Principle of Growth and Development

7/28/2019 Principle of Growth and Development

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Courage is what it takes to stand upand speak; but courage is also what ittakes to sit down and listen.


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Principles -

a fundamental, primary, orgeneral law or truth from which others

are derived.


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GROWTH-

Development-


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GROWTH- refers to an increase insome quantity over time. Thequantity can be:

Physical (e.g., growth in height)

Development-

is systematic and orderly changeorganisms experience as they liveand either gain or lose abilities.


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1. Growth is a personal matter

2. Growth comes from within

3. Growth is gradual and orderly but uneven

4. Growth has certain characteristics common at particular stages

5. Development proceeds from the head downward

6. Development proceeds from the center of the body outward.

7. Development depends on maturation and learning.

8. Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the morecomplex.

9. Growth and development is a continuous process.

10. Growth and development proceed from the general to specific

11.There are individual rates of growth and development


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MECHANISMS OF HEREDITY

Mechanism-afundamental process

responsible for naturalphenomena.


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Heredity-is the passing of traitsto offspring (from its parent or

ancestors). This is the process bywhich an offspringcell or organism

acquires or becomes predisposed to

the characteristics of its parent cellor organism


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Maturation- is the emergence

of personal and behavioralcharacteristics through growth

processes.


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There is a set of principles that characterizesthe pattern and process of growth anddevelopment.

These principles describe typical development

as a predictable and orderly process;that is, we can predict how most children

will develop and that they will develop at thesame rate and at about the same time as otherchildren.

Although there are individual differences inchildren's personalities, activity levels, and timingof developmental milestones, such as ages andstages, the principles and characteristics ofdevelopment are universal patterns.


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Certain characteristics are typical of

certain ages, but these are only guides

and not set rules.

Each child grows in his own way.One child may progress "slower" than

another and still he is perfectly healthy

and within the range of development

appropriate for his age.


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Human beings are product ofnature andnurture. Their development is controlled by

the action of both hereditary and

environment. They grow and develop over

time or on a developmental schedule knownas maturation.

HEREDITARY + ENVIRONMENT=

DEVELOPMENT


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Development should not be confused

with maturation.

Development refers to the quality of

behaviour,

Maturation refers to the state of the body

and its readiness for behaviour.


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HEREDITYis transmission of traits from parents to off-springs.

gives the human individual a similarity to other

organism and also uniqueness.

It partly provides the equipment with which thehuman organism operates, and hence, control the

level of efficiency.

GENES -are submicroscopic particles in chromosomes.

They are the unit carriers of heredity.


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The nucleus of each human cell holds 46

chromosomes.They are responsible for all genetic traits (such

as eye color).

Twenty-three chromosomes are inherited from

the mother (via her egg) and 23 from the father(via his sperm). These two separate sets of 23

chromosomes carry the same genes and pair up

with each other upon conception. As a result, the

46 chromosomes are thus organized into 22 pairsof chromosomes, called gene pairs. The 23rd pair

contains the sex chromosomes(X&Y).


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DEVELOPMENTis systematic and orderlychange organisms experience as they

live and either gain abilities.As a child develops, he or she adds to the skills

already acquired and the new skills become the basisfor further achievement and mastery of skills. Mostchildren follow a similar pattern. Also, one stage ofdevelopment lays the foundation for the next stage ofdevelopment. For example, in motor development,

there is a predictable sequence of developments thatoccurbefore walking. The infant lifts and turns thehead before he or she can turn over. Infants canmove their limbs (arms and legs) before grasping anobject. Mastery of climbing stairs involves increasing

skills from holding on to walking alone.


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Development

should not be

confused with maturation.

Development refers to the

quality of behaviour, Maturation refers to the state of

the body and its readiness for

behavior


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HEREDITY is transmission of traits fromparents to off-springs. Heredity gives thehuman individual a similarity to other

organism and also uniqueness. It partly

provides the equipment with which thehuman organism operates, and hence,

control the level of efficiency.

GENESare submicroscopic particles in

chromosomes. They are the unit carriers

of heredity.


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Genes always work in pairs.They are either dominant or recessive.

A dominant gene is one whose

characteristic will be dominant whenpaired with another gene.

A recessive gene is one whose

characteristic will not be produced whenpaired with a dominant gene.


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CAUSES OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY


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Genes from an unbroken line oftransmission from one generation to thesucceeding generations.

What is transmitted through hereditycan be changed only by changes in thegenes, which is called mutation.

All tissues and organs which participate

in behaviour, such as brain, the senseorgans and muscles, develop accordingto the direct control of the genes.


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Sex-linked traits, such as baldness,color blindness and haemophilia, areproduced by the genes responsible fordetermining sex. They usually skip a

generation since the females are thecarriers of these traits.

In some cases of prenatal development,monozygotic or identical twins result.

In contrast, dizygotic or fraternaltwins develop from two separate zygotes,each produced by the union of a

separate sperm cell with a separate egg


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Environment Includes all the conditions in the

world that influence behavior, growth,

development or life processes in any

way. Environment may be external (air,trees, houses, etc.), internal (the lymph

fluids and blood, etc.), and social

(includes the other human beings whoin any way influence us).


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The development of the organism iscontrolled by the action of both heredity

and environment

formula:

HEREDITY X ENVIRONMENT X TIME =Developmental Level


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Heredity determines how high a level

of development a given environment

a given environment can bring about

in a given period of time.

Environment determines how

effective certain heredity can be

influencing development over a givenamount of time.


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Principle of Growth and Development

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