PRINCIPLES: END-FOCUS/END-WEIGHT. 0 The information structure of a sentence has two parts: one for given information; one for new information. (old information.

PRINCIPLES:END-FOCUS/END-WEIGHT

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0The information structure of a sentence has two parts:•one for given information;•one for new information.(old information is normally presented before new information)

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0The end and beginning of a clause are usually points of focus, but the complex structure and “heavier” information part is normally placed in final position.

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Information-flow principle0Related to the normal ordering of

information in English discourse, i.e. moving from given to new information.0The following question and two possible

replies.0Q: When will we come back? 0- A) We’ll come back next week.0- B) Next week we’ll come back.

0In the two replies, the given information is marked in blue and new information is underlined.

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0Which reply will you choose? Why?0A) is better than B)0The given-new order of

information can contribute to the cohesion of a text, because the given information at the beginning links the sentence to the previous discourse while the new information is usually taken up in the continuing discourse.0The given-new order also helps

the addressee to understand.

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PRINCIPLES OF END-FOCUS AND END-WEIGHT

0End-focus

A clause normally has at least one point of focus, which typically falls upon the end of the clause.

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PRINCIPLES OF END-FOCUS AND END-WEIGHT

0End-weight principleThe tendency to preserve the final position for the more complex parts of a clause or sentence, i.e., the more “weighty” part(s) of a sentence should be placed towards the end. Otherwise, the sentence may sound awkward. The weight of an element can be defined in terms of length (e.g. Number of syllables) or in terms of grammatical complexity (number of modifiers).

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COMPARE THE PAIR OF EXAMPLES

A)It is important that you contact them to make a housing application and let them know of your needs.B) That you contact them to make a housing application and let them know of your needs is important.

0Which sentence is more difficult to process? Why?0Sentence B) is more difficult0It is structurally unbalanced, and readers have to

keep a lot in memory before they reach the end of the sentence

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Existential there0Existential constructions can help to avoid

unbalanced sentence structureA) There are many people who believe sincerely that you can train children for life without resorting to punishment.B) Many people who believe sincerely that you can train children for life without resorting to punishment exist.

0Which option do you prefer? Why?A) is better than B)Sentence balance, end-focus

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Exercise:Identify given and new information

The micrometer1. A micrometer is an instrument which is used for measuring

small distances precisely.2. It can measure with a precision of 0.01 mm.3. A micrometer consists of a steel frame in the shape of a

semi-circle.4. Attached to one end of this semi-circular frame is a small

anvil.5. The other end of the frame extends outwards.6. A piece of metal in the shape of a cylinder fits on this

extension.7. The cylindrical part is called the barrel or sleeve.8. Inside the barrel is a screw-thread.

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Sample analysis

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Further readings0 Alonso, I. (2003) Improving text flow in ESL learner Compositions. The

Internet TESL Journal 9/2. URL: http://iteslj.org/Articles/Alonso-ImprovingFlow.html

0 Biber, D., Conrad, S. and Leech, G. (2002) Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.

0 Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S. and Finegan, E. (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.

0 Birner, B. and Ward, G. (1998) Information Status and Noncanonical Word Order in English. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

0 Jennifer A., Losongc, A., Wasow, T. and Ginstrom, R. (2000) Heaviness vs. Newness: The Effects of Structural Complexity and Discourse Status on Constituent Ordering. Language 76/1: 28-55.

0 Lambrecht, K. (1994) Information Structure and Sentence Form. London: CUP

0 Nwogu, K. (1995) Structuring scientific discourse. English Teaching Forum. 33/4: 22-27. URL: http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol33/no4/p22.htm

0 Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.