person
متكل م
ن اف ع ل We
(>2)
ارع م ض Imperfect Tense ending
in the end-suffix
+ Signs of imperfect tense as pre-fix
علمة المضارع
End-Suffix Pre-fix ن ص ر علمة المضارع
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Pre-fix
Person Example
ر ب يض 3rd person ي
3rd person feminine ت(singular and dual)
ر ب تض
ر ب تض 2nd person ت
ر ب اض 1st person (singular) ا
ر ب نض 1st person (dual or more) ن
ع عالمة المضار
تي ا
Third Person
غائب
ل ف ع He
ل فع ي
علمة المضارع
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Third Person
غائب
ل ف ع Them
(2)
ن فع ي ل
نون اعرابي
Third Person
غائب
ل واف ع Them (>2)
ون فع ل ي
نون اعرابي
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Third Person
غائب
ت ف ع ل She
فع ل ت
علمة المضارع
Third Person
غائب
ت افع ل Them
(2)
ن فع ت ل
نون اعرابي
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Third Person
غائب
ن ف ع ل Them (>2)
ن فع ل ي
علمة المضارع
نون جمع مؤنث
Second Person
حاضر
ت ف ع ل You (1)
ل فع ت
علمة المضارع
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Second Person
حاضر
اف ع ل ت م You (2)
ن فع ت ل
Second Person
حاضر
ت م ف ع ل You (>2)
ون فع ل ت
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Second Person
حاضر
ت ف ع ل You (1)
ين فع ل ت
نون اعرابي
Second Person
حاضر
اف ع ل ت م You (2)
ن فع ت ل
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Second Person
حاضر
ت ن ف ع ل You (>2)
ن فع ل ت
علمة المضارع
نون جمع مؤنث
First Person
متكل م
ت ف ع ل I
(1)
ل فع ا
علمة المضارع
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First Person
متكل م
ن اف ع ل We
(>2)
ل فع ن
علمة المضارع
Summary
1. STEP 1- Recognise the base letters
1. STEP 2- Recognise whether on the conjugation scales of Perfect or Imperfect tense, by recognising similarities and differences between them. (end-suffix and (علمة المضارع
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Exercise 1b
1. ك تت 2. ن عت م 3. مع ي تس 4. ك ن ح ض 5. مان يك ر
LUNCH BREAK!
!الحمد هلل
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Lesson 2 Part 1
Observing Additional Letters
10%
30%
What we did in last session
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10%
30%
What we will be doing now ان شاء هللا
5%
20%
15% 50%
STEP 3
فعلPre-fix
Recognise the additional letters in 3 places in the following order to determine
1. whether ثلثي مجرد or not, and 2. Which باب it belongs to of the ثلثي مزيد فيه
Location 1
Location 2
Location 3
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Placing/ Interjecting letters in different parts of the word change the meaning
ن ص رEnd-Suffix Pre-fix
وف اال صلي ة الحر
وائد حروف الز
ل ع ت ف ا فاء الكلمة
عين الكلمة
الم الكلمة
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Term Meaning Example Frequency
ثالثى مجردJust triliteral (i.e. no auxiliary radicals)
%45 كتب
Triliteral with ثالثى مزيد فيهauxiliary radicals تنب %53 ا ج
رباىع مجردJust quadriliteral (i.e no auxiliary radicals)
ثر %1.5> بع
رباىع مزيد فيهQuadriliteral with auxiliary radicals
بل ت سر <0.5%
ثلثى مزيد فيه
85%
ثلثى مجرد
45% 53%
3 most
common ابواب
90%
3 most
common ابواب
98% of all ابواب scales
15%
oth
ers
10%
oth
ers
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ثلثى مزيد فيه
85%
53%
3 most
common ابواب
98% of all ابواب scales
15%
oth
ers
ك رم أ ب ن ت جا
ف ر ص
40%
25%
20%
ثلثى
مزيد فيه
15%
Others
85%
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رم ك أ
نب ت ج ا
ف ر ص
ن ب ت يج
ف ر ي ص
م ي ك ر
ثالثى مزيد فيه
85%
در)باب (مص
م اك ر ا ب ان ت ج ا
ر ت ف ي ص
ي م ضار ع ماض
در)باب (مص
ت ر ان ص ا س ي م ضار ع ماض
ة تل اق م ل ب اق ت ل ب ق ت
ت ا ن صر س ت ي ر س ن ص ت ل اتل ي ق اق بل اق ت بل ي اق ت ل ب ق ت ل ي ب ق ت
ثالثى مزيد فيه
10%
Others
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در)باب (مص
ن ط ا ر اف م ا ر راح ي خ ا ن اش ش
ن ر ن فطر ي ا فط ي م ضار ع ماض
م ا م ر ح ر يح ثالثى
مزيد فيه
Others
ن شو شن يخ شو خ ا ش <5%
The two “ باب ”ع
فر ص فر ص ت ف ر ص ف ر ص ت To act To change
ل فع ت ل ع ف فر تص فر يتص ف ر ص ت ف ر ص ت ي ل ع ف ت ل ع ف ت ي
ي ماض
م ضار ع
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The two “فاعل scales” باب
تقاتل قاتلTo fight
one another To fight
فاعل فاعل ت
فاع ل ت فاعل ت ي
ي ماض
م ضار ع
قاتل ت قاتل
يتقاتل تقاتلقات ل ت قاتل ت ي
نب ت ج ا فاء الكل مة
ث ص ض ط ظ د ذ ز ا د ا ذ ا ذ د د ا ز ا ز
ا ط ط ا ظ ا ظ ط ا ض ا ض
ا ث
عل ت ف ا عل ف ف ا عل ف ا
Peculiarities of ا ف تعال
ا د عيت قي ا
طب ا ص طرب ا ض
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ل. ع . ف Pre-fix
ا
ت
است
ا
ان
م يكرم كر ا اجت ن ب ي جت نب
ب ل ب ل ي ت ق ت ق
ر ي ست نصر ت ق اب ل ي ت ق اب ل است نص طر ر ي نف نف ط ا
ا اجت ن ب ي جت نب ت
ف اع ل يف اعل
احم ر ي حم ر
ف ت ق اب ل ي ت ق اب ل ر ف يص ر ص ب ل ب ل ي ت ق ت ق
الحروف الزوائد
Exercise 2a
1. ت حان ا م 2. ي د و تج 3. ي ر ج ت خ 4. ا و تسافر 5. ن تتسل م و
Observing the vowels and how it all comes together
• Recognising the difference(s) between ماضي and مضارع scales in these ابواب
– Attaching pronouns ضمير (pl. ضمائر ) to the فعل as the object مفعول به, yet recognising these ابواب
• Recognising the ابواب of د ثلثي مجر
• Recognising the active معروف and passive مجهول
STEP 4
فعلا
Look at the vowel حركة of the عين كلمة
ك ة ر ح
To determine: 1. whether مضارع / ماضي scale
ثلثي مجرد of باب .23. whether active وف عر passive / م جه ول ; م (in conjunction with vowel of first letter)
ك ة ر ح
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whether ماضي scale مضارع /
ثلثي of باب مجرد
whether active وف عر / م passive جه ول م
Look at the vowel حركة of the عين كلمة
whether ماضي scale مضارع /
ثلثي of باب مجرد
whether active وف عر / م passive جه ول م
Look at the vowel حركة of the عين كلمة
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Third Person
غائب
م ا كر He
م كر ي
علمة المضارع
Third Person
غائب
م ا اكر Them
(2)
ان كر ي م
نون اعرابي
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Third Person
غائب
واكر ا م Them (>2)
ون كر ي م
نون اعرابي
Third Person
غائب
م ا ت كر She
م كر ت علمة المضارع
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Third Person
غائب
م ا ت اكر Them
(2)
ان م كر ت
نون اعرابي
Third Person
غائب
من كر ا Them (>2)
من كر ي
علمة المضارع
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Second Person
حاضر
مت كر ا You (1)
م كر ت
علمة المضارع
Second Person
حاضر
اكر ا مت م You (2)
ان كر ت م
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Second Person
حاضر
مت م كر ا You (>2)
ون م كر ت
Second Person
حاضر
مت كر ا You (1)
مين كر ت
نون اعرابي
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Second Person
حاضر
اكر ا مت م You (2)
ان كر ت م
Second Person
حاضر
مت ن كر ا You (>2)
من كر ت
علمة المضارع
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First Person
متكل م
مت كر ا I
(1)
كرم ا
علمة المضارع
First Person
متكل م
من اكر ا We
(>2)
كرم ن
علمة المضارع
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Attaching pronouns ضمير (pl. ضمائر ) to the فعل as the object مفعول به, yet
recognising these ابواب
م ا ه كر (هو فاعل)فعل مفعول به
ضمير منصوب متصل
ي ة ل ي ة الخب ع م لة الف الج
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Third Person
غائب
م ا ه كر He
ه م كر ي
علمة المضارع
ضمير منصوب متصل
Third Person
غائب
م ا ااكر ه م Them
(2)
ان كر ي ام ه م
نون اعرابي
ضمير منصوب متصل
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Third Person
غائب
و كر ا ه م م Them (>2)
ون كر ي ه م م
نون اعرابي
ضمير منصوب متصل
Third Person
غائب
م ا ات كر ه She
ام كر ت ه
علمة المضارع
ضمير منصوب متصل
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Third Person
غائب
م ا ات اكر ه م Them
(2)
اان م كر ت ه م
نون اعرابي
ضمير منصوب متصل
Third Person
غائب
ه ن من كر ا Them (>2)
ه ن من كر ي
علمة المضارع
ضمير منصوب متصل
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Second Person
حاضر
ك مت كر ا You (1)
ك م كر ت
علمة المضارع
ضمير منصوب متصل
Second Person
حاضر
اكر ا امت م ك م You (2)
ان كر ت ام ك م
ضمير منصوب متصل
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Second Person
حاضر
ك م و مت م كر ا You (>2)
ك م ون م كر ت
ضمير منصوب متصل
Second Person
حاضر
ك مت كر ا You (1)
ك مين كر ت
نون اعرابي
ضمير منصوب متصل
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Second Person
حاضر
اكر ا امت م ك م You (2)
ان كر ت ام ك م
ضمير منصوب متصل
Second Person
حاضر
ك ن مت ن كر ا You (>2)
ك ن من كر ت
علمة المضارع
ضمير منصوب متصل
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First Person
متكل م
ي ن مت كر ا I
(1)
ي ن كرم ا
علمة المضارع
نون الوقاية
ضمير منصوب متصل
First Person
متكل م
ن امن اكر ا We
(>2)
ن اكرم ن
علمة المضارع
ضمير منصوب متصل
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whether ماضي scale مضارع /
ثلثي of باب مجرد
whether active وف عر / م passive جه ول م
Look at the vowel حركة of the عين كلمة
ثلثى مجرد
45%
90%
3 most
common ابواب
98% of all ابواب scales
10%
oth
ers
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ر %40 نصر ين ص
30%
16%
ثلثى د مجر
10%
Others
90%
ر ب ضرب يض مع سم ع يس
%13 فتح يف تح
0.75%
0.25%
ثالثى د مجر
Others 10%
م م يك ر كر ب س ب يح حس
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whether ماضي scale مضارع /
ثلثي of باب مجرد
whether active وف عر / م passive جه ول م
Look at the vowel حركة of the عين كلمة
Zaid beat Umar
Umar was beaten
subject
فاعلverb
object
active voice
وف عر م مفعول به
مجهول ’substitute subject‘ نائب الفاعل
عمر زيد ضرب
عمر ضرب
Example 1: Zaid beat Umar
Example 2: Umar was beaten
فعل المعروف
مفعول به
نائب الفاعل فعل المجهول
فاعل
passive voice
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Look at the vowels to see whether active وف عر / م
passive جه ول in conjunction) ; م
with vowel of first letter)
فعلا ك ة ر ح
ك ة ر ح
عل ت ف ا فعل
ل ت ع ف ا ل ف ع ثالثى مجرد
ثالثى مزيد فيه
ل ت يف ع ل ثالثى مجرد يف ع
عل ت ي ف ثالثى مزيد فيه ي ف عل
و ف ر ل مع و ه مج
ماضي
ع مضار
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بل اق ت ب ل ي و ق ت
ت ل اتل ي ق اق
تل ات ل ي ق و ق
بل اق ت بل ي اق ت
و ف ر مع
ل و ه مج
ع ماضي ماضي ع مضار مضار
Summary
1. STEP 1- Recognise the base letters
2. STEP 2- Recognise whether Perfect or Imperfect tense, similarities and differences in letters (end-suffix and علمة المضارع)
3. STEP 3- Recognise the additional letters in 3 places to determine باب of فيهمزيد ثلثي
4. STEP 4- Look at the vowel حركة of the عين كلمة to determine مضارع / ماضي scale, باب of ثلثيand whether active مجرد وف عر جه ول passive / م م
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Exercise 2b
1. أمرنا2. ك م نا و ر ص 3. بان تق ر 4. ل ن فص 5. ن و رج ت خ
Exercise 2c
6. تل ي ك م يب ي ك ن .7 تك ف ه م .8 ي ت م و ران .9 ت عاون و نا .10 ر أ م
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BREAK!
!الحمد هلل
Lesson 3 Part 1
Observing Preceding Words
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10%
30%
What we will be doing now ان شاء هللا
7%
Approx. 17% 60%
30%
STEP 5
فعل
2. Look before the فعل to see any preceding words
which are likely to change the mood ( عامل .sing) عوامل
of the فعل
عامل
1. Recognise the mood endings of رف وع ,م وب نص م , وم جز م
رف وع م
نص وب م
جزوم م
ending
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ي م ضار ع ماض
رب مب ن م ع their ending does not
change with change of mood
their ending changes with
change of mood
ع رف ع ف و مر
و ب ب من ص نص
و م ز م مج جز
Happy
Content
Surprised
ر ب يض ضرب
ر لن ضرب ب يض
ر ل ضرب ب يض
ر ن ب و يض
ر لن ايض ب و
ر ل ايض ب و
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The basic rules of the ending of the مضارع with change of mood
Mood
حالة
If there is حركة نون اعرابي on
الم كلمة
Example
ع مرفو
منصوب
مجزومnot مجرور) )
leave
drop
drop
ضم ة
فتحة
جزم
ل يف ع عال ن يف عل و ن يف ل لن يفع
ل يفع لن
والن يفعل
ل لم يفع
ل يفع لن
والم يفعل
عامل
preceding words before the فعل
غريعامل
Changes the
mood of the فعل following it
Does not change the
mood of the فعل following it
ف و ع مر ب و من ص
و م ز مج
ف و ع مر م ضار ع
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Affirmative Action
Present He is hitting An action occurring now in the present ر ب يض He hits An action which is done habitually ر ب كان يض
Past He hit An action in the past ضرب He hit An action in the distant past ضرب كان He has just hit An action in the immediate past ضرب قد
Future He will hit soon An action in the immediate future ر ب س يض He will hit An action in the distant future ف ر ب سو يض He will definitely hit An action in the future with certainty ب ل ر ن يض
Negative Action Present He does not hit An action which is not done habitually ر ب ال يض
He is not hitting An action not occurring now in the
present ر ب ما يض
He has not yet hit An action in that has yet not been
done at present ر لم ا ب يض
Past He did not hit An negative action in the past ضرب ما He did not hit A negative action in the past ر لم ب يض
Future He will certainly not hit in the future A negative action in the future with
certainty ر لن ب يض
حال
ماىض مستقبل
ر ب ما يض Present negative
tense ر ب لم ي ض
Changing Tenses with preceding افعال and حروف
ر ب كان ي ض Habitual past
ر ب ال يض Habitual negative
tense
ن ي ر ب يك و ض Habitual future
ضرب كان distant past
ضرب قدimmediate past
ر ب سي ض Near future
ف ر ب سو يض distant future
ضرب ماب لن ر يض
future negative
past negative
tense
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ع مجزوم مجزوم منصوب مجزوم/ منصوب / مرفو ل يف ع ل / ل يف ع ل عل ف ل ي عل ف لم ي عل ف لن ي آلن يف ع ل عال ف ل ي عال ف لم ي عال ف لن ي اعل ف لن ي اعل ف لم ي و اعل ف ل ي و ل يف ع ل / ل ع يف ل و ل تف ع ل / ل تف ع ل عل ف ل ت عل ف لم ت عل ف لن ت
آلن تف ع ل عال ف ل ت عال ف لم ت عال ف لن ت ف لن ي ف لم ي عل ف ل ي عل ل نآن يف ع ل عل
ل تف ع ل / ل تف ع ل عل ف ا عل ف لم ت عل ف لن ت آلن تف ع ل عال ف ا عال ف لم ت عال ف لن ت اعل ف لن ت اعل ف لم ت و اعل ف ا و ل تف ع ل / ل تف ع ل و ل تف ع ل / ل تف ع ل عل ي ف ا عل ي ف لم ت عل ي ف لن ت آلن تف ع ل عال ف ا عال ف لم ت عال ف لن ت ف لن ت ف لم ت عل ف ا عل ل نآن تف ع ل عل عل ف لن ا عل ف لم ا عل ف ال ل ف ع ال / ل ف ع ال ل نف ع ل / ل نف ع ل عل ف ل ن عل ف لم ن عل ف لن ن